烧结温度对WC钢结硬质合金覆层/碳钢界面组织及性能的影响

采用液相烧结法将爆炸压实后的WC钢结硬质合金粉末复合在碳钢表面,对不同烧结温度下的界面组织和抗剪强度进行了研究.结果表明:试验条件下,覆层硬度、界面过渡层厚度和抗剪强度均随烧结温度的提高而增加;最佳烧结温度为1350℃,界面过渡层厚度约为38μm,抗剪强度达到106 MPa;界面存在元素的互扩散,过渡层组织为珠光体,覆层中相结构为WC、Fe3W3C和铁素体;WC钢结硬质合金覆层与碳钢具有良好的冶金结合.     

40CrNiMo钢表面激光熔覆层力学性能研究

为了提高40CrNiMo钢基体的力学性能,采用1000 W光纤激光器在40CrNiMo钢基体表面上制备铁基熔覆层。分别采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱分析仪（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、万能试验机、显微硬度计等分析测试手段对涂层进行分析。结果表明：制备的涂层表面平整,基体与熔覆层之间存在明显的过渡区域,结合界面无气孔、裂纹等缺陷,与基体形成了较好的冶金结合。熔覆层显微组织由马氏体和少量的M23C6碳化物组成,基体与熔覆层之间的过渡区域主要以细小的等轴晶为主,熔覆层中部则以柱状晶和少量的树枝晶为主。熔覆层性能优异,相对于基体的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别提高了21.4%、22.9%和16.7%,显微硬度为415～450 HV0.2,均优于40CrNiMo钢。     

液相烧结法制备钢结硬质合金覆层材料

以WC、Cr3C2、Fe、Co和Ni为原料,加入有机粘结剂PVB,制备出成形料浆;利用料浆喷涂法在Q235钢基体上成形覆层坯体;在真空烧结炉中通过液相烧结工艺制备出钢结硬质合金覆层材料。覆层材料表面硬度远远大于Q235钢。在覆层受压应力的状态下,覆层材料的抗弯强度大于Q235钢;在覆层受拉应力的状态下,覆层材料的抗弯强度小于Q235钢。覆层中硬质相与粘结相分布均匀,无气孔等缺陷存在。覆层与钢基体之间没有清晰的结合界面存在,形成了冶金镶嵌结构,产生了致密的冶金结合。     

Q235D激光熔覆实验研究

在Q235D钢表面激光熔覆Fe基合金粉末,通过对熔覆层外观形貌、表面硬度、金相组织和显微硬度的对比分析得出了双层熔覆时的最优工艺参数,当两层工艺参数相同且均为:激光功率600W、扫描速度2mm/s、搭接率24.2%、送粉电压10V时,所得熔覆层的表面较为平整均匀,通过金相组织分析发现,基体与熔覆层的冶金结合性较好,无裂纹,并且基本无气孔出现,熔覆层的显微硬度显著高于基体且从熔覆层→过渡区→基体呈梯度降低。在两熔覆层交界处,显微硬度从界面处往第一熔覆层方向先减小后增加直到最高值,从界面处往第二熔覆层方向显微硬度呈阶梯状上升逐渐增加到熔覆层硬度的最高值,尽管两熔覆层交界处显微硬度有所降低,但是仍然大大高于基体的显微硬度,对熔覆层性能基本无影响,在工业生产中有着较好的发展前景。     

45钢表面激光熔覆Ni20合金粉末的组织及耐腐蚀性能研究

利用激光熔覆技术,在45钢表面制备了Ni20合金粉末熔覆层,通过SEM、XRD等方法分析表明研究涂层相及组织。利用CHI660B电化学测试系统,测试膜层及基体的开路电位及极化曲线,采用SY/Q-750型盐雾腐蚀试验箱,对熔覆层的耐腐蚀性能进行研究。结果表明:熔覆层与基体形成良好的冶金结合;熔覆层组织具有定向凝固特征且晶粒生长方向垂直于界面;熔覆层主要由CrNiFeC,Fe3Ni2,Ni3Cr2等相组成;Ni20合金合金粉末激光熔覆层在3.5%NaCl盐雾中的腐蚀为局部点蚀,45钢为均匀腐蚀,熔覆层腐蚀速率仅为45钢的一半;电化学测试表明熔覆层的自腐蚀电位较45钢正移,具有更小腐蚀电流密度。     

