Effect of modified austemper on tensile properties of 0·52%C steel

Abstract

The effect of a modified austemper on the tensile properties of 0·52%C steel has been studiedfor the purpose of developing the mechanical properties of upper bainitic steel. The modified austempering treatment involved intercritical annealing at 1018 K in the two phase region offerrite (α) and austenite (γ) followed by austempering at 673 K and subsequent water cooling. The results have been compared with those obtained from conventionally austempered steel, and quenched and tempered steel with a similar ultimate tensile stress. The modified austempered steel consisted of a mixed structure of upper bainite and 10 vol.-% ferrite in which ferrite appeared as layers along the rolling direction. The modified austempering treatment wasfound to significantly increase the product of ultimate tensile stress and total elongation, and also the notch tensile stress at 193 K. Conventional austenitising at 1173 K followed by subcritical annealing at 998 K in the two phase region of ex and y, and then austempering at 673 K and subsequent water cooling produced the same mixed structure of upper bainite and 10 vol.-% ferrite. However, this treatment yielded inferior mechanical properties to those obtained with the modified austempering treatment, independent of the test temperature. The results are described and discussed.

MST/3102     

9Ni钢焊接热影响区组织转变规律的研究

采用热模拟技术研究了液化天然气储罐用9Ni钢焊接热影响区的组织转变规律。实验结果表明,9Ni钢经历热循环后的显微组织类型包括贝氏体和马氏体两种。低冷却速度条件下,9Ni钢经历热循环后的主要转变产物为贝氏体(包括粒状贝氏体和上贝氏体两种类型);随着冷却速度的提高,组织类型由粒状贝氏体向上贝氏体转化。高冷却速度条件下,经历热循环后的转变产物为马氏体。     

具有合理硬度梯度和组织分布的渗碳钢23CrNi3Mo的热处理冷却行为

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟机、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及透射电镜(TEM)对渗碳钢23CrNi3Mo的连续冷却相变规律以及等温转变规律进行了研究,并基于此,设计了一种新的热处理冷却工艺。研究结果表明,渗碳后试样以0.05℃/s和0.1℃/s的冷速连续冷却时,表面渗碳层为高碳马氏体组织,过渡区为高碳马氏体+下贝氏体的混合组织,基体为下贝氏体组织;渗碳试样外表面在高温段以较低的冷速(0.05~3℃/s)连续冷却时,碳化物沿晶界析出形成网状碳化物;无渗碳的实验钢的贝氏体等温转变温度范围为375~450℃。新的热处理冷却工艺为:试样在880℃保温完成后,采用快速冷却工艺,以冷速大于等于5℃/s进入贝氏体转变温度区,直接入450℃的盐浴炉,入炉后均温5~10min,在低温转变区即贝氏体转变温度区间,采用慢速冷却工艺,冷速小于等于0.1℃/s。获得的试样渗碳层深度为1.4mm,国外的阿特拉斯钎头渗碳层深度为1.2mm,两者基本相同,但前者硬度分布更加平缓;两者表面显微组织均为高碳马氏体组织,过渡区均为马氏体加下贝氏体组织,基体均为贝氏体组织。通过设计新的热处理冷却工艺,获得了与国外钎头相同水平的试样。     

Effect of bainitic transformation on mechanical properties of 0.6C-Si-Mn steel

The mechanical properties of 0.6C-Si-Mn steel transformed isothermally in the bainitic temperature region (593 and 648 K) were investigated. The mechanical properties of the steels were improved with increasing bainite and retained austenite and the corresponding decrease in martensite. Marked benefits of the mechanical properties were obtained for the steels containing the maximum content of retained austenite in the bainite matrix, independent of transformation temperature. For isothermal transformation at 593 K, the 0.2% yield stress, _y, ultimate tensile stress, _u, and notch tensile stress (NTS) were improved significantly, while the advantage of the per cent elongation and Charpy 2 mm V-notch (CVN) impact energy was relatively small. As a result of isothermal transformation at 648 K, the per cent elongation and CVN impact energy were dramatically improved, while the superiority of _y, _u and NTS was not much greater than isothermal transformation at 593 K. Compared to 0.6C steels transformed isothermally at the same temperatures, in which little appreciable retained austenite was found, the isothermally transformed steels having a microstructure consisting of bainite and retained austenite improved the mechanical properties remarkably. These results are described and discussed.     

