Replacements of restorations in the primary and young permanent dentition

The present study focused on the type of restorative material used and the reasons for replacements of restorations in the primary and the young permanent dentition. All patients with restorations and who were 8 and 19 years of age in 1995 and were regularly treated at 11 Public Dental Health clinics in J?nk?ping County, Sweden, participated in the study. Data were extracted from the records for all types of restorations in canines and molars for the preceeding of 5 years for the 8-year-olds (i.e. from 3 to 8 years of age; n = 546) and for approximal restorations in premolars and molars for the preceeding 13 years for the 19-year-olds (i.e. from 6 to 19 years of age; n = 606). In all, 6012 restorations were evaluated. The two most common restorative materials used in the primary dentition were compomer and glass ionomer cement and in the young permanent dentition composite and amalgam. In the primary dentition, 29% of the restorations had been replaced and 4% of the teeth with restorations had been extracted. Thus, 33% of the restorations in the primary dentition failed. The corresponding figure for the young permanent dentition was 13%. The most common reason for replacements in the permanent dentition was secondary caries. That restorations often fail because of caries and that the development of secondary caries is not prevented by replacement of an old restoration indicate that more attention should be paid to preventive dental care for patients with restorations in the primary as well as in the young permanent dentition.     

A study of replanted permanent teeth in different age groups

In the inpatient treatment of acute psychiatric episodes in children and adolescents, the psychiatrist must set up an initial treatment plan incorporating one or more psychotherapeutic modalities and adapt this plan to the patient's clinical course. This article summarises the clinical experience of a model unit at the University of Heidelberg, the result of a collaboration between the Department of General Psychiatry and the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the Clinic of Psychiatry. A series of 116 adolescent admissions was reviewed for clinical diagnosis, the nature and frequency of psychotherapeutic modalities, and the role of family involvement in patient care. Differential and adaptative approaches to the selection of treatment modalities in the context of an acute care setting are emphasised.     

Hypodontia of primary and permanent teeth in a sample of Saudi children

Hypodontia, congenitally missing teeth is more common in permanent than primary dentition. The present investigation reports the prevalence and pattern of hypodontia in the primary and permanent dentitions, excluding third molars in a sample of Saudi children. The sample consists of 1,300 children, aged 5 to 10 years of age. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed. The prevalence of children with hypodontia was found to be 2.6 percent. The mandibular second premolar was the tooth most frequently absent and account for 45 percent of the total missing teeth. In primary dentition, the maxillary lateral incisor was the tooth most frequently absent (9%). A peg-shaped permanent maxillary lateral incisor was present in 0.7 percent of the sample. Congenitally missing teeth were almost equally distributed between maxillary (52%) and mandibular (48%) arches.     

An in-vitro investigation of microleakage and gap size of glass ionomer/composite resin "sandwich" restorations in primary teeth

Eighty extracted primary molars were divided into four groups of twenty teeth. Class II cavities were prepared in all teeth with equal numbers of proximal boxes having cavosurface margins either in enamel, or dentin/cementum. Each group was allocated to an open or closed sandwich technique using glass ionomer as a lining. Following the placement of the composite resin restorations, the gap size measured at the proximal box was greatest for the closed sandwich group with the cavosurface margin on enamel (0.203 microns) or dentin/cementum (0.174 microns). Microleakage scores were measured at the proximal box and were greatest for the closed sandwich group with the cavosurface margin on dentin/cementum. The best result was obtained for the open sandwich group with the cavosurface margin on enamel.     

A clinical phase I/II study of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor in glucocorticoid-resistant graft-versus-host disease

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. GVHD is accompanied by the release of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, and previous work has demonstrated that IL-1 participates in the pathogenesis of GVHD. The recombinant human IL-1 receptor (rhuIL-1R) is the soluble form of the type I IL-1 receptor that can bind to IL-1 and prevent cellular activation. We report a phase I/II trial utilizing the rhuIL-1R in the treatment of allogeneic bone narrow transplant patients not improving with glucocorticoid therapy. RhuIL-R was given at four dose levels for 21 days to 14 patients with progressive or persistent acute GVHD. The study drug had no clinical or persistent hematopoiesis and the treatment was tolerated by patients without toxicity at all dose levels. Eight of 14 patients (57%) had an improvement of GVHD after rhuIL-1R therapy. Improvement in GVHD was noted at each dose level, although a dose-response effect for rhuIL-1R treatment was not observed. This work supports the concept that IL-1 plays a role in the inflammation associated with acute GVHD. A controlled study of the rhuIL-1R for treatment of prophylaxis of GVHD is warranted.     

