汽车用高塑性奥氏体TWIP钢的热变形行为及力学性能分析

分析了不同变形温度下汽车用高塑性奥氏体TWIP钢的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,在-50~550℃区间内,TWIP钢的伸长率和强度呈现的总体趋势为先降低后升高最后又降低,在温度为300℃出现峰值。低温变形时,大量变形孪晶存在于组织中,且随着变形温度的升高逐渐减少;温度为550℃时,孪晶消失,出现大量位错胞,实验钢试样发生软化;TWIP钢由于在低温变形时产生的高密度形变孪晶诱发的塑性,而具有良好的低温力学性能。     

TWIP钢的组织与力学性能研究

采用金相、静态拉伸试验方法研究了5种不同锰含量的TWIP钢的组织和力学性能。结果表明,5种钢的屈服强度随应变率的增大而提高,最大屈服强度可达280MPa;抗拉强度随应变率的增大而略有降低,最高抗拉强度超过1000MPa;1#钢的断裂延伸率和强塑积随应变率的增大而提高,其它4种成分钢的断裂延伸率和强塑积随应变率的增大而减小。1#钢只具形变诱发马氏体相变,不出现孪晶;而2#-5#钢具TWIP效应,其中3#钢的最大延伸率可达75%,强塑积最高可达45000MPa（%）。TWIP钢拉伸前组织中有退火孪晶,变形过程中产生大量的形变孪晶,孪晶诱导塑性,从而推迟了颈缩的产生,导致很高的均匀变形能力。     

退火温度对TWIP钢组织性能和氢致脆性的影响

采用电化学结合低应变速率拉伸实验(SSRT)的方法和OM、SEM等手段研究了退火温度对Fe-18Mn-0.6C TWIP钢充氢条件下力学性能和变形行为的影响,并探讨了各类微观组织结构对氢致脆性的作用。结果表明,TWIP钢晶粒尺寸随退火温度的升高逐渐增大,700℃退火板晶界处容易观察到(Fe, Mn)3C渗碳体。900℃退火获得的中等尺寸均匀晶粒的TWIP钢具有最高的强塑积。在电化学充氢和SSRT同时进行下,TWIP钢的强度和塑性大幅下降,随退火温度的升高,强塑积损失率(R)呈增大趋势。高温退火得到的大尺寸晶粒在变形中更容易产生形变孪晶,孪晶/孪晶交叉位置和孪晶/晶界交叉位置是氢致裂纹的主要来源。尽管相对低温退火得到大尺寸晶粒和界面处层错能(SFE)变化使TWIP钢在变形中不容易产生形变孪晶,但其局部粗大的碳化物与形变孪晶间产生的应力集中处极易形成空位,演化成裂纹源,使相对低温退火的TWIP钢本身塑性不高。低于800℃退火对TWIP钢提高氢脆抵抗力没有明显作用。     

TWIP钢在不同温度变形的加工硬化行为

通过温控拉伸试验、光学显微镜、X射线衍射技术和透射电镜分析了在298、373、473、573 K温度下变形时,20Mn24Cr5Al2Ni2TWIP钢的力学性能和显微组织变化规律。结果表明,TWIP钢的强度随变形温度的升高而降低,伸长率在373 K变形时比298 K变形显著下降;在373～573 K变形时伸长率有上升趋势;温度升高,组织中形变孪晶的数量减少,孪晶交叉现象减弱。研究TWIP钢的加工硬化行为表明,TWIP钢在拉伸过程中的加工硬化指数n值随真应变的增加而增加,在低应变区温度升高n值增加。在298～373 K变形时,形变孪晶占主导作用,在473～573 K变形时,形变孪晶和动态应变时效共同作用。     

稀土含量对TRIP/TWIP钢组织和性能的影响

研究了不同RE含量对TRIP/TWIP钢组织和性能的影响,利用拉伸试验机测试其力学性能和OM及TEM观察其微观结构变化。结果表明,变形前组织以奥氏体为主,亚结构为退火孪晶和高密度的平面位错,变形后有大量形变孪晶亚结构出现,且有α马氏体组织产生,证实发生了TRIP效应和TWIP效应,变形后孪晶衍射花样观察发现在两个斑点之间有暗线,表明有层错存在。发现随着RE含量的增加,形变孪晶变短而且数量变少,证实RE有抑制TWIP效应的作用,TWIP效应减弱导致n值明显减小,且RE细化了晶粒,导致了强度和屈强比提高。     