Comparison of mechanical properties of martensite/ferrite and bainite/ferrite dual phase 4340 steels

Different microstructures were produced by heat treatment of 4340 steel. These microstructures are bainite, martensite, ferrite–martensite and ferrite–bainite. Mechanical tests were carried out at room temperature. The results showed that steel with bainite–ferrite microstructure has better ductility and charpy impact energy than steels with martensite–ferrite and full bainite microstructures. But yield and tensile strengths of this steel are less than the yield and tensile strengths of the other two steels. Hardness measurements showed that their hardness is the same. Fracture surface observations of tensile specimens showed increase in toughness of bainite–ferrite in comparison to martensite–ferrite and full bainite microstructures.     

3Cr2Mo塑料模具钢连续冷却相变行为

为了调节塑料模具钢3Cr2Mo的组织,以实现在线预硬化,使用Gleeble1500热模拟试验机、光学显微镜以及透射电子显微镜等研究3Cr2Mo钢变形及未变形奥氏体的连续冷却相变行为及相变组织.实验结果表明,3Cr2Mo钢奥氏体稳定性较高,在所研究的实验条件下,连续冷却过程中没有出现先共析铁素体和珠光体,而是发生贝氏体和马氏体相变.热变形使奥氏体发生了机械稳定化,贝氏体相变推迟到较低温度下才完成.随着冷却速度的降低,贝氏体的形态由常规板条状变成粒状,最终可获得粒状贝氏体组织.     

Effect of Bainite Morphology on Mechanical Properties of the Mixed Bainite-martensite Microstructure in D6AC Steel

The effect of bainite morphology on mechanical properties of the mixed bainite-martensite microstructure in D6AC low alloy ultra-high strength steel has been studied in the present work. For this purpose, samples austenitized at 910 C for 40 min were quenched in three different ways. Some of the samples were directly oil-quenched, some others were quenched in salt bath at 330 C and the remaining samples were quenched in salt bath at 425 C for various holding times. All samples were tempered at 200 C for 2 h. Microstructures were examined by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fracture surfaces also were studied by SEM. Results showed that the mixed microstructure containing martensite and 28 vol.% of the lower bainite exhibited higher yield and tensile strengths than the fully martensitic microstructure. This could be mainly attributed to the partitioning of the prior austenite grains by the lower bainite and enhancing the strength of lower bainite in the mixed microstructure by plastic constraint. Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact energy and ductility were improved by increasing the volume fraction of the lower bainite. This is not the case about the mixed microstructure containing the upper bainite and martensite. As a result, the tensile and CVN impact properties of mixed upper bainite-martensite microstructure are lower than those of the fully martensitic microstructure. Finally, fractography studies showed cleavage fracture at the surface of CVN impact specimens with martensitic and upper bainitic microstructures confirming the tendency to brittle behavior.     

Cellular decomposition in Fe-26Ni-(2-3)Ti-Nb steels with an addition of aluminium or molybdenum

Cellular decomposition in three Fe-26Ni-(2-3)Ti-Nb type steels was investigated. One of these steels was alloyed with molybdenum while the two others, differing in grain size, contained an addition of aluminium. In Ni26AITi3Nb and Ni26MoTi2Nb steels quenched from 1223 K in water, the first colonies of decomposition were observed after holding for 4 h at 923 K. A longer holding at this temperature resulted in growth of decomposition cells in the steel with molybdenum while in the steels with aluminium, a halting of the decomposition and the appearance of isolated plates of the phase was observed. In Ni26MoTi2Nb and Ni26Al2Ti3Nb steels, quenched in water and subsequently cold treated in liquid nitrogen, repeated heating in the temperature range 293–999.9 K at a rate of 2.5,10 and 40 Kmin^–1 and cooling at a rate 320 Kmin^–1 favoured the cellular decomposition more markedly in the steel with molybdenum. On cooling to room temperature, austenite within the decomposition cells transformed into martensite. The tendency to cellular decomposition depended to a higher degree on the factors which stabilize austenite as well as on the presence of precipitates in grain boundaries, than on the grain size.     

