超声磨削氧化锆陶瓷表面相变与残余应力特征实验研究

针对氧化锆陶瓷的易相变特点,通过对ZTA陶瓷和纳米氧化锆陶瓷进行对比实验,研究了氧化锆陶瓷磨削表面相变特性,分析了磨削表面的残余应力特征.实验结果表明,亚稳态四方相氧化锆的含量以及磨削应力是诱发氧化锆陶瓷产生马氏体相变的主要因素;陶瓷磨削过程中,砂轮的磨削深度越大、磨粒粒径越大,在材料基体中产生的磨削应力越大,从而马氏体相变率增大;纳米氧化锆陶瓷磨削表面产生的残余压应力值大于ZrO2增韧Al2O3(ZTA)陶瓷.通过分析磨削参数对残余应力的影响,验证了马氏体相变可在一定程度上促进残余压应力的产生,从而提高磨削表面的质量.     

超声振动磨削纳米氧化锆陶瓷材料的磨削力及表面残余应力的研究

纳米陶瓷由于其相对于工程陶瓷优越的力学性能及物理特性,在各行业都有广泛的应用前景。采用超声复式加工方法,针对不同的磨削参数对纳米ZrO2陶瓷进行了普通和超声磨削实验,研究了磨削参数对磨削力的影响,并通过X射线衍射分析了在普通和超声磨削状态下对工件表面残余应力及纳米ZrO2陶瓷各晶相的影响。研究结果表明:利用超声振动磨削能有效减少磨削力,不同的磨削方式对纳米ZrO2陶瓷表面残余应力影响较大,采用普通磨削工件表面残余应力为拉应力,当超声振动方向平行于砂轮速度方向时,工件表面残余应力为压应力,振动方向垂直于砂轮速度方向时工件表面残余应力绝对值较小。     

超声高速研磨陶瓷表面残余应力特性研究

工程陶瓷材料的表面残余应力对其使用性能影响很大.本文采用固着磨料超声外圆研磨装置在精密车床上,对ZrO2、Al2O3和纳米ZrO2增韧Al2O3(ZTA)三种陶瓷材料,在不同的磨粒尺寸、研磨压力、研磨速度下的表面残余应力进行了实验研究.研究结果表明:精密平面磨削残余应力产生机理主要为热塑效应和相变效应的综合作用,而固着磨料和游离磨料研磨残余应力产生机理主要是机械冷挤压作用;前者在两个方向上均表现为拉应力,后者均为较小的残余压应力;其值随着磨料尺寸、研磨压力与研磨速度的增大而增大;但超过一定值之后残余应力的增加变得缓慢.在相同条件下,Al2O3陶瓷研磨表面在两个方向上均表现为残余拉应力,而ZrO2和ZTA陶瓷研磨表面均为残余压应力.     

粗磨粒金刚石砂轮精密磨削工程陶瓷的试验研究

为了实现粗磨粒金刚石砂轮延性域磨削加工SiC陶瓷材料,采用碟轮对粒径为297~420μm的粗磨粒金刚石砂轮进行了精密修整。然后,使用经过修整好的粗磨粒金刚石砂轮对SiC陶瓷进行磨削加工。在此基础上,对不同的砂轮线速度、工件进给速度、磨削切深对SiC陶瓷表面粗糙度和表面形貌的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明:经过精密修整的粗磨粒金刚石砂轮是能够实现SiC陶瓷材料的延性域磨削的,表面粗糙度值Ra达到0.151μm;随着砂轮线速度增大、工件进给速度和磨削切深减小,SiC陶瓷表面的脆性断裂减小,塑性去除增加。     

砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工工艺特性研究

研究了砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工工艺特性，分析了磨粒尺寸、磨料流体浓度、加工循环、砂轮速度、携带流体对加工表面质量的影响。利用平面磨床M7120对Q235A进行喷射加工实验，用TALYSURF轮廓仪测量加工后的微观几何参数值，用扫描电镜和金相显微镜观察表面微观形貌。实验结果表明，选用质量分数10％W7Al2O3微粉与防锈润滑液进行喷射加工20～30循环，不仅保持或获得高的表面肜状精度，而且又可高效的获得具有粗糙度Ra0．15～1．6μm的无缺陷加工表面，明显去除磨削加工过度塑性变形，减少表面层污染和磨削烧伤，实现高效、高精度、低粗糙度，并且磨削和抛光可以集成的表面精密光整加工新方法。     

