D类功放中数字调制器的研究与实现

数字脉冲宽度调制(Digital Pulse Width Modulation,DPWM)结构简单、稳定性好,是主动声呐D类功放中常用的调制技术,但是它会产生信号失真和电磁干扰问题。针对主动声呐中D类功放的要求,设计了一种新的1.5bitΣ-Δ调制器。该调制器不仅能够改善DPWM存在的信号失真和电磁干扰问题,而且能够解决常规Σ-Δ调制器存在的高开关频率导致的高开关损耗问题。采用现场可编程逻辑门阵列(FPGA)对该调制器进行实现,在全桥D类功放上进行了实验验证。通过1.5bitΣ-Δ调制器和DPWM性能对比,表明该1.5bitΣ-Δ调制器适合主动声呐D类功放的应用。     

一种MASH1-1-1结构∑-Δ调制器设计及应用

为了抑制小数分频锁相环产生的量化噪声,提高锁相环的性能,设计并实现了一种基于FPGA的MASH1-1-1结构∑-Δ调制器。根据小数分频锁相环的原理,分析了量化噪声产生的原因,详细介绍了在小数频率合成器中应用∑-Δ调制器进行噪声整形的基本原理及在FPGA中的实现方法。仿真结果表明,经过MASH1-1-1三阶∑-Δ调制器整形后的量化噪声大部分被推到频率高端,只有小部分噪声能量还留在环路带宽内,有效地提高了锁相环的性能。     

一种新的适用于小数分频技术delta-sigma调制器结构

提出一种适用于小数分频技术的delta-sigma调制器(DSM)结构。该调制器采用MASH三级四阶结构,并在第二级引入二阶DSM来提高调制器阶数以此达到抑制低频噪声的目的。同时,在调制器输入端加入随机噪声来打断输出序列的周期性,使得量化噪声功率谱更接近于高斯白噪声,这样,对于锁相频率合成器而言,系统带宽内的相位噪声在加到VCO之前,便会被滤除。给出设计框图,并进行计算机仿真。其结果表明,新结构的噪声基底比MASH1-1-1结构噪声基底降低10dB,并且谱线更加平滑。     

多载波输入时星间微波光子链路性能分析

针对卫星通信中射频载波信号光学传输问题,建立了星间微波光子链路,利用两个并联双电极马赫-曾德尔电光调制器,以光载波抑制调制方式实现了星间微波信号的光域传输和下变频。利用贝赛尔函数展开推导了多载波输入情况下接收信号任意谐波和交调分量表达式,得到了输出信号噪声失真比与输入载波数关系,利用曲面投影法求得了不同载波数时电光调制器最佳调制系数,分析了载波数对最佳调制系数、光发射功率和最优信号噪声失真比的影响。结果表明,射频本振调制器的最佳调制系数在载波数变化时可以保持不变,射频信号调制器的最佳调制系数和最优信号噪声失真比随载波数增大而减小,光发射功率随载波数增大而增大。     

一种用于多标准接收机的宽带低噪声放大器

设计了一种应用于软件无线电接收机的300kHz～1.6GHz宽带低噪声放大器,适用于数字广播、数字电视和定位导航等系统.该放大器采用噪声抵消结构以降低输入匹配器件在输出端所产生的热噪声和闪烁噪声,能够同时实现输入阻抗匹配和噪声优化.对采用中芯国际(SMIC)0.18 μm RF CMOS工艺实现的芯片的测试结果表明,3dB带宽为300kHz～1.6GHz,最大增益S21为16.7dB,输入反射系数S11小于-7.4dB,最小噪声系数为2.3 dB,输入参考的1dB增益压缩点为-11.6dBm,功耗为14.4mW,芯片面积为0.49mm2.     

一种自适应模拟舰船噪声重构方法

提出了一种自适应模拟噪声重构方法(AMNR-Adaptive Modeling Noise Reconstruction)。该方法将噪声重构过程看作未知被控连续输入、输出系统,在已知系统输入、输出特性的情况下,采用自适应模拟技术建立并在线自适应修正噪声重构系统的传输函数,实现了通过高斯随机序列对舰船噪声的重构和任意长度重构噪声波形的连续输出。实测舰船噪声重构应用实例表明,本文所提方法重构误差小、实现方便,且重构噪声波形具有连续相位,从而解决了因重构噪声非连续输出带来的带内能量泄漏和功率谱随机波动等问题。     

子空间预测控制算法在主动噪声振动中的应用

为解决主动噪声和振动控制中的执行器饱和约束条件问题,本文在子空间系统辨识的基础上,研究了一种新颖的子空间预测控制方法。该控制方法联合了系统辨识和控制器设计,直接由输入-输出数据得到将来时刻的输出预测值,自动校正系统中的参数,克服了传统的模型预测控制中繁琐的系统辨识环节。同时子空间预测控制允许执行器机构出现饱和现象,在考虑由饱和现象导致的约束条件时,利用线性矩阵不等式将约束优化问题转化为无约束优化问题。采用椭球优化算法迭代地产生一系列体积逐渐减小的椭球序列,该序列最终能收敛到一个最优解。在椭球算法的基础上推导了该算法达到收敛时所需要迭代次数的一个上界。这在智能优化算法中是很难求得到的。最后以直升机悬停状态时发生的颤振为例,利用本文中的子空间预测控制和椭球优化算法设计闭环系统的反馈控制器,验证闭环系统的输出响应能较好地跟踪期望值,从而得出本文方法的有效性。     

用于加速度计接口电路的新型∑-Δ电压-频率转换器的设计

设计了一种基于Σ-Δ调制器技术的新型电压.频率转换器,可用于加速度计接口电路将模拟电压信号转换成相应的频率输出信号,且其对于恒定输入电压具有稳定的输出频率,具有正负两种转换特性.采用中国电子科技集团二十四所的4μm阱标准CMOS工艺参数对电路进行了模拟仿真.在10V电源电压下,其时钟频率为1.04MHz,输入电压范围为1.5～8.5 V,输出频率范围为40-533 kHz,转换灵敏度约为134 kGz/V,非线性度小于0.08%.仿真结果表明,其可广泛应用于矢量传感器的模数转换接口电路.     

用于加速度计接口电路的新型Σ-Δ电压-频率转换器的设计

设计了一种基于Σ-Δ调制器技术的新型电压．频率转换器，可用于加速度计接口电路将模拟电压信号转换成相应的频率输出信号，且其对于恒定输入电压具有稳定的输出频率，具有正负两种转换特性．采用中国电子科技集团二十四所的4μm P阱标准CMOS工艺参数对电路进行了模拟仿真．在10V电源电压下，其时钟频率为1．04MHz，输入电压范围为1．5—8．5V，输出频率范围为40-533kHz，转换灵敏度约为134kHz/V，非线性度小于0．08％．仿真结果表明，其可广泛应用于矢量传感器的模数转换接口电路．     

带ESD保护的2.4GHz低噪声放大器的分析与设计

分析了静电放电(ESD)保护对源极电感负反馈低噪声放大器(LNA)的输入阻抗匹配和噪声匹配的影响。给出了带ESD保护的低噪声放大器在功耗限定的条件下同时满足功率匹配和噪声匹配的优化方法,基于该方法,采用0.18μm RF CMOS工艺设计了应用于无线传感网(WSN)的2.4GHz低噪声放大器。测试结果表明,低噪声放大器噪声系数(NF)为1.69dB,增益为15.2 dB,输入1 dB压缩点和输入三阶截点(IIP3)分别为-8dBm和1dBm,在1.8V电源电压下消耗电流3.1mA。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.