冷却条件对超级钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

400MPa级超级钢主要特征是高洁净度和超细晶粒组织。采用钨极氩弧焊对400MPa级超级钢施焊,并对其空冷和水冷两种冷却方式下的显微组织和力学性能进行分析。结果表明,空冷条件下焊接接头热影响区（HAZ）晶粒严重长大、强度下降,并出现软化区;焊接过程采用喷水冷却加快了冷却速度,有效抑制了焊接接头热影响区晶粒的长大,改善了接头组织,提高了贝氏体和低碳马氏体的含量,进而改善了接头的综合力学性能,满足实际焊接要求。     

1 200 MPa级HSLA钢的SH-CCT曲线及其热影响区组织与性能

为在工程应用中对焊接工艺的合理选取与制定提供理论和试验依据,采用焊接热模拟技术研究了800~500℃冷却时间(t8/5)对1 200 MPa级低合金高强钢焊接热影响区粗晶区(CGHAZ)显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明:t8/5为6~20 s时,该钢热影响区的粗晶区组织为板条马氏体,硬度为477~456 HV5;随着冷却时间的延长,组织中开始出现板条贝氏体,在t8/5为60 s时硬度下降到380 HV5;当t8/5为60~600 s时,粗晶区组织为板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体,硬度为380~300 HV5;t8/5600 s时粗晶区组织主要为粒状贝氏体,硬度为300~315 HV5.试验钢碳当量为0.626%,冷裂纹敏感系数为0.335%,说明其淬硬倾向较大,焊接热影响区容易产生裂纹.     

Effect of austenisation temperature on bainite transformation below martensite starting temperature

Effects of austenisation temperature on martensite and bainite transformation behaviour, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a bainitic steel austempered below martensite starting temperature were investigated in this study. Results show that the amount of athermal martensite gradually increased with the increase of austenisation temperature, whereas the amounts of bainite and retained austenite initially increased and then decreased, resulting in the trend of the first increase and then decrease in the product of tensile strength and elongation. In addition, the transformation rate of isothermal bainite after athermal martensite formation revealed a trend of deceleration and then acceleration with austenisation temperature at the beginning period. Moreover, the size of bainite plates decreased first and then increased with austenisation temperature.     

Effect of microstructure on transformation-induced plasticity of silicon-containing low-alloy steel

Fe-0.6C-1.5Si-0.8Mn steel was studied to determine the effect of the microstructure on transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) of silicon-containing low-alloy steel. A remarkable increase in elongation through TRIP can develop in the steel subjected to the following heat treatments: (1) austemper combined with subcritical annealing (SA Aus-T): subcritical annealing at 993K followed by austempering at 673K and then light tempering (after austenitization at 1173K); (2) austemper coupled with interrupted quenching (IQ Aus-T): interrupted quenching at 533K followed by austempering at 673K and light tempering (after austenitization at 1173K).

The SA Aus-T treatment produced the triple structures of carbide-free upper bainite, retained austenite (γ_R), and free ferrite. As a result of the IQ Aus-T treatment, the triple structures of carbide-free upper bainite, γ_R, and tempered martensite appeared. The results are described and microstructural factors in TRIP are discussed.     

