Evaluation of a cocktail of three bacteriophages for the biocontrol of Salmonella of wastewater

Salmonella serovars are increasing in importance as significant pathogens of both human and animals. Although water and wastewater are treated to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, they still play an important role in the transmission of Salmonella spp. In this study, bacteriophages infecting Salmonella spp. were isolated from wastewater and evaluated; for their potential to lyse environmental Salmonella strains in vitro at different MOIs and temperatures; and to control the wastewater bacterial community. Three distinct phages designated sww65, sww275, and sww297; as defined by plaque morphology, electron microscopy and host range; were obtained from wastewater. Challenge tests were performed at 37, and 30 °C with the infection of the Salmonella cultures with individual phage, a mixture of two phages, and cocktail of three phages at MOIs of 10⁰, 10², and 10⁴ PFU/CFU. At 30, and 37 °C, a cocktail of three phages reduced all of the Salmonella cultures tested. These results required a high multiplicity of infection. However, when infected with only one phage or a mixture of two phages at MOIs of 10⁰ or 10 ² PFU/CFU, an emergence of bacterial resistance was observed. The dynamic monitoring of wastewater enterobacterial community was conducted using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR). The number of bands decreased gradually with the use of individual phage or phage cocktails. Moreover, the dynamic monitoring of Salmonella community during wastewater treatment was performed using PCR detection of virulence gene invA. The results correlated with the ERIC-PCR fingerprints, and suggested that Salmonella community was affected by the phage treatment. Indeed, in wastewater, bacteriophages are reducing Salmonella and other members of the Enterobacteriaceae. These results indicated that dynamic changes are closely related with the process of treatment. The introduction of wide host range bacteriophages in wastewater can have a potential impact on the dynamics of the microbial communities, manifested by the reduction or the elimination of microbial species.     

Effect of Sources of Fibre on Performance of Growing Snail

The proximate and physicochemical properties of cassava leaf and peel meals were evaluated with a view to possible replacement of wheat offal which is the conventional source of fibre in animal feed, with these meals. The effect of feeds produced with cassava leaf and peel meals on the performance of growing snails was also investigated. Feeds (F1, F2 and F3) were formulated to contain 240, 235 and 230 g/kg cassava root meal each and 85, 85 and 90 g/kg cassava peel meal, wheat offal meal and cassava leaf meal respectively. The formulated feeds contain approximately 18.0% crude protein, 7.5% ash, 3% fat, 6.0% crude fibre 8%, calcium, 0.7% phosphorus, and energy level of 2400 kcal ME / kg. A total of 54 growing snails (Archachatina marginata) were used to investigate the nutritive potential of the formulated feeds on performance of growing snails for 15 weeks. Concentrations of the crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and calcium in cassava leaf meal were higher than those of wheat offal and cassava peel meal, with the exception of nitrogen free extract which was highest (70.01%) in cassava peel meal. Feed intake was 576 g 569 g and 581 g for snails fed with cassava leaf meal, cassava peel meal and wheat offal respectively but the corresponding weight gain ranged between 123.35 and 134.81 % being highest for F1. The feed conversion ratio shows that F1 > F3 > F2 indicating better conversion of feed to edible meat in F1. The results show that cassava leaves and peels have a strong potential to substitute the traditional wheat offal and can therefore be adapted as commercial feed ingredients.     

Evaluation of rheological properties of date syrup

Rheological behavior of date syrup is an important factor affecting the efficiency of sugar production and refining processes such as boiling, crystallization, separation and pumping. A rotational viscometer was used to characterize the flow behavior of date syrup solution at four different temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C) and four concentrations (17, 24, 31 and 39 °Brix). The samples were subjected to a programmed shear rate increasing from 10 to 100 s⁻¹ in 2 min, held constant at 100 s⁻¹ for 10 min and linearly decreasing to 10 during 2 min. The power law model was fitted to shear stress vs. shear rate data to obtain the consistency coefficient (m) and the flow behavior index (n). Both m and n were sensitive to changes in temperature and concentration. The apparent viscosity increases with increasing concentration of date syrup and a decrease in temperature.     