水淬工艺对TWIP钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了一种用于汽车车体的高强、高塑性中C-高Mn系孪晶诱发塑性(TWIP)钢,有助于达到汽车减排、节能和安全的目的。通过单向拉伸实验和OM观察,分析研究了水淬工艺对TWIP钢的力学性能和微观组织的影响规律,采用SEM和TEM对不同变形程度TWIP钢的精细结构进行了分析。结果表明,随着水淬温度的提高,退火孪晶体积分数和晶粒尺寸增大,塑性、加工硬化性提高,而试件的强度和屈强比降低,可以获得抗拉强度960 MPa,延伸率60.5%,具有优异的综合力学性能(强塑积最高达6.096×10~4 MPa%)的试件;具有大量退火孪晶的奥氏体在变形过程中产生大量的形变孪晶,提高了TWIP钢的强度和塑性。     

TWIP钢的动态力学性能及变形机制研究

利用Zwick/Roell Z100万能材料试验机和Hopkinson拉杆对TWIP钢进行了准静态及动态力学性能的研究。基于力学实验结果,修正了Johnson-Cook动态本构模型中应变硬化项以及应变强化项。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对TWIP钢拉伸变形前后的组织进行了观察与分析。结果表明：TWIP钢在准静态加载下表现为负应变率敏感性,动态加载时表现为正应变率敏感性。拉伸过程中,孪生诱发塑性是TWIP钢的主要变形机制,同时滑移也起到重要作用;动态加载下TWIP钢中形变孪晶的起始应变和孪晶体积分数均小于准静态加载过程;形变孪晶的生成以及孪晶相互作用导致的晶粒细化,使TWIP钢兼具高强度、高塑性及高动态吸能性能,在抗冲击、抗爆领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

动态拉伸条件下TWIP钢的断裂机制

采用SEM检测了TWIP钢动态拉伸后的组织形态.结果发现,TWIP钢具有典型的延性断裂断口特征,其变形和断裂过程为微孔洞的形核、长大和聚合.含有第二相的TWIP钢的断裂机制为:第二相和奥氏体相界面聚合力的减弱或第二相本身加工硬化导致的开裂促使微孔形核,形变过程中产生的应力集中使微孔长大、聚合直至发生断裂.全奥氏体的TWIP钢的断裂机制为:形变过程中位错的运动受孪晶界的阻碍,形变孪晶与位错的交互作用使微孔形核于孪晶界处,应力集中使微孔长大、聚合直至材料发生断裂.     

汽车用TWIP钢的探索研究

采用金相组织观察与X射线衍射等方法对5种不同Mn含量的TWIP钢拉伸前后的组织进行了研究.结果表明,淬火态Fe-15Mn-3Si-3Al钢存在条状分布的马氏体;Fe-25Mn-3Si-3Al、Fe-30Mn-3Si-3Al、Fe-33Mn-3Si-3Al钢在淬火与退火两种热处理工艺下均能获得淬火态奥氏体和退火孪晶组织,淬火态的奥氏体晶粒更细小;母相奥氏体影响形变孪晶形貌与分布,均匀分布的细小孪晶导致优异的力学性能,随着Mn含量的增高,母相奥氏体尺寸逐步增加,形变孪晶层片逐渐增厚且分布不均匀;Fe-25Mn-3Si-3Al钢具有优异的力学性能.     