Tensile properties of a 0.34C---3Ni---Cr---Mo---V steel with mixed lower-bainite---martensite structures

The primary objective of this work is to study the influence of microstructure on the tensile properties of a 0.34C---3Ni---Cr---Mo---V steel with mixed lower-bainite---martensite microstructures. In general, the tensile yield strength and ultimate strength of the steel with mixed structures were found to decrease with an increase in the lower-bainite content, while a few exceptions were observed on mixed structures containing 10–25% lower bainite which showed higher yield strength than fully martensitic structure. The introduction of lower bainite in prior austenite grains was found to cause a refinement of the martensite packet size. However, the improvement of the strength of martensite due to the refinement of its substructure can only account for part of the strengthening in a mixed lower-bainite---martensite structure. The tensile ductility (RA%) of the mixed lower-bainite---martensite structure in general is quite close to that of the fully martensitic structure except for the fine austenite grain condition (8 μm), for which the mixed structures show inferior RA% as compared with the fully martensitic structure. On the other hand, the refinement of prior austenite grain size was found to cause beneficial effects on both tensile strength and ductility for the steel with mixed lower-bainite---martensite structure.     

高强钢焊接接头显微组织的研究进展

综述了热输入、合金元素、冷却速率和应变速率对高强钢焊接接头显微组织的影响和高温共聚焦显微镜原位观察高强钢显微组织的最新研究进展,总结了高强钢焊接接头粗晶热影响区显微组织的转变机理.结果表明:通过延长冷却时间、减少热输入量、控制合金元素的含量和采用预处理提高应变速率等方法,可以调控高强钢焊接接头显微组织中马氏体、粒状贝氏...     

Morphology control of ductile second phase and improved mechanical properties in high-strength low-alloy steels with mixed structure

Mixed structures of martensite and non-martensitic decomposition product (ductile second phase) can often be produced in commercial heat treatments of low-alloy steels. Such mixed structures can sometimes produce a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of steels, but they can significantly improve strength, ductility and notch toughness if the ductile second phase appears in a suitable morphology (size, shape and distribution) in association with tempered martensite. Therefore, microstructures have recently been produced in a deliberate attempt to improve the mechanical properties of ultrahigh-strength low-alloy steels. In this review, an attempt has been made to present the effect of the morphology (shape, size and distribution) of the ductile second phase on improved mechanical properties of ultrahighstrength low-alloy steels having mixed structures, This review first discusses the effect of the morphology of the second-phase bainite on mechanical properties of high-strength low-alloy steels with mixed structures of martensite and bainite, in which great improvement in the mechanical properties of the steel has been associated with the morphology of the bainite. Then, knowledge of the recent development of a steel having the mixed structures for low-temperature ultrahigh-strength applications is also reported.     

U75V轨道钢线性摩擦焊工艺研究

目的 提高及改善目前轨道连接与修复的质量。方法 采用线性摩擦焊（LFW）的方法,对高碳轨道钢（U71Mn）在不同参数下进行了焊接试验,并对其微观组织和力学性能进行了表征。结果 焊接参数对接头质量起着决定性的作用。根据焊后接头的微观组织差异,可将其分为4个部分：焊缝中心区（WCZ）、热力影响区（TMAZ）、热影响区（HAZ）和母材（BM）。BM为珠光体和上贝氏体的混合组织,TMAZ由珠光体和少量马氏体组成。在WCZ中,由于受到的热力耦合作用的增强和更高的冷却速率,该区域马氏体含量进一步增加。在拉伸试验中,所有试样均在WCZ处发生断裂,接头的最大抗拉强度达到BM强度的86.6%。此外,WCZ中存在大量马氏体,在增加焊缝显微硬度的同时也降低了焊缝的冲击韧性。结论 采用LFW的方法可以得到焊接质量优良的轨道钢接头。     

T91铁素体耐热钢过冷奥氏体转变过程中临界冷却速度的研究

利用DIL805A/D高精度差分膨胀仪,通过线膨胀行为测量与微观组织分析,获得T91铁素体耐热钢连续冷却转变过程中相关动力学信息,结合冷却后T91钢组织特征,确定了T91钢过冷奥氏体转变过程中的临界冷却速度.研究表明:T91钢过冷奥氏体连续冷却过程中只存在铁素体和马氏体转变区,而不出现贝氏体和珠光体转变.在冷却速度为10K/min时该钢获得完全板条马氏体组织,9K/min时组织中开始出现铁素体,即10K/min可以定为T91钢奥氏体向马氏体转变的上临界冷却速度;当冷却速度介于3～9K/min时为马氏体和铁素体的混合组织,冷却速度为2K/min时T91钢中不存在马氏体转变,室温组织为铁素体,即2K/min可以定为T91钢奥氏体向马氏体转变的下临界冷却速度.     