Occurrence of fumonisins and aflatoxins in cereals from markets of Hebei province of China

Fumonisins B₁, B₂ and B₃ (FB₁, FB₂ and FB₃) and aflatoxins B₁ (AFB₁), B₂ (AFB₂), G₁ (AFG₁) and G₂ (AFG₂) are both major mycotoxins of food concern, because of their wide range of concentration and possible co-occurrence. Therefore, a contamination survey in corn and wheat flour by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was carried out. Quantification of fumonisins and aflatoxins was based on internal calibration (by the use of ¹³C₃₄-fumonisin) and external calibration, respectively. Fumonisins were detected in 95% of corn samples and in 7% of wheat flour samples, with the mean level (FB₁?+?FB₂?+?FB₃) of 441?µg?kg^?1 and 0.09?µg?kg^?1, respectively. Low levels of aflatoxins were detected in 37% of the samples with a mean level (B₁?+?B₂?+?G₁?+?G₂) of 0.12?µg?kg^?1. Fumonisins and aflatoxins were not detected in 29% of the samples analysed. Simultaneous occurrence of fumonisins and aflatoxins was observed in 12% of samples.     

Influence of type of muscles on nutritional value of foal meat

The effect of type of muscle on nutritional characteristic (fatty acid profile, amino acid content, cholesterol and major and minor mineral) of foal meat was investigated. Six muscles: longissimus dorsi (LD), semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), biceps femoris (BF), triceps brachii (TB) and psoas major & minor (PM) from twelve foals slaughtered at 15 months from an extensive production system in freedom regimen were extracted for this study. Horse meat is characterized by low fat, low cholesterol content, rich in iron and in vitamin B. Statistical analysis showed that the cholesterol content did not show significant differences (P > 0.05) among muscle with mean value range between 0.62 and 0.57 mg/100 g. Most fatty acid presented significant differences (P < 0.05) with respect to the type of muscle. The obtained results showed that except for the polyunsaturated linoleic acid, the highest contents of fatty acids were found in the hindquarter muscles. Regarding amino acid profile, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among muscles and our results indicated that, 100 g of foal meat covered from 80.6 to 86.7% for the daily requirement for an adult man weighing 70 kg for essential amino acids for ST and LD muscles, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (P = 0.050) for the EAA (essential amino acids) index, which was highest for TB muscle, followed by BF and SM muscles, while the lowest values were reported by ST muscle. Finally, foal meat seems to be a very good nutritional source of major and minor minerals. The higher nutritional value of foal meat will be of great importance in the promotion of this meat.     

Evaluation of the shifting of the line of sight and higher order aberrations of eyes with keratoconus after corneal cross-linking

Aim

To evaluate changes in the coordinates of the line of sight (LoS) and higher order aberrations (HOAs) of eyes with keratoconus, following corneal cross-linking (CXL).

Comparison of Properties of New Sources of Partially Purified Inulin to Those of Commercially Pure Chicory Inulin

Newly developed inulin powders were prepared from roots of Asparagus falcatus (AF) and Taraxacum javanicum (TJ) plants grown in Sri Lanka. Inulin content, analyzed by enzymatic spectrophotometric as well as high‐performance liquid chromatographic methods, showed that AF and TJ inulin powders contain 65.5% and 45.4% (dry wt) inulin, respectively, compared with 72% dry wt in the commercially available chicory inulin. Treating the AF and TJ inulin powders using ion exchange techniques significantly (P < 0.05) reduced their contents of micro (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) and macro (Na, K, Ca, Mg) elements. Enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin into fructose and glucose by fructanase, and FT‐IR analyses proved that the developed AF and TJ inulins have characteristic molecular composition similar to commercial inulin. TJ inulin contained significantly (P < 0.05) greater amounts of total phenolics (4.37 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (2.79 mg QE/g), and antioxidant capacity (833.11 mM TE/g) than AF inulin, which contained 1.33 mg GAE/g of total phenolics, 0.43 mg QE/g of total flavonoids, and 406.26 mM TE/g antioxidant capacity. The current study suggests that the newly developed inulin from AF and TJ roots could be used as an alternative commercial source of inulin for the food industry.     