砂轮磨粒尺寸及形状对磨削加工的影响

利用计算机数字模拟技术作为手段分析研究磨粒尺寸大小及形状对磨削加工过程和被磨削表面的影响,结果得出磨粒径大小影响到砂轮表层的磨粒中实际参加切削的磨粒数目,磨粒粒径越小,被加工表面粗糙度越小,由大大小小不同粒径磨粒的成的砂轮与单一粒径磨粒的砂轮相比,其被加工表面粗糙度要小得多,磨粒几何形状和磨粒表面微观粗糙度的被加工表面粗糙度影响不大。     

陶瓷CBN砂轮的研究进展

陶瓷CBN砂轮在成形加工和精密加工等领域广泛应用，对其进行研究在提高工件加工质量和加工效率方面具有重要意义。分别从CBN磨粒、改性剂的添加、陶瓷CBN砂轮的制备和磨削性能方面，综述近些年陶瓷CBN砂轮的研究进展，并对其未来发展前景进行展望。在CBN磨粒方面，论述了CBN单晶的合成，介绍了CBN磨粒表面处理和加入强磁场时的处理方式；对于改性剂，分别论述了成孔剂、氧化物、金属物质、纳米材料的添加对陶瓷CBN砂轮性能的改善；在陶瓷CBN砂轮制备方面，介绍了其成形和烧结的方法。此外，还介绍了陶瓷CBN砂轮在钢类材料、镍基合金、钛合金等难加工材料上的磨削加工应用，并提出影响其磨削性能的因素。     

在线电解修整(ELID)超精密磨削中的金刚石磨具特性研究

ELID(Electrolytic In-process Dressing)磨削技术是在电化学加工、电解磨削原理基础上发展起来的一项磨削新技术,主要用于硬脆材料超精密磨削过程中金属基结合剂超硬微细磨粒砂轮的在线修整.本文以金刚石微粉砂轮在线电解修整(ELID)磨削氮化硅陶瓷为例,着重研究了磨具特性对硬脆材料超精密磨削过程的影响.研究表明,磨具组织沿砂轮圆周的不均匀性将会导致砂轮表面钝化膜状态的不一致,这将直接影响砂轮局部参与切削的磨粒数量,影响单个磨料的实际磨削厚度.这首先将对工件表面的磨削质量,特别是对表面粗糙度产生直接影响,同时也非常不利于实现材料的高效去除.     

纳米结构金属陶瓷(n-WC/Co)涂层材料精密磨削的试验研究

本文对纳米结构金属陶瓷（n-WC/Co）涂层材料在金刚石砂轮精密磨削过程中的磨削力进行了较详细的试验研究。对常规结构金属陶瓷(n-WC/Co）和n-WC/Co涂层材料的磨削力作了对比磨削试验,分析了磨削工艺参数如砂轮磨削深度,工件进给速度,金刚石砂轮结合剂类型和磨粒尺寸以及被磨试件材料特性等对磨削力的影响,结合被磨试件表面的扫描电镜（SEM）的观察,分析了n-WC/Co涂层材料磨削的材料去除机理,研究结果表明：在相同磨削条件下,纳米结构陶瓷涂层的磨削力始终高于常规结构陶瓷涂层的磨削力;在其它磨削条件相同的情况下,用金属结合剂砂轮磨削工件所需的磨削力要比树脂结合剂砂轮,陶瓷结合剂砂轮所需的磨削力大些,磨粒尺寸小的砂轮磨削工件所需的总磨削力要比磨粒尺寸在的砂轮所需的磨削力大些,磨削力随砂轮磨削深度,工件进给速度的增加而增大;一般情况下,n-WC/Co涂层材料精密磨削过程的材料去除机理中,占主导方式的是塑性成形的材料去除方式。     

