Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

筒纱绞纱漂染过程控制技术及装置

阐述了纱线漂染设备中染液循环泵的运行现状,介绍了筒纱或绞纱漂染过程中应用特殊的染液循环泵脉动控制程序的基本工作原理及结构,分析了运用该装置后的染色纱线品质提升情况和节能降耗效果。得出配置脉动控制程序的染机在工作中能非常有效地强化染液穿透被染纱线的功能,提升染色纱线品质;同时,该染机的能耗较常规设备有大幅度下降,降幅高达45%~55%。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

苦丁皂苷D的分离纯化及其纳米粒的制备表征

目的:为了提高苦丁皂苷D的水溶性。方法:采用常压柱层析法、半制备高效液相色谱法等手段从苦丁茶冬青中分离纯化皂苷,获得化合物苦丁皂苷D（Kudinoside D）。以聚谷氨酸（γ-PGA）和L-苯丙氨酸乙酯（L-PAE）为原料,分别采用沉淀法、透析法制备苦丁皂苷 D纳米粒,利用透射电镜和动态纳米粒度仪对纳米粒理化性质进行表征,利用透析法考察其体外释药特性。结果:与沉淀法相比,透析法制备的苦丁皂苷 D纳米粒的包封率和载药量分别提高了1.5、4.5倍,包封率达65.46%,载药量达13.24%。苦丁皂苷 D纳米粒呈规则球形,平均粒径为（75±25）nm,Zeta电势为33.7。结论:体外释药实验表明苦丁皂苷 D纳米粒可提高药物的水溶性,具有良好的体外缓释效果。     

新型保温、调温功能纤维和纺织品

近年来国外研究并逐步开发了一系列具有保温、调温功能的新型纤维,其主要用途包括飞行服、宇航服、消防服、极地探险服、病员服、体育运动服、高级西服、衬衣、床上用品和室内装饰用布等。本文综述了国外该方面的研究与开发成就。     

螺虫乙酯及其代谢产物在猕猴桃中的残留消解动态

研究建立了螺虫乙酯及其4种主要代谢物在猕猴桃及土壤中的残留分析方法。样品用乙腈提取后,经PSA净化,高效液相色谱质谱联用仪检测,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.01～2.00mg/kg的添加水平下,螺虫乙酯及代谢产物在猕猴桃和土壤中的回收率为73.97%～110.52%,相对标准偏差分别为1.96%～7.91%。采用所建方法,测定螺虫乙酯及代谢产物在猕猴桃和土壤中的残留及消解动态。螺虫乙酯被施用到猕猴桃和土壤中后均迅速降解为B-enol、B-keto。在猕猴桃中螺虫乙酯、B-enol呈逐渐降低的趋势,而B-keto和B-mono呈逐渐升高的趋势;在土壤中螺虫乙酯、B-enol、B-keto均呈逐渐降低趋势,B-mono和B-glu在样品中均没有检出。螺虫乙酯和B-enol在土壤中的降解速度(1.42 d、1.99 d)快于在猕猴桃上的降解速度(4.08 d和6.39 d)。以3000倍液稀释液喷施2次,28 d后,猕猴桃中螺虫乙酯母体的残留量为0.06 mg/kg,高于我国制定的0.02 mg/kg的最大残留限量值,在猕猴桃上的安全使用剂量还需要进一步研究。     

Communities of practice in art and design and museum and gallery education

This article draws on a wider body of research that explores whether art and design teachers (art teachers) and museum and gallery educators (gallery educators) hold conflicting conceptions of 'critical and contextual studies'. The data analysis focuses on what interviewees said about each other in relation to crossing boundaries between institutions, subject and pedagogical content knowledge, conceptions of the discipline of art and design, the role of gallery education in curriculum development and influence over the development of the pedagogical identities of students. The social theories of communities of practice, discourse and boundary objects are used to explore and conceptualise the complexity of the interaction between the two groups. The article concludes that trans-institutional and inter-professional communities of practice can be established that have the potential to generate new forms of engagement, shared repertoire and joint enterprise.     

环保纤维与绿色染整

环保纤维只是一种原料,并不能保证生产出绿色纺织品,而后者在很大程度上取决于加工的因素,绿色染整是用环保纤维生产绿色纺织品的保证。绿色染整必须从工艺改革着手,基本上不用传统的水相反应工艺,做到无水或少水生产。     

黄瓜和土壤中吡唑醚菌酯和霜脲氰同步检测及其降解分析

采用QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法,建立黄瓜及土壤中吡唑醚菌酯和霜脲氰同步检测方法,研究吡唑醚菌酯·霜脲氰水分散粒剂在黄瓜和土壤中的残留变化及消解动态,旨在评估联合农药的安全性。样品经乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺吸附剂和十八烷基键合硅胶吸附剂净化,质谱多反应监测模式扫描。在50～800?μg/L之间具有良好的线性关系,r值均大于0.996?1,3?个质量浓度添加水平下2?种农药在黄瓜和土壤中的平均回收率为70.45%～107.08%,定量限均为0.050?mg/kg。两年三地的田间实验消解动态表明：以1.5?倍高推荐剂量下,吡唑醚菌酯和霜脲氰分别于黄瓜上施药1、7?d后,土壤上施药7、1?d后残留量小于定量限;当该制剂以推荐剂量在黄瓜上施药3?次,施药间隔7?d时,吡唑醚菌酯和霜脲氰在黄瓜中的最高残留量分别为0.090?mg/kg和0.060?mg/kg,远低于我国规定的最大残留限量0.5?mg/kg,推荐采收安全间隔期为3?d。     