Use of tea extracts for inhibition of polyphenoloxidase and retardation of quality loss of Pacific white shrimp during iced storage

Green tea and mulberry tea powder with and without prior chlorophyll removal were extracted with water and ethanol (800 mL L⁻¹). Extraction yield and total phenolic content of green tea extract were higher than those of mulberry tea extract, regardless of extraction media (P < 0.05). Extracts from green tea with and without prior chlorophyll removal showed the higher polyphenoloxidase (PPO) inhibitory activity, compared with mulberry tea extract, at the concentration used (0.1, 0.5 or 1 g L⁻¹). Additionally, green tea extracts had the higher reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities and copper chelating activity, compared with mulberry tea extract (P < 0.05). Ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal contained (+)-catechin (C), (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) at the levels of 242, 33.4, 125.6, 140.6 and 25.2 g kg⁻¹ dry extract, respectively. Whole white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) treated with ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal at concentrations of 5 and 10 g L⁻¹ and stored in ice for up to 12 days had the lower psychrophilic bacterial count and lipid oxidation, compared with the control and shrimp treated with 12.5 g L⁻¹ sodium metabisulfite (SMS) (P < 0.05). Shrimp treated with 5 g L⁻¹ ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal possessed the lower melanosis, compared with the control, and showed similar score to those treated with SMS (P > 0.05). Furthermore, ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal had no adverse impact on sensory attributes of treated shrimp.     

Effects of rapid chilling of carcasses and time of deboning on weight loss and technological quality of pork semimembranosus muscle

The effect of rapid air chilling of carcasses in the first 3 h of chilling at −31 °C (then at 2–4 °C, till 24 h post-mortem) and the possibility of earlier deboning (8 h post-mortem) after rapid air chilling, compared to conventional air chilling (at 2–4 °C, till 24 h post-mortem) on weight loss and technological quality (pH value, tenderness, drip loss, cooking loss and colour - L^*a^*b^* values) of pork M. semimembranosus was investigated. Under the rapid chilling conditions, weight loss was 0.8% at 8 h post-mortem and increased to 1.4% at 24 h post-mortem when weight loss was 2.0% under conventional chilling. Carcasses that were rapid chilled had significantly lower (P < 0.001) internal temperature in the deep leg at 4 (25.7 °C), 6 (13.0 °C), 8 (6.2 °C) and 24 h (3.8 °C) post-mortem compared to conventional chill treatment (32.7, 24.2, 19.1 and 5.1 °C, respectively). Rapid chilling reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the rate of pH value decline at 8 h (6.02) post-mortem in M. semimembranosus compared to conventional chill treatment (5.88). Compared to conventional chilling, in M. semimembranosus deboned in different time post-mortem, rapid chilling had a positive significant effect on drip loss (P < 0.05, muscles deboned 8 h post-mortem), cooking loss (P < 0.001) and incidence of pale colour (L^* value). Rapid chilling i.e. rapid chilling and earlier deboning had neither positive nor negative significant effects (P > 0.05) on other investigated technological quality parameters of M. semimembranosus (tenderness, a^* value and b^* value) compared to conventional chilling.     

Including Records of Daughters of Selected Bulls in Estimation of Sire Component of Variance

Methods to account for selection in estimation of variance components are computationally difficult and require inclusion of records on which selection was based. The last criterion often cannot be met. Within a time records of daughters in the small sample set for a bull should be relatively free of effects of selection. If only such records are used, many herd-year-season subclasses, however, contain only one record, so that those records are eliminated when herd-year-season effects are absorbed. Including records of daughters of few but heavily used and selected bulls would provide more comparisons within herd-year-seasons, but treating effects of such sires as random and unselected would bias estimates of variance components. Effects for proved sires can be treated as fixed and for sampling sires as random for estimation of sire and residual variances. For example. Method 3 estimates for an operational model including fixed herd-year-season effects (h), fixed effects of proved sires (s₁), and random effects of sampling sires (s₂) are:

${\stackrel{?}{\sigma }}_{\text{e}}^2=[\text{y}\prime \text{y}?\text{R}(\text{h},{\text{s}}_1,{\text{s}}_2)]/(\text{N}?\text{c})$

and

${\stackrel{?}{\sigma }}_{\text{s}}^2=[\text{R}({\text{s}}_2|\text{h},{\text{s}}_1)?(\text{r}?1){\stackrel{?}{\sigma }}_{\text{e}}^2]/\text{tr}(\text{Z}\prime \text{WZ})$

where y′y is total sum of squares, R( ) indicates a least squares reduction in sum of squares, N is number of records, c is rank of full coefficient matrix, r is rank, and tr(Z′WZ) is trace of coefficient matrix after absorption of effects of herd-year-seasons and proved sires.     

Optimisation of the pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration of cladodes of fodder palm

Fodder palm, a great source of nutrients for human and animals, grows even in arid climates. Pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration is an efficient process for obtaining semidehydrated food. It was used to slice cladodes of fodder palm. The independent variables used were temperature (30–50 °C), pulsed vacuum pressure (50–150 mbar) and NaCl concentration (5–15 g per 100 g solution). The response variables were water activity (a_w), moisture content (X), colour parameters, water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and weight reduction (WR). The pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration process was optimised for minimum values of a_w, X and SG, and maximum values of chroma. The experimental data obtained with the optimum condition (100 mbar; 10 gNaCl per 100 g solution, 44 °C) were near the estimated ones. For example, WL, a_w and ?E, and their error were 8.15 g per 100 g, 11%; 0.985, 0.3% and 6.15, 15.2%, respectively.     

DMA thermal analysis of different parts of potato tuber

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was applied to three potato tissues (‘cortex’, ‘pith’, and ‘side’ surface) of two cultivars (more waxy ‘Nicola’ and more mealy ‘Saturna’) in temperature scans in the range 30–90 °C and constant air humidity of 90%. The obtained scans indicate peaks in both storage and loss module of elasticity (SM and LM, respectively) at temperatures higher than 70 °C – so called ‘starch’ peak (SP) – as was observed previously. The peak value increase with increasing potato dry matter (DM) content, below DM content approximately 14% no SP is observed (‘Nicola pith’). Slope analysis of the basic parameters: SM, LM, and loss tangent (LT) was performed and further characteristic points on the temperature plots were found: (i) in temperature range A (30–40 °C) maximum of SM and LM and minimum of LT, (ii) in temperature range B (40–50 °C) minimum of SM and LM slopes corresponding to point of inflection on SM-T and LM-T plots, (iii) at about 50 °C, big peak in LT in side tissue only, (iv) at about 70 °C just prior the ‘starch’ peak, big peak in LT that is more marked in ‘pith’; this peak denoted as ‘I’ influenced the ‘starch’ peak ‘II’. It was found that both cultivar and part of the tuber influences the DMA temperature plots.     

Effect of operating parameters on performance of nanofiltration of sugar beet press water

Sugar beet press water is one of the main wastewater in the sugar industry, which presently returned to the diffuser with no further treatment. Some form of treatment, such as pretreatment with membrane may however, improved the output efficiency of sugar plants. In this study, nanofiltration membrane (AFC80) were used to investigate the permeate flux, fouling percent and rejection percent of most important molassogenic ions (sodium and potassium) and sucrose. Sugar beet press water was provided by Abkoh sugar beet factory. The effect of operating parameters such as temperature (at levels of 25,40and 55 °C), trans membrane pressure (at levels of 10,15and 20 bar) on nanofiltration performance (permeate flux, fouling and rejection) were investigated. The results show that maximum permeate flux is obtained at 55 °C and 20 bar, while the average value is 49.27 kgm-2h-1. The minimum permeate flux is obtained at 25 °C and 10 bar, and the average value in this conditions is 14.63 kgm-2h-1. Maximum and minimum fouling are reached at 55 °C and 20 bar and 25 °C and 15 bar, respectively. Furthermore maximum rejection of sodium and potassium (84.3% and 72.5% respectively) is obtained at 25 °C and 20 bar, and minimum of rejection of sodium and potassium (74.3% and 69.05% respectively) is obtained on 55 °C and 10 bar. For all operating conditions, sucrose rejection was exceeded 95%. Variation in operating conditions had no significant effect on sucrose rejection.     