碟轮修整单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的试验研究

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮在制作完成之初由于砂轮基体加工存在误差以及磨粒粒径大小不一等原因造成磨粒等高性不一致,这使其难以在硬脆材料的精密磨削中得到广泛的应用。采用自制的钎焊碟轮对80/100#单层钎焊金刚石砂轮进行了修整试验研究。在修整试验前后跟踪了砂轮磨粒等高性的变化,进行了SiC陶瓷的磨削试验,并观测了工件表面质量的变化情况。试验结果表明:采用此方法能够实现单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的高效精密修整。修整试验结束后砂轮磨粒等高性较好,磨削SiC陶瓷的表面质量得到明显改善,表面粗糙度Ra值达到了0.1μm以下。     

Influence of microstructure on ultraprecision grinding of cemented carbides

The influence of microstructure on the ultraprecision grinding response of a series of cemented carbides for spherical mirrors was characterized by means of optical and laser interferometry, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Surface roughness, form accuracy, grinding-induced residual stress and material removal behaviors were studied as a function of tungsten carbide (WC) grain size. In connection with the removal mechanisms in ultraprecision grinding, microindentations performed on each material showed similar deformation patterns, all in the plastic regime. The microstructure of WC-Co materials was found to have little influence on the nanometre surface roughness and submicron form accuracy. However, the X-ray stress measurements indicated that the microstructure of carbide materials had a significant influence on the grinding-induced residual stresses; i.e. an increase in grinding-induced residual compressive stress with an decrease in WC grain size. No grinding-induced cracks were observed in the ground cemented carbide surfaces. The material removal in ultraprecision grinding was considered to occur within the ductile regime. The formation of microgrooves and plastic flow regions via slip bands of WC grains along the cobalt binder without visible resultant microfracturing of WC grains were the dominant removal mechanisms.     

基板温度对EB-PVD ZrO2涂层微观组织及残余应力的影响

采用电子束物理气相沉积(EB-PVD)技术在不锈钢基板上沉积ZrO2涂层.研究基板温度对涂层微观组织和残余应力的影响.结果表明:沉积的涂层均为t-ZrO2结构,涂层表面平整致密;随着基板温度的升高,涂层表面颗粒逐渐长大,表面粗糙度增大;涂层残余应力也随着基板温度的升高而增加,当基板温度为1000 ℃时,涂层残余应力的增量最大,ZrO2涂层的残余应力主要是由于涂层与基板热膨胀系数差别而产生的热应力引起.     

磨粒半径对金刚石研磨加工影响机制的仿真研究

为解析金刚石磨粒尺寸变化对金刚石材料研磨质量的影响机制,利用分子动力学方法建立球形刚性金刚石磨粒研磨金刚石工件的模型,研究不同磨粒半径下的磨削力变化规律和应力、相变分布.结果表明:磨粒半径从6a增大到20a(a为金刚石晶格常数),磨削平均法向力和平均切向力均线性增加,但平均法向力增量为平均切向力的3倍;磨粒与工件间的剪...     

GH4169超声辅助磨削表面完整性研究

为研究超声辅助磨削对GH4169表面完整性的影响,开展GH4169超声辅助磨削与普通磨削加工试验,研究超声振动及磨削参数对其显微硬度、残余应力与微观组织的影响。结果表明:GH4169磨削表面层均产生加工硬化与残余压应力,并生成晶粒细化层;与普通磨削相比,超声辅助磨削增大其表面层显微硬度,同时增加其表面层残余压应力与晶粒细化层厚度。砂轮转速增加使显微硬度最大值先减小后增大,残余压应力与晶粒细化层厚度增加;磨削深度增加使显微硬度最大值、残余压应力与晶粒细化层厚度同时增加;且位错密度的变化趋势与显微硬度变化趋势一致。      

Determination of surface and in-depth residual stress distributions induced by hard milling of H13 steel

