基于地形修正的降水空间插值方法及其应用

获取精准的降水空间分布信息对于水资源管理和洪涝灾害预报预警具有重要意义。地形变化对降水空间分布有显著影响,然而传统的降水空间插值方法难以考虑这种影响。基于黄土高原气象站1988～2017年长序列降水观测数据和高精度地形数据,建立了综合考虑站点与插值目标网格的位置、高程及坡向关系的降水空间插值方法(Angular Distance Aspect Gradient Weighting method, ADAGW),并在黄土高原地区进行应用。结果表明：相较于传统空间插值方法,ADAGW方法能够更有效地捕捉复杂地形下的降水空间分布。该方法在日尺度、月尺度、年尺度上的空间插值结果的决定性系数(R²)和均方根误差(RMSE)均优于传统降水空间插值方法;地形对于降水分布的影响与时间尺度有关,当时间尺度较长时,地形因素对降水分布的影响更为明显。该方法考虑了高程及坡向对降水空间分布的影响,有助于获取更精准的面雨量分布。     

稀疏样本下冬春季月平均气温空间插值研究——以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例

针对我国典型高寒山区——新疆天山中段玛纳斯河流域积雪-融雪过程模拟中气温空间数据的制备问题,以气象站点稀少的玛纳斯河流域为研究区域,利用最小二乘相关分析法开展了冬、春季(2015年11月-2016年4月)气温环境变量分析,通过共线性检测确定了纬度、海拔、坡度、坡向、NDVI 5个环境变量组成了最优因子集,构建了基于广义回归神经网络(GRNN)的月平均气温空间插值模型。采用区域内139个站点中的119个观测站点数据作为训练数据对GRNN模型进行训练,确定了冬、春季6个月的区域气温空间插值模型。利用剩余的20个观测站点数据作为检验样本,以均方根误差(RMSE)和平均相对误差(MRE)为评价指标,对模型的回归误差进行分析。结果表明:本模型6个月的平均RMSE值为1. 46,优于传统的地理加权回归克里金(GWRK)方法(其平均RMSE值为2. 22)。此外,从不同月份的气温空间插值分布图来看,本文模型空间插值后的气温变化趋势与实际变化趋势一致。从气温的空间分布情况来看,各空间点的气温与其海拔高程呈正相关,且随地表覆盖类型变化。这也表明本文提出的插值策略并组合建立的GRNN模型对于稀疏气象站点条件下的气温空间插值精度更高,一致性较好。     

粒子群算法优化BP在降雨空间插值中的应用

为更好地表达降雨量的空间分布,将粒子群算法(PSO)优化后的反向传输(BP)神经网络分别运用于三峡区间流域日、月和年降雨量的空间插值中,并与单纯BP神经网络和克里金的插值效果作对比。研究结果表明:在日和年的时间尺度上,PSO-BP插值性能较BP有明显改善,且优于克里金的插值效果;在月时间尺度上,PSO-BP插值效果与BP接近且优于克里金。因此,PSO-BP能较好地揭示降雨量在空间的分布规律,也具备在不同时间尺度上对降雨量进行空间插值的能力,是一种较优的降雨空间插值方法。     

KM河流域融雪径流与积雪面积-气温关系分析

为更好地探明气候变化下高寒山区积雪的消融规律及其对径流的影响,以及积雪面积、气温、径流之间存在的关系,本文根据2006-2009年的8日合成MODIS积雪产品数据,以及同时期出山口水文站的径流、气温数据,分析了KM河流域的融雪径流特征,定量分析了积雪面积、气温与融雪径流的关系。结果表明:进入3月份,海拔≤2 000 m积雪已经消融完结;在3月10日前后,海拔2 000～3 500 m积雪开始消融,到融雪期末积雪基本消融完结;在4月初,海拔3 500～4 500 m才开始融雪,到融雪期末积雪没有消融完结;海拔≥4 500 m积雪面积在融雪期内变化相对比较稳定。流域各高程带积雪面积与气温都呈抛物线关系,且相关性随高程的上升而减弱。     

场次降雨空间插值方法对比研究

选用反距离加权法(IDW)、局部多项式法(LPI)、普通克里金法(OK)、经验贝叶斯克里金法(EBK)、协克里金法(CK)共5种方法,进行场次降雨空间插值效果对比研究。分析不同降雨量等级(12 h、24 h时段下小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨)和时间尺度(场次、24 h、12 h、6 h、3 h、1 h)对空间插值精度的影响,确定不同情况下适用的场次降雨空间插值方法。以安徽屯溪流域为对象,对2010—2018年23个雨量站的汛期逐时降雨量进行了空间插值验证研究,结果表明：(1)随着降雨量等级的增大,各方法插值结果的精度均不断提升;(2)随着时间尺度的减小,降雨数据空间自相关性减弱,各方法插值效果逐渐变差;(3)整体而言,不同降雨量等级和时间尺度下,考虑高程因素的CK法插值效果最优,EBK法、LPI法次之,OK法和IDW法最差。研究认为,对屯溪这类山丘区流域的场次降雨空间插值问题,考虑高程因素影响的协克里金法更为适合。     