Finite element analysis of temperature field, microstructure and residual stress in multi-pass butt-welded 2.25Cr–1Mo steel pipes

An attempt was made to develop a thermal–metallurgical–mechanical computational procedure based on ABAQUS code to simulate welding temperature field, microstructure and residual stress in multi-pass butt-welded 2.25Cr–1Mo steel pipes. In the present work, our emphasis was to predict welding residual stress considering the influence of solid-state phase transformation. In the proposed computational procedure, the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation was used to track the austenite–bainite transformation, and the Koistinen–Marburger relationship was employed to describe austenite–martensite change. Effects of volumetric change and yield strength change due to solid-state phase transformation on welding residual stress were investigated. The simulation results show that both volumetric change and yield strength change have significant effects on welding residual stress in 2.25Cr–1Mo steel pipes. The simulation results were compared with the experimental measurements, and the effectiveness of the developed computational producer was confirmed.     

Dual ferrite-martensite treatments of a high-strength low-alloy ASTM A588 steel

Dual ferrite-martensite (DFM) treatments of an ASTM A588 steel have been investigated. The treatments consisted of initial austenitization and quenching to form 100% martensite, followed by annealing in the ( + ) region and subsequent quenching. It was found that DFM microstructures of the steel contained continuous globular martensite along the prior austenite grain boundaries and acicular martensite within the prior austenite grains. The DFM of the steel exhibited the superb combinations of strength and elongation over a range of elongation 15% to 20% in a 3 cm gauge length. For a sample with 18% elongation, the yield strength was 49 kg mm^–2 (70 × 10³ p.s.i.) and the ultimate tensile strength 68 kg mm^–2 (97 × 10³ p.s.i.). The type of initial microstructure prior to the dual phase treatment is of prime importance in the determination of the morphology of DFM structure. The results show that the initial martensite structure is more advantageous than the initial pearlite plus proeutectoid ferrite and austenite structures.     

淬火冷却速率对海洋平台用Ni-Cr-Mo-B钢性能的影响

使用热膨胀仪、SEM电镜、EBSD、硬度、拉伸和冲击等观察和检测手段,研究了淬火冷却速率对海洋平台用Ni-Cr-Mo-B钢的显微组织、有效晶粒尺寸(EGS)和力学性能的影响。结果表明,不同冷却速率的合金钢,其显微组织包括板条马氏体(LM)、板条贝氏体(LB)、粒状贝氏体(GB)和F(铁素体)。随着淬火冷却速率的降低合金钢的显微组织分别为LM(>20℃/s)、LM/LB(20~2℃/s)、LB(2~1℃/s)、LB/GB(1~0.2℃/s)、GB/F(0.2~0.02℃/s),其硬度由100℃/s时的393HV逐渐降低至0.02℃/s时的291HV。回火后合金钢的屈服强度由水冷的836 MPa降低至炉冷的726 MPa,而延伸率几乎不变,约为20%。油冷合金钢的-60℃冲击功最高(199 J),水冷次之(54 J),空冷和炉冷合金钢的最低(<30 J)。其原因是,油冷合金钢具有LM_T/LB_T混合组织,较小的EGS (1.6 μm)对解理裂纹的阻碍作用较强;而空冷、炉冷合金钢的组织分别为GB_T/LB_T、GB_T/F,其EGS较大(分别为2.4和2.8 μm),对解理裂纹的阻碍作用较弱。