不同热处理工艺对Fe-30Mn-3Si-4AlTWIP钢力学组织性能的影响

采用拉伸性能测试、金相观察、SEM和EDS等方法研究了不同热处理工艺对Fe-30Mn-3Si-4AlTWIP钢微观组织、拉伸力学性能及断口形貌的影响,并采用X射线衍射仪测定材料的物相组成。结果表明,冷却速度越快,TWIP钢的延伸率和强度越高;热处理后其室温组织为含有退火孪晶的单一奥氏体,冷却速度越小,奥氏体晶粒和退火孪晶的尺寸越大。拉伸时发生典型的延性断裂,在拉伸过程中退火孪晶转变成形变孪晶,使材料的塑性提高。     

Effect of Manganese Content on Tensile Deformation Behavior of Fe-Mn-C TWIP SteelsEI北大核心CSCD

Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels exhibit excellent mechanical properties including high tensile strength and good plasticity owing to their high strain-hardening rate. The high strain-hardening rate results mainly from deformation twinning; in addition, plane slip and dynamic strain ageing also have some contribution to strain-hardening rate. Until now, the influences of some alloy elements such as C, Al and Si on tensile properties of Fe-Mn-C based TWIP steels have received much attention. However, the effect of Mn content on the microstructure and tensile properties of twinning-dominated Fe-Mn-C TWIP steels is still not clear. In this work, the microstructure, tensile properties and strain hardening behavior of two Fe-Mn-C TWIP steels (Fe-13Mn-1.0C and Fe-22Mn-1.0C, mass fraction, %) were studied by using OM, TEM, SEM-EBSD and monotonic tensile tests. The results show that the yield and tensile strengths of the steel decrease while the elongation to fracture increases with the increase of Mn content. At low tensile strains, the increase of Mn content delays the formation of deformation twins. However, at higher strain level, the deformation twinning rate becomes higher and hence more deformation twins are produced in the steel with higher Mn content than that in the steel with lower Mn content. Furthermore, the thickness of deformation twins increases with increasing the Mn content. The twinning and tensile deformation behavior in the two steels are also discussed.     

固溶处理对TWIP钢组织和力学性能的影响

用拉伸试验、金相观察、SEM和EDS等方法研究固溶温度和时间对TWIP钢微观组织、拉伸性能及断口形貌的影响,并采用X射线衍射仪测定材料的物相组成。结果表明,固溶温度和时间对TWIP钢塑性的影响程度明显大于强度,伸长率最佳的固溶处理工艺为1000~1050℃固溶60 min。随固溶温度的升高和固溶时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒长大,退火孪晶数量和退火孪晶界面积增加。拉伸时发生典型的延性断裂,拉伸前的组织为伴有大量退火孪晶的奥氏体,在拉伸过程中退火孪晶转变成形变孪晶,使TWIP钢的塑性提高。     

Influence of Cold Rolling Reduction on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TWIP Steel

The influence of cold rolling reduction on microstructure and mechanical properties of the TWIP (ttwinning induced plasticity) steel was investigated. The results indicated that the steel had better comprehensive mechanical properties when cold rolling reduction was about 65.0% and the annealing temperature was 1000℃. The tensile strength of the steel is about 640MPa and the yield strength is higher than 255MPa, while the elongation is above 82%. The microstructure is composed of austenitic matrix and annealing twins at room temperature, at the same time, a significant amount of annealing twins and stacking faults are observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mechanical twins play a dominant role during deformation, and result in excellent mechanical properties.     

The effects of N on the microstructures and tensile properties of Fe–15Mn–0.6C–2Cr–xN twinning-induced plasticity steels

Three Fe–15Mn–0.6C–2Cr–xN (wt.%) twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with N concentrations of 0.02%, 0.09% and 0.21% were fabricated using a pressure-induction furnace. The variations in tensile properties and deformed microstructure as a function of N concentration were investigated. The yield and tensile strengths of the steels increased without a loss of total elongation as the concentration of N increased. The strain hardening rates (SHR) of the TWIP steels with 0.02% and 0.09% N decreased gradually as the true strain increased until failure. The SHR of the TWIP steel with 0.21% N decreased sharply until a strain of approximately 0.07 and increased with further strain, exhibiting the highest value at a strain of over 0.15. The addition of N delayed the kinetics of mechanical twinning, particularly secondary twinning. The TWIP steel with 0.02% N had many intersections between primary and secondary twins, at which α′ martensite formed. The TWIP steel with 0.09% N possessed few intersections because primary twins obstructed the growth of secondary twins. The TWIP steel with 0.21% N had primary twins with few secondary twins and intersections. The addition of N increased the critical strain for triggering serrations on the tensile stress–strain curves, indicating a reduction in dynamic strain aging (DSA). The TWIP steel with 0.21% N exhibited the highest SHR at large strains, despite the reduced twinning and DSA, because of both the thinning of the mechanical twins and the hardening of the twin boundaries as the N concentration increased.     