B_4C增强铁基活性氩弧熔覆层的制备与耐磨性能

以粉煤灰为活性剂,采用活性氩弧熔覆技术在Q235钢表面制备了B4C增强铁基活性氩弧熔覆层,对该熔覆层的物相、显微组织、显微硬度以及耐磨性能进行了研究,并与B4C增强铁基氩弧熔覆层(普通氩弧熔覆层)的进行了对比。结果表明:活性氩弧熔覆层中含有Fe3.5B、Fe23(C,B)6、Fe5Si3、Fe2AlB2等新相;粉煤灰活性剂的加入对细化熔覆层显微组织、促进熔覆层与母材良好熔合具有重要作用;活性氩弧熔覆层的显微硬度较普通熔覆层的提高了60 HV,其耐磨粒磨损性能和耐冲蚀磨损性能分别为普通氩弧熔覆层的1.16倍和1.86倍。     

制动盘过度磨损表面激光再制造钴基合金熔覆层的摩擦磨损性能

以Co06钴基合金粉末为熔覆材料,利用激光再制造技术在高铁列车30CrSiMoVA钢制动盘过度磨损表面制备熔覆层,研究了熔覆层的显微组织、硬度和摩擦磨损性能,并探讨了其磨损机制。结果表明：在制动盘过度磨损表面制备的熔覆层与基体结合良好,钴元素在熔覆层与基体界面处发生了扩散;熔覆层的平均显微硬度为548 HV,为基体硬度的2.3倍;激光再制造后制动盘的平均摩擦因数为0.485,小于原始制动盘,二者的磨损机制均为疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损,但激光再制造后制动盘的磨损程度较轻微;激光再制造后制动盘的磨损体积为7.709 mm³,小于原始制动盘(10.011 mm³),耐磨性能得到提高。     

机械振动辅助激光熔覆Fe-Cr-Si-B-C涂层的显微组织及界面分布形态

采用机械振动辅助激光熔覆复合改性新工艺,在45钢表面制备了单道Fe-Cr-Si-B-C合金涂层。借助X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能量分散谱(EDS)分析了熔覆层的物相组成、微观结构和元素分布,通过HVS-1000型显微硬度计测试了熔覆层的显微硬度。结果表明,熔覆层主要由α-(Fe,Cr)固溶体、M7C3(M=Fe、Cr)碳化物、Fe2B硼化物和少量Fe0.9Si0.1组成。在机械振动辅助作用下,熔覆层结合界面组织由平面晶向带状和柱状晶转变,振幅为0.13~0.18mm时的晶粒细化效果最为明显;熔覆层中增强相形态随着频率的增加由短杆状向颗粒状、层状、条状转变,分布形态由杂乱分布向弥散分布和网状分布转变。相比未加机械振动的熔覆层,机械振动下的熔覆层中气孔、裂纹减少,显微硬度提高了约13.9%。这些结果显示熔覆层中显微组织形态及其分布主要受振幅和频率协同作用的影响。     

45钢表面激光熔覆Fe基粉末实验研究

利用Fe基合金粉末在45号钢表面进行激光熔覆实验,通过对不同工艺参数下的熔覆层宏观外貌、表面硬度、金相组织和显微硬度进行对比分析发现,当工艺参数为:激光功率800W、扫描速度2mm/s、送粉电压12V、搭接率28.5%时,得到的熔覆层表面比较均匀平整光滑,熔覆层组织主要为晶粒尺寸细小均匀的等轴晶,其组织性能较好,熔覆层及界面处无裂纹和气孔出现,基体与熔覆层之间出现了较为明显的白亮层说明两者冶金结合比较牢固,熔覆层显微硬度分布比较均匀并且与基体相比提高了一倍,其表面机械性能得到提升,在工业生产中有着较高的研究应用价值和广阔的发展前景。     