Comparison of nutritive chemistry of a range of temperate seaweeds

Eleven species of macroalgae (including four species from commercially important genera) were analysed for moisture, ash, fat, protein, neutral detergent fibre, crude fibre, calorific value, and calcium content. At the extremes of the nutritional values, Corallina officinalis had low calorific value (2.7 ± 0.3 MJ kg⁻¹), high ash content (77.8 ± 0.2% dw), low protein (6.9 ± 0.1% dw) and high calcium content (182 ppm); whereas the exploited Porphyra sp. had high calorific value (18.3 ± 1.8 MJ kg⁻¹), low ash content (9.3 ± 0.2% dw), high protein (44.0 ± 1.2% dw) and low calcium content (19.9 ppm). The other species considered had intermediate values, but tended to be more similar to Porphyra than to Corallina. When possible our data were also compared with those of other workers; they were found to be broadly similar.     

Development Changes in Fine Structure of Starches of Several Endosperm Mutants of Maize

Distribution of components of maize starches from several endosperm mutants sampled at three stages of development were investigated by gel filtration after debranching by isoamylase. The waxy (wx) starches consisted of only amylopectin, and the distribution of components did not change during development. In other starches: normal, amylose-extender (ae), dull (du), sugary-1 (su₁) and sugary-2 (su₂) starches, amylose contents increased during the 20–35 days after pollination (DAP) period of development. The ae, du, su₁ and su₂ mutants produced high-amylose starches, while amylopectin of su₂ was normal type and those of ae, du and su₁ were novel type, and ae starches possessed longer average chain-lengths of amylopectin. Phytoglycogens were prepared from su₁ kernels during development and their characteristics were compared with those of su₁ starches. The characteristics of phytoglycogens did not change during the developmental phase studied and the average chain-lengths of phytoglycogens were shorter than those of amylopectin of su₁ starches at each stage of development.     

Effect of method of delivery of sodium butyrate on maturation of the small intestine in newborn calves

The effect of sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation in milk replacer (MR), starter mixture (SM), or both on small intestine maturation in newborn calves was investigated. Twenty-eight male calves with a mean age of 5 (±1) d were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 groups (7 animals per group) and fed (1) MR and SM, without SB (MR⁻ and SM⁻, respectively; MR⁻/SM⁻); (2) MR⁻ and SM supplemented with SB encapsulated within triglyceride matrix (SM⁺, 0.6% as fed; MR⁻/SM⁺); (3) MR supplemented with crystalline SB (MR⁺, 0.3% as fed) and SM⁻ (MR⁺/SM⁻); or (4) MR⁺ and SM⁺ (MR⁺/SM⁺). The MR was offered in amounts equal to 10% of initial body weight of the calf. The SM was blended with whole corn grain (50/50; wt/wt) and offered ad libitum as a starter diet. Calves were slaughtered at 26 d (±1) of age and small intestine development was investigated. Treatment with MR⁺ decreased villus height in the proximal jejunum and decreased villus height, crypt depth, and tunica mucosa thickness in the middle jejunum, whereas treatment with SM⁺ tended to increase small intestine weight and crypt depth in the proximal jejunum, and increased villus height in the distal jejunum. In the duodenum, crypt depth and tunica mucosa thickness were greater for the MR⁻/SM⁺ group compared with MR⁻/SM⁻, MR⁺/SM⁻, and MR⁺/SM⁺ groups. In the ileum, crypt depth was less for MR⁻/SM⁺ compared with MR⁻/SM⁻. Supplementation with SB in both MR and SM enhanced cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in the middle jejunum mucosa. Regarding brush border enzyme activities, addition of SB to MR increased lactase activity in the middle jejunum and maltase activity in the distal jejunum, and tended to increase lactase activity in the distal jejunum, aminopeptidase A activity in the middle jejunum and ileum, and aminopeptidase N activity in the ileum. In contrast, SM⁺ increased dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in the distal jejunum and tended to increase aminopeptidase N in the distal jejunum. In conclusion, both MR⁺ and SM⁺ affected small intestine development in newborn calves. This effect depended on the method of SB delivery but MR⁺ generally had a more pronounced effect. No synergistic effect of SB supplementation into MR and SM was found.     