Current materials and techniques for direct restorations in posterior teeth. Part 2: Resin composite systems

Despite many years of research and speculation, the precise mechanisms underlying atrial fibrillation remain elusive. Prevalent understanding relies on assumptions, which are based on two-dimensional numerical simulations and on the idea that atrial fibrillation is the result of total disorganization of electrical activity, with multiple wavelets wandering randomly throughout the atria. However, recent studies both clinical and basic, have suggested that focal mechanisms, either re-entrant or automatic, may explain fibrillatory activity in some cases. Here we review the major hypotheses that have prevailed at one time or another to explain this complex arrhythmia and discuss some recent experimental results that strongly suggest that, whatever the electrophysiological basis of atrial fibrillation may be, it must involve complex patterns of propagation through the intricate multidimensional anatomical structure of the atria.     

一维纳米LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2纤维的合成及性能研究

通过静电纺丝法制备出一维纳米LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2纤维,根据扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、充放电实验,循环伏安法和交流阻抗法对纳米纤维的形貌、晶体结构和电化学性能进行研究.结果表明,纳米纤维的直径在150～300 nm之间,且具有典型的α-NaFeO2层状结构;所制备的LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2纳米纤维在0.5 C(85 mA/g)的倍率下循环30次容量保持率达到了94.1％;在倍率分别为0.1 C、0.2 C、0.5 C、1.0 C、2.0 C和0.2 C的充放电测试中,其比容量分别达到了157 mAh/g、144 mAh/g、134 mAh/g、125 mAh/g、115 mAh/g和141 mAh/g;在CV和EIS测试中,材料表现出优异的可逆性和循环稳定性.由于具有特殊的一维形貌,LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2纳米纤维表现出优异的电化学性能.     

Use of an internal mammary artery graft in the revascularization of the myocardium. A ten-year follow up study

Between September 1986 and August 1996, 233 patients (187 males, 46 females) ranging in age from 32 to 81 (mean 54.7) years received at least one internal mammary artery (IMA) graft for coronary artery bypass procedures. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 55.1% (range, 17 to 75%). An average of 3.1 distal anastomoses per patient was constructed. Hospital mortality was 2.1%. Perioperative myocardial infraction was seen in 2.1%. The mean follow-up of hospital survivors was 39.2 (range, 4 to 123) months. Ten-year actuarial survival for patients discharged from the hospital was 96%. Recurrence of angina occurred in 18 patients and reoperation or PTCA was performed in 3 patients in the late follow-up period. These results support the continuing use of IMA grafts for myocardial revascularization.     

Self-representations and socioemotional competence in young children: A 3-year longitudinal study.

In a longitudinal study, the connections between children's self-representations at age 5 and their self-perceptions, socioemotional competence according to the teacher, and peer acceptance at age 8 were examined. The sample consisted of 60 children (33 boys, 27 girls). Self-representations at age 5 were assessed by the Puppet Interview (J. Cassidy, 1988). Results generally revealed the expected connections between the positiveness of self at age 5 and self-perceptions and socioemotional functioning 3 years later. These findings support the predictive validity of the Puppet Interview. Moreover, they suggest that young children do possess at least a rudimentary sense of being generally worthy and lovable, which can be assessed by using adequate, age-appropriate interviews. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mortality among workers in the pulp-paper industry. A successive follow up of the cohort

Neuropathologic findings are described, for the first time, in a neonatal dog model of circulatory arrest in normothermic conditions, and the findings are compared to those reported in neonatal dogs with hypothermic circulatory arrest. Total circulatory arrest was produced in 3- to 6-day-old anesthetized, paralyzed and ventilated, normothermic dogs either by asphyxiation or cardioplegia. Duration of circulatory arrest was 8-20 min and 10-40 min in asphyxiated and cardioplegic animals, respectively. The animals were resuscitated and maintained under controlled systemic physiologic conditions until neuropathologic examination after 8 or 24 h of recovery. The results suggest that the minimal durations of circulatory arrest for brain damage to occur following asphyxia or cardioplegia are 10 and 15 min, respectively. Ischemic lesions in both groups consisted of neuronal necrosis and involved mainly the brain stem structures, particularly the reticular nuclei and the spinal cord gray matter. The medulla was more severely involved than midbrain and pons. There was a direct correlation between the length of circulatory arrest and the severity of damage in the medulla (P = 0.001) and overall brain stem damage (P = 0.004) in animals with cardioplegia, but not in animals with asphyxia. These findings are compared to the neuropathologic changes previously described in newborn dogs subjected to hypothermic circulatory arrest, in which ischemic lesions are focused on the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. It is concluded that hypothermia in this model not only prolongs the period of circulatory arrest that is required to produce brain damage, but also shifts the pattern of regional ischemic vulnerability from caudal to more rostral structures.     

Group self-identification and adolescent cigarette smoking: A 1-year prospective study.