In the present study, an experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effects of surface texture, cutting parameters and phase transformation on the surface and in-depth residual stress distributions induced by hard milling of AISI H13 steel (50?±?1HRc) with the coated carbide tools. The results show that the surface residual stress distribution between two adjacent machined lays has the same periodic variational regularity as the surface profiles, which means that the surface residual stress distribution has a high correlation with the machined surface texture. Surface residual stresses in the pick direction are much more compressive than that in the feed direction; at the same time, radial depth of cut and feed are the main cutting parameters affecting surface residual stresses. Very thin white layer forms or even no obvious microstructural alteration appears in the subsurface. Phase transformations of the subsurface material deeply affect the in-depth residual stress distribution, a ??hook?? shaped residual stress profile beneath the machined surface is generated in which the maximum compressive stresses occur at the depth of 3?C18???m below the surface.     

钛合金铣削加工表面残余应力有限元仿真

为了分析铣削工艺参数对钛合金已加工表面残余应力的影响,根据金属切削有限元分析的相关理论,以钛合金Ti6Al4V为工件材料,建立了铣削加工的有限元模型。采用正交试验设计法对钛合金Ti6Al4V铣削仿真的工艺参数进行优化,并用极差法分析不同的铣削速度、铣削深度、铣削路径对钛合金Ti6Al4V工已加工表面残余应力的影响。研究表明:在钛合金Ti6Al4V铣削过程中,对工件已加工表面残余应力影响因素由小到大依次为:铣削深度<铣削路径<铣削速度,切削深度对已加工表面残余应力影响较小,铣削速度对已加工表面残余应力影响最大;在研究范围内,随着铣削速度的增大,已加工表面残余应力逐渐增加。     

Applied mechanics in grinding. Part 7: residual stresses induced by the full coupling of mechanical deformation, thermal deformation and phase transformation

In this final part of the series research on residual stresses in ground components, the full coupling of mechanical deformation, thermal deformation and phase transformation during grinding was investigated using the finite element method. It was found that all the components of surface residual stresses become tensile when phase transformation takes place. This phenomenon is independent of the cooling conditions and type of grinding operations and is affected only slightly by the variation of surface mechanical traction. The distribution of the residual stress in grinding direction is nearly linear in both the martensite and non-martensite zones. However, the location of the maximum residual stress is related to the surface mechanical traction and depth of martensite transformation.     

Applied mechanics in grinding—IV. The mechanism of grinding induced phase transformation

One of the most important problems in high precision grinding is the optimisation of the surface residual stress distribution of ground components. It has been realised that the heat generated in the grinding zone plays a central role in the phase transformation of workmaterials that would alter the residual stress formation. The purpose of this paper was to reveal the mechanism of phase transformation of workmaterials induced by grinding. The finite element method was used to simulate the grinding processes. The heat source generated during grinding was considered as a moving heat flux with a triangular profile. Effects of table speed, heat flux distribution, thermal properties of workmaterials and convective features of coolant were discussed in detail. It was found that an optimal combination of grinding conditions could minimise the depth of phase transformation. The results of this paper also offered essential information for the mechanism exploration of residual stresses in ground components.     

预应力干磨削加工40Cr工件表面微结构损伤

表面残余应力、表面烧伤、磨削裂纹等表面微结构损伤是评价零件表面质量的重要指标,直接影响零件的使用寿命,严重时造成零件失效。为研究预应力干磨削加工零件表面微结构损伤特征及规律,以40Cr材料为载体,开展预应力磨削加工试验研究,检测残余应力、硬度,并采用SEM、EDS等方法分析表面层形貌和化学成分。结果表明,试件加工表面存在淬硬现象,预应力对工件表层残余应力有较好的抑制作用,表层残余拉应力随磨削深度增大而增大,随预应力增大而减小。磨削深度对熔融涂覆及表面微裂纹损伤影响程度较大,磨削烧伤表面形成氧化膜会影响零件使用性能。预拉应力通过改变残余应力状态而对表面磨削微裂纹损伤起到抑制作用。