渗硼的渗层组织和性能研究

渗硼过程中,随着硼浓度的增加,渗硼层的组织由内向外依次为芯部基体、过渡层和硼化物层.如碳钢的低温硼氮共渗层呈梳齿状,表层由FeB、Fe2B双相组成,内层为Fe2B单相.合金钢低温硼氮共渗层的针状变得平坦,渗层的相组成较为复杂,Cr12钢低温硼氮共渗表层由Fe2B、FeB、Fe4N组成,内层相由FeB、Fe2B、Fe3 (C,B)、(Fe,Cr)2B、Fe4N、Fe3C等组成,过渡区形成Fe3 (C,B)、Fe4N相及Cr的碳化物,有效地强化了对硼化物层的支撑作用.渗硼层具有良好的耐磨性、耐腐蚀性.     

45钢代替硬质合金制作冷拔拉模

讨论了硬质合金镶套冷拔拉模的优势和缺陷 ,分析了采用Cr12MoV钢固体渗硼工艺和采用 45钢复合热处理工艺制作冷拔拉模的工艺路线并对二者进行了比较。试验结果证明 ,用加工性能好、价格低廉的 45钢经复合热处理后制作的冷拔拉模其内孔具有很高的硬度和耐磨性 ,完全可以代替硬质合金冷拔模具     

Wear Initiation of 52100 Steel Sliding Against a Thin Boron Carbide Coating

Boron carbide (B₄C) is well known for its high hardness and wear resistance. It has been found to polish its mating surface and act as a run-in coating if one of the contacting surfaces is coated by B₄C. Employing such run-in coatings demands a thorough understanding of the initiation and development of the polishing process. This paper reports a study on the initiation and development of the surface wear of 52100 steel balls run against B₄C-coated disks. The evolution of the steel surface wear scar and evolution of the contact pressure contours are utilized in connection with changes in the plastically deformed area in order to gain insight into the wear development. Furthermore, variations of fractal parameters of the steel surface and the overall topothesy, which is a measure of the surface anisotropy, are examined in connection with the wear process.     

钴基合金-碳化钨复合涂层的耐蚀性能

用真空熔烧法制备与钢基体牢固结合的钴基合金-碳化钨复合涂层，用自设计的振动装置(振动频率为1Hz)在10％HCl或10％NaOH溶液中进行室温全浸泡振动腐蚀试验。结果表明，钴基合金-碳化钨复合涂层在腐蚀液中耐蚀性要远远高于45钢，其中添加15％WC的涂层耐腐蚀性能最好；腐蚀出现在硬质相与基体的交界处，属于晶间腐蚀。     

冷等静压工艺对纳米WC-8Co硬质合金性能的研究

以纳米WC-8Co粉末和VC、Cr3C2、TaC晶粒长大抑制剂作为YG8硬质合金原料,采用金属模压预成型+冷等静压处理获得压坯,后经真空烧结制备WC-8Co硬质合金.研究冷等静压工艺对硬质合金收缩率、致密度、硬度的影响,结果表明经冷等静压处理的生坯烧结后的硬质合金具有低收缩率、高致密度和硬度的特点.     

Abrasiveness Control of a Thin Boron Carbide Coating Through Counterpart Tempering

Boron carbide (B₄C) coatings have previously been studied for potential use as finite-life run-in coatings. B₄C itself exhibits high hardness and favorable wear resistance. In dry sliding wear, it polishes its counterpart mating surface and provides fatigue resistance to a coated part by removing asperities that would otherwise cause fatigue failure. Thus, the ability of these coatings to polish the counterpart mating surface is the critical property for their functioning as fatigue coatings. Employing such run-in coatings requires precise control of the changes in abrasiveness during the polishing process. This study found that the rate at which the coating abrasiveness decreases can be controlled by varying the tempering temperature of the steel counterpart. This paper discusses the underlying factors that contribute to these effects.     