Metabolism of small peptides in rumen fluid. Accumulation of intermediates during hydrolysis of alanine oligomers,and comparison of peptidolytic activities of bacteria and protozoa

Oligopeptides of L -alanine up to ala₅, were incubated in vitro in either strained rumen fluid or suspensions of mixed rumen bacteria. The disappearance of substrates and formation of products were measured for 40 min, by which time ala₃, ala₄ and ala₅ were almost totally hydrolysed. Ala₂ was more slowly hydrolysed, and accumulated in incubations with the other peptides. The pattern of formation of ala₂ but not ala₃ from ala₄, and ala₃ and ala₂ but not ala₄ from ala₅, suggested that the peptides were being hydrolysed by a dipeptidyl peptidase mechanism. Three different sheep receiving different diets gave similar results. Neither substrates nor products appeared to be accumulated intracellularly, except for ala₂, and then only if protozoa were present. Protozoa were more active than bacteria in ala₂ hydrolysis, whereas bacteria had greater activities with higher homologues. Similar preferences were observed with glycine peptides, although unlike alanine peptides gly₃ and gly₅ were more slowly degraded than the dimer. These experiments suggest that protozoa are of importance in the accumulation and hydrolysis of dipeptides, whereas bacteria are responsible for the breakdown of larger molecules by a dipeptidyl peptidase mechanism that does not appear to involve accumulation within the cell.     

Comparisons of Costs After Tax of Storing Silages in Four Types of Structures

Annual ownership costs (30 yr) and costs per ton of dry matter after storage losses were computed for five sizes of concrete bunker silos and three sizes each of concrete stave upright, oxygen-limiting steel upright, and oxygen-limiting concrete upright silos. Costs were for all combinations of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12% discount rates with taxable incomes representing 0, 14, 28, and 42% marginal tax rates. Storage losses were 6, 10, and 14% for oxygen-limiting, concrete upright, and bunker structures. Annual costs (and cost per English ton) for sample silos ranged $1198 to $6479 ($3.72 to $33.62) for bunkers, $1125 to $5486 ($6.10 to $30.46) for concrete uprights, $2718 to $11,548 ($12.71 to $68.20) for oxygen-limiting concrete units, and $3807 to $20,579 ($20.13 to $96.85) for other oxygen-limiting steel units. At 28% tax rate and 6% discount rate for a 12 × 40 × 112-ft bunker, a 24 × 80 ft concrete upright and oxygen-limiting concrete upright, and a 25 × 80 ft oxygen-limiting steel upright, ratios of cost per ton of silage recovered for 259 to 301 tons were 1.0, 1.0, 2.2, and 3.7. Filling oxygen-limiting structures 1.5 times/yr reduced ratios to 1.0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.5, but ratios were unaffected by altering tax or discount rate. Prediction equations deviated 5% from estimated annual cost.     

Evaluation of antimicrobial effects of lauric arginate on reduction of Salmonella spp. in ground chicken

The efficacy of lauric arginate (LAE) on Salmonella survivability in ground chicken containing 9.8% fat was determined under refrigerated storage. The effect of LAE treatments on total aerobes, pH and objective colour were also assessed in ground chicken. LAE was highly effective against Salmonella in 0.1% peptone with no detectable survivors following treatment with 200 ppm and 400 ppm of LAE. No difference existed (P > 0.05) in the growth of Salmonella and total aerobes after treatment with 200 and 400 ppm of LAE in ground chicken inoculated with a four strain mixture of Salmonella. At these concentrations, LAE did not exhibit any treatment effect on the pH and colour of ground chicken (P > 0.05). In conclusion, although LAE possesses strong inhibitory (P < 0.05) effect against Salmonella in suspension in 0.1% peptone water, no inhibitory (P > 0.05) effect on growth of Salmonella was observed in ground chicken at the currently approved levels of 200 ppm of LAE.