Isolated and fermented orange and grape wastes: Bromatological characterization and phytase,lipase and protease source

The aims of this study were to evaluate the bromatological characterization of isolated and fermented crude orange and grape wastes, and to investigate the presence and activities of phytase, lipase and protease in them. Fermented wastes accounted for better ash (until 49%), crude protein (around 40%) and fiber content (≤ 51%) results than the isolated ones (extracted directly from wastes, without fermentation). Overall, phytases enzymatic activity in isolated wastes, without the fermentation step, was up to 20 times higher than that in fermented wastes, which showed the same specific activity in the analysis - isolated orange bagasse reached 2436 U/mg of specific activity of phytases. Proteases presented the same profile as phytases, since their isolated waste showed enzymatic activity 69% higher than that of fermented waste, with emphasis on the total protein results recorded for mixed grape wastes, which evidenced difference up to 45 times higher than that of fermented orange wastes. Lipases did not show any activity in hydrolyzing fatty acids of intermediate chain, p-NPL (p-nitrophenyl laurate); however, both orange and grape wastes presented greater activities in hydrolysis of long-chain, p-NPP (p-nitrophenyl palmitate) and short-chain, p-NPB (p-nitrophenyl butyrate) fatty acids. Lipases in isolated orange bagasse showed the highest specific activity rate: 63% different from mixed grape wastes, which represented the second highest value recorded for this parameter.     

Turnover and hydrolysis of vicine and convicine in avian tissues and digesta

The objectives of this study were to establish factors influencing the absorption, excretion and hydrolysis of vicine and convicine in chicks. Blood vicine, following the oral administration of a single dosage of vicine into the crop of young chicks, reached maximum concentrations within 3 h. It was nearly completely removed from the blood within 12 h and had a half-life of approximately 4.5 h. The accumulation and excretion patterns of vicine in the liver and kidney were similar to those of the blood except that the concentrations were much higher in these tissues, particularly the kidney. Bile also contained a very high concentration of vicine which tended to accumulate following the decline in other tissues. These results together with the appearance of vicine in the urine of colostomised birds suggest that vicine is excreted in the urine and bile. Convicine in contrast to vicine was not absorbed by the chick. In-vitro studies were carried out with tissue and digesta homogenates from the chick in order to establish the site(s) at which vicine and convicine were hydrolysed to their aglycone forms. The results demonstrated that neither vicine nor convicine were hydrolysed in the presence of liver, kidney, intestinal wall or caecal wall homogenates, digesta from the large intestine or by enzymes present in whole or ground fababeans. They were, however, slowly hydrolysed in the presence of 0.1N HCl at 37°C and very rapidly hydrolysed by digesta from the caeca. Antibiotic additions to the diets markedly reduced the in-vitro rate of hydrolysis of these compounds. The latter results suggest that vicine and convicine are hydrolysed by microorganisms in the caeca of the chick but are not hydrolysed by the micro-organisms in the gastrointestinal tract, by endogenous tissue enzymes or by enzymes present in fababeans and only minimally hydrolysed by the low pH of the stomach.     

Modern cleaning and recovery systems and techniques

The paper stresses the importance to the dairy industry of cleaning-in-place and illustrates the many and various methods of plant design showing the diversity of equipment and the many systems of CIP in present day use . (Editor's summary).     

Fetal endocrinology and development--manipulation and adaptation to long-term nutritional and environmental challenges

This article reviews the fetal endocrine system in sheep, a species that has a long gestation and primarily produces a singleton fetus. Attention is focused on information that is applicable to humans. The endocrinology of metabolic homeostasis in sheep fetuses is well adapted to respond to a range of metabolic challenges, including placental restriction and maternal undernutrition. A small placenta results in hypoxaemia, hypoglycaemia, reduced abundance of anabolic hormones, and fetal growth restriction. Fetuses with restricted growth are characterized by tissue-specific reductions in hormone receptor mRNA, for example mRNA for the long form of prolactin receptor is reduced in adipose tissue. In contrast, the adipose tissue of fetuses with accelerated growth, stimulated by increasing maternal nutrition in the second half of gestation, has more protein for the long form of the prolactin receptor and more uncoupling protein 1, by which large amounts of heat are generated at birth. Maternal undernutrition in early gestation, coinciding with the period of rapid placental growth, initially restricts placental growth, but when mothers are fed to requirements, a longer fetus results with a disproportionately large placenta. This nutritional manipulation replicates, in part, epidemiological findings from the Dutch famine of 1944-1945, for which the offspring are at increased risk of adult obesity.