西南地区降水量插值方法比较——以丽江市为例

我国西南地区由于地形复杂,海拔落差大,且雨量站分布不均,资料代表性差,针对这一区域的降雨预报效果不尽如人意,每年因局地强降水造成的损失巨大。旨在探讨适合山区等海拔落差较大地区的降水插值方法的一般思路,提高该地区降水估测精度。丽江市最大海拔落差达4 516 m,是西南地区典型的山地型城市。以丽江市40个雨量站40 a的月降雨数据为基础,选择6个站为检验站,运用反距离权重法、普通克里金法、样条函数法、趋势面法进行了最优插值方法的探讨。插值误差分析的结果表明:反距离权重法在该研究区域效果较好,幂指数增加到8以上时,相对误差基本稳定在7.8%;克里金法对降雨量的插值效果也较好,生成的插值图平滑;样条函数法插值效果最差。研究成果可为我国西南地区及其他山地地区降雨预报提供参考。     

雅鲁藏布江流域近18年来植被变化及其对气候变化的响应

基于MODIS(moderate resolution image spectroradiometer) NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)数据、DEM数据、1∶100万中国植被类型图,运用Mann-Kendall趋势及突变点检验法对2001—2018年雅鲁藏布江流域不同海拔梯度和植被类型的NDVI进行提取,分别在时间和空间尺度上分析其年际变化并探究流域NDVI变化与植被类型和气候因子的相关性。结果表明:全流域尺度、不同海拔梯度和不同植被类型近18年的NDVI年际变化均呈增长趋势且在2013年之后呈现明显的增长趋势。在空间尺度上,80%的流域近18年来NDVI呈增长趋势,植被状况得到较好的改善;流域NDVI在海拔小于等于3 500 m时主要受针叶林和阔叶林的影响,大于3 500 m且小于等于5 000 m主要受灌丛、草原及草甸的影响,大于5 000 m受高山植被和草甸影响较大;流域植被的NDVI受降水和气温的影响较大,其中温度的影响略强于降水;气候变化对流域植被的影响具有滞后效应,在该条件下流域植被的NDVI与气候因子的相关系数由大到小为草原、草甸、灌丛、高山植被、针叶林、其他植被、阔叶林。若一种植被类型受气温的影响大于降水,其对气温变化的响应也会更为敏感;反之,若该植被类型受降水的影响大于气温,则会对降水变化的响应更为敏感。     

基于雨量计的城区降雨插值不确定性分析

以北京市西城区2013年6月23日自动雨量计实测数据为研究样本,采用反距离权重法、普通克里金法、径向基函数法等空间插值方法及交叉验证检验方法,以最小均方根误差为插值精度评价指标,分析了站点数量、站点密度、站点分布差异以及不同插值方法对城区降雨插值精度的影响。结果表明:1在城区插值分析中,站点数量及站网密度对插值精度影响较大,而站点分布影响较小,当雨量站点采样率不低于50%、站点密度选择中度分布时可得到较稳健的插值结果;2普通克里金法更适用于城区降雨空间插值。     

南盘江流域季节性干旱时空分布特征研究

为了有效减少干旱损失,以及为合理预测干旱提供依据,对南盘江流域干旱的发生规律和形成成因进行了研究。选取流域范围内25个气象站40 a（1971~2010年）的逐月降水和气温资料,计算RDI干旱指标,统计近40年来各站点发生干旱次数,以每个站点当年11月至次年5个月时间尺度的RDI多年平均值为指标,进行空间插值,并结合降水和气温分布分析南盘江流域季节性干旱时空分布特征。认为：流域季节性干旱加剧;各个地区都会发生不同程度的气象干旱;RDI指数的较小值区域与降水较少、气温较高的区域基本吻合,中部大部分地区、南部和东北部的部分地区干旱较严重。     

中国大陆TRMM降水多尺度精度评价

根据中国气象数据网中国大陆2009—2014年逐日降水格点数据,在月、年时间尺度上,采用误差、相关系数以及相对误差等指标,对热带降水测量(TRMM)降水数据进行精度评价。结果表明在月、年尺度上TRMM降水数据精度均较高,年均误差分布与年降水量相关;月尺度相关系数达到了0.99,年尺度相关系数为0.86;TRMM精度主要受降水强度和海拔地形影响;在干旱和高海拔地区TRMM降水数据精度较低。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.