Cavitation Erosion and Sliding Wear to Assess Carbide Integrity in AISI D2 Tool Steel

Ultrasonic cavitation and ball-on-disk wear tests were conducted in order to assess the carbide integrity in AISI D2 steel specimens with different heat treatments and carbide orientations on the exposed surface. The response of the tested materials under cavitation erosion was clearly distinguishable for each carbide orientation and heat treatment. Particularly, carbide predominant orientation can be successfully associated with the incubation period of cavitation damage. Validity of the cavitation erosion tests as a useful characterization technique in materials with reinforcement phases is discussed based on the small contact areas associated with the microjets generated in the ultrasonic cavitation test. On the other hand, ball-on-disk tests in conjunction with conventional wear analysis (coefficient of friction graph, wear volume) did not provide a clear relationship between research variables. However, by using discrete Fourier analysis from friction coefficient data, it was possible to establish a correlation between integrity of primary carbide, its orientation and matrix hardness.     

硬质合金微细电火花加工工艺研究

硬质合金材料硬度高、塑性差、耐磨性好,常规加工方法很难加工出满足精度要求的构件。通过设计硬质合金微细电火花加工实验,对实验数据进行合理分析,得出提高硬质合金的加工效率及改进加工表面粗糙度的规律,对进一步研究硬质合金微细电火花加工工艺特性具有重要的理论指导意义。     

Performance of Uncoated and Coated Carbide Tools in the Ultra-Precision Machining of Stainless Steel

Ultra-precision machines are widely used to turn aspherical or spherical profiles on mould inserts for the injection moulding of optical lenses. During the turning of a profile on a stainless steel mould insert, the cutting speed reduces significantly to 0 as the cutting tool is fed towards the centre of the machined profile. This paper reports experiments carried out to study the wear of uncoated and PVD-coated carbide tools (carbide tool coated with 2000 alternate layers of AlN and TiN, each layer 1.5 nm and carbide tool coated with 0.5 m TiN, 5.5 m TiCN and 0.5 m TiN) in the ultra-precision machining of STAVAX (modified AISI 420 stainless steel) at low speeds with and without lubricant. A sprayed mixture of compressed air, liquid paraffin oil and cyclomethicone was used as lubricant. Examination of the wear at the rake face of the tool suggests that during machining of the alloy with a hardness of 55 HRC without lubricant, the cutting edge is subjected to high compressive stress, resulting in fracture. Reducing the hardness of the alloy would therefore result in a lower stress acting on the cutting edge, thus rendering the tool less susceptible to fracture. Both the rake and the flank faces of the coated tools exhibited lower wear than the uncoated tools. This was due to the former tools possessing higher fracture resistance owing to the presence of the coating. The lubricant was effective in improving surface finish, preventing surface fracture and reducing flank wear.     

热处理对原位烧结(Ti,V)C钢结硬质合金组织及耐磨性的影响

利用粉末冶金技术,原位烧结合成了(Ti,V)C钢结硬质合金,并用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等研究了热处理对原位烧结(Ti,V)C钢结硬质合金组织和耐磨性的影响。结果表明:烧结态(Ti,V)C钢结硬质合金基体组织为细珠光体组织;1 000℃淬火后的组织转变为片状马氏体+(Ti,V)C硬质相颗粒+少量未溶碳化物;回火过程中合金具有较高的抗回火稳定性,在500℃左右回火时存在二次硬化现象;该合金在1 000℃淬火、经250,500℃回火后具有较好的耐磨性。     

Electron Microscopy Of Interfaces Between Transforming Polytypes In Silicon Carbide

High resolution transmission electron microscopy, utilizing tilted illumination lattice imaging techniques, has been used to examine the structure of interfaces between transforming polytypes in cubic silicon carbide samples subsequent to annealing heat treatments. Though structure projection images have not been possible, detailed observation of the twinned cubic, 3C/6H and 3C/4H interfaces have been made including stacking sequence information observed with ～ 0·25 nm lattice fringes. In contrast to the apparently strain-free coherent conditions found at twinned cubic and 3C/6H interfaces, 3C/4H interfaces were observed to be coherent but with a short-range strain field periodic over every twelve layers of the cubic structure. The 3C/6H transformation has been clearly observed to initiate at twin interfaces and to proceed by the propagation of steps of unit-cell height along the coherent interface. The implications of these observations for phase transformations in silicon carbide, together with the necessary associated structural rearrangements, are discussed. Finally, some preliminary observations (utilizing impurity-sensitive SEM contrast, together with the optical examination of thin foils in polarized light) concerning possible impurity redistributions and anomalous grain growth effects during polytypic phase transformations are presented.