As an extension of previous work, we analyzed the longitudinal relations between group self-identification and adolescent cigarette smoking. The predictive precedence of cigarette smoking and identification with 6 different types of peer groups was examined. Results indicated that 7th-grade group self-identification predicted 8th-grade cigarette smoking, whereas 7th-grade cigarette smoking did not predict 8th-grade group self-identification. Group self-identification also was compared with 7 other psychosocial variables as predictors of smoking 1 yr later. The pattern of results suggests that group self-identification is about as good a predictor of smoking as other psychosocial variables, and that group self-identification is more than a mere proxy of other psychosocial variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Role of orlistat in the treatment of obese patients with type 2 diabetes. A 1-year randomized double-blind study

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with improved glycemic control and reduced cardiovascular disease risk factors, but weight loss is notably difficult to achieve and sustain with caloric restriction and exercise. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of treatment with orlistat, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor, on weight loss, glycemic control, and serum lipid levels in obese patients with type 2 diabetes on sulfonylurea medications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In a multicenter 57-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, 120 mg orlistat or placebo was administered orally three times a day with a mildly hypocaloric diet to 391 obese men and women with type 2 diabetes who were aged > 18 years, had a BMI of 28-40 kg/m2, and were clinically stable on oral sulfonylureas. Changes in body weight, glycemic control, lipid levels, and drug tolerability were measured. RESULTS: After 1 year of treatment, the orlistat group lost 6.2 +/- 0.45% (mean +/- SEM) of initial body weight vs. 4.3 +/- 0.49% in the placebo group (P < 0.001). Twice as many patients receiving orlistat (49 vs. 23%) lost > or = 5% of initial body weight (P < 0.001). Orlistat treatment plus diet compared with placebo plus diet was associated with significant improvement in glycemic control, as reflected in decreases in HbA1c (P < 0.001) and fasting plasma glucose (P < 0.001) and in dosage reductions of oral sulfonylurea medication (P < 0.01). Orlistat therapy also resulted in significantly greater improvements than placebo in several lipid parameters, namely, greater reductions in total cholesterol, (P < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (P < 0.001), triglycerides (P < 0.05), apolipoprotein B (P < 0.001), and the LDL-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (P < 0.001). Mild to moderate and transient gastrointestinal events were reported with orlistat therapy, although their association with study withdrawal was low. Fat-soluble vitamin levels generally remained within the reference range, and vitamin supplementation was required in only a few patients. CONCLUSIONS: Orlistat is an effective treatment modality in obese patients with type 2 diabetes with respect to clinically meaningful weight loss and maintenance of weight loss, improved glycemic control, and improved lipid profile.     

A phase-I/II study on the local hyperthermia of cervical N2/N3 lymph node metastases

A solid complex of C60 with gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CyD) was examined with NMR spectroscopic methods in order to understand the dynamics of C60, and the interaction between C60 and gamma-CyD. A 13C solid-state cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectra shows C60 resonance at 142.6 ppm. This provides the evidence of interaction between 13C spins in C60 and 1H spins in the gamma-CyD host. Ambient temperature experiments on the 13C CP/MAS NMR, with varying contact time, shows that the water associated with gamma-CyDs plays an important role in the nuclear relaxation processes. The dynamics of C60 in gamma-CyD was investigated using temperature and field-dependent 13C spin-lattice relaxation time measurements. The influence of water on the dynamics of C60 was less significant below 250 K.     

Porous hip replacement in Paget's disease. An 8-2/3-year followup

An 8-year 8-month followup of a now 78-year-old active woman with a painful, severe varus deformity of the femur and arthritis of the right hip associated with monostotic Paget's disease of the hip is presented. Treatment consisted of multiple osteotomies, followed by implantation of a long stemmed cobalt chrome fully coated porous ingrowth hip system. The patient had an excellent outcome, including relief of pain and restoration of excellent function, despite ongoing severe osteolytic changes that did not appear to influence the healing of the osteotomies or the clinical stability of the implant.     

Relationship between cognitive style and cognitive development: A 2-year longitudinal study.

Examined developmental changes in the relationship between reflection–impulsivity, spatial perspective taking, and conservation behavior in 40 4–8 yr olds. Ss were administered the Matching Familiar Figures Test. Results indicate no relationship between these variables for 4-yr-olds. At 6 and 8 yrs of age, however, moderately strong negative correlations were found between impulsivity and the expression of operative knowledge. Structural regression analyses suggested that the expression of a reflective cognitive style at 6 yrs of age was causally linked to the emergence of operativity at 8 yrs of age. Longitudinal data confirmed a developmental shift from what is seen in perspective-taking tasks to how it is seen. Discussion focuses on the role of cognitive styles in the development and use of cognitive structures and on the nature of perspective-taking development. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)