TWIP钢TIG焊接接头的组织与性能

研究了TWIP(21Mn24Cr5Ni2Al2Si)钢冷轧板手工TIG焊接后的焊接接头组织和力学性能。结果表明,焊接接头和母材组织均为单一奥氏体,且不形成孪晶,拉伸后的组织有少量形变孪晶。母材的抗拉强度和显微硬度远高于焊接接头,母材伸长率略低于焊接接头;母材断口为准解理断裂,无缩颈;焊接接头为韧窝型韧性断裂,有明显缩颈。母材和焊接接头的性能有巨大差异,且TWIP效应不明显,有必要对其整体进行固溶处理。     

应变速率对低C高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢组织演变和力学行为的影响

研究了Fe-18Mn低C高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢在应变速率范围为1.67×10^-4-10³s^-1的室温拉伸实验过程中力学性能和组织的变化.在准静态拉伸应变速率范围内(1.67×10^-4-1.67×10^-1s^-1),应变速率对高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢的抗拉强度产生逆效应,随着应变速率的加快,抗拉强度和延伸率都降低;而在动态拉伸应变速率范围内(10¹-10³s^-1),应变速率对高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢的延伸率产生逆效应,抗拉强度和延伸率都随着应变速率的加快而增加;在应变速率为10³s^-1时,高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢抗拉强度可达到957 MPa,延伸率达到55.8%,具有较好的综合力学性能;随着应变速率的提高,马氏体转变量减少,孪生变形向多个方向发展.采用SEM,TEM和XRD等方法对变形前后的组织进行了分析,在所有应变速率范围内的拉伸变形过程中都产生了奥氏体向马氏体转变和形变孪晶,并且在应变速率为10³s^-1的高速拉伸过程中产生绝热温升效应,使得基体软化.     

TWIP钢不同温度变形的力学性能变化规律及机理研究

通过控温拉伸实验分析了在298,373,473和673 K温度下变形时,TWIP钢(Fe-25Mn-3Si-3Al)力学性能和显微组织的变化规律.结果表明,TWIP钢的强度和延伸率均随温度的升高而降低.通过热力学公式对不同温度下TWIP钢层错能Γ的估算可以推断,温度T≥673 K时,Γ≥76 mJ/m2,滑移为TWIP钢主要的变形机制;298 K≤T≤373 K时,21 mJ/m2≤Γ≤34 mJ/m2,孪生为TWIP钢主要的变形方式,此时产生"TWIP"效应,可获得较高的加工硬化速率,从而获得高强度及高塑性.     

Twin-Induced Plasticity of an ECAP-Processed TWIP Steel

The TWIP steels show high strain hardening rates with high ductility which results in high ultimate tensile strength. This makes their processing by equal channel angular pressing very difficult. Up to now, this has only been achieved at warm temperatures (above 200 °C). In this paper, a FeMnCAl TWIP steel has been processed at room temperature and the resulted microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. For comparison, the material has also been processed at 300 °C. The TWIP steel processed at room temperature shows a large increase in yield strength (from 590 in the annealed condition to 1295 MPa) and the ultimate tensile strength (1440 MPa) as a consequence of a sharp decrease in grain size and the presence within the grains of a high density of mechanical twins and subgrains. This dense microstructure results also in a loss of strain hardening and a reduction in ductility. The material processed at 300 °C is more able to accommodate deformation and has lower reduction in grain size although there is a significant presence of mechanical twins and subgrains produced by dislocation activity. This material reaches an ultimate tensile strength of 1400 MPa with better ductility than the room temperature material.