Pressure-induced changes of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) myofibrillar protein structure

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is one of the major species of freshwater fish in China. Modification of myofibrillar proteins induced by high pressure processing (HPP) has been investigated at pressures ranging from 200 to 500 MPa for 10 min at 20 °C. Influence of high pressure on conformational changes of myofibrils was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), surface hydrophobicity measurement, ultraviolet absorption spectra and second-derivative spectroscopy, intrinsic spectrofluorimetry, Raman spectroscopic analysis and circular dichroism (CD). DSC analyses revealed that the conformational stability of myofibrils is reduced to different extents when they are exposed to a pressure over 200 MPa. More sulfydryl groups as well as hydrophobic regions and amino acid residues which had ultraviolet absorbance had been found significantly after HPP (≥300 MPa). Changes in the Raman spectra were interpreted as the occurrence of secondary structural changes in pressure-induced myofibrillar proteins. CD analysis results demonstrated that α-helix was destroyed after processed at 400 MPa for 10 min. The results implicated that HPP can be used as a possible means of improving the functional properties for growing demand for healthier fish products.     

鲢鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白的流变特性

研究鲢鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白的流变特性。采用MCR30高级流变仪和NDJ-8S数字式黏度计测定胶原蛋白溶液的流变特性值并绘制流变曲线。结果表明鲢鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白溶液为典型假塑性流体;剪切速率、浓度和温度对胶原蛋白溶液的黏度影响较大;当振荡频率小于20 rad/s时,鲢鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白溶液(1.0%)主要表现为黏性行为;当振荡频率大于20 rad/s时,鲢鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白溶液(1.0%)主要表现为弹性行为;胶原蛋白发生热变性之后,其流体的弹性行为基本不变而黏性行为下降。     

多糖对鲢鱼皮胶原蛋白膜性能的影响

以鲢鱼皮胶原蛋白和不同多糖为原料制备胶原蛋白-多糖共混膜,通过测定膜的抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率、透光率、水溶性等指标,研究多糖对胶原蛋白膜性能的影响.结果表明,壳聚糖/胶原蛋白共混膜的综合性能最佳,当胶原蛋白和壳聚糖的比例为3:1时,共混膜的力学性能最佳,此时膜的抗拉强度为35.47MPa、断裂伸长率为25.87％,水蒸气透过率、透光率、水溶性较单一胶原蛋白膜有明显的改善.红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜对其结构进行表征表明,共混膜中胶原蛋白和壳聚糖具有良好的相容性,两者之间存在相互作用.     

多糖对鲢鱼皮胶原蛋白膜性能的影响

以鲢鱼皮胶原蛋白和不同多糖为原料制备胶原蛋白-多糖共混膜,通过测定膜的抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率、透光率、水溶性等指标,研究多糖对胶原蛋白膜性能的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖/胶原蛋白共混膜的综合性能最佳,当胶原蛋白和壳聚糖的比例为3∶1时,共混膜的力学性能最佳,此时膜的抗拉强度为35.47MPa、断裂伸长率为25.87%,水蒸气透过率、透光率、水溶性较单一胶原蛋白膜有明显的改善。红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜对其结构进行表征表明,共混膜中胶原蛋白和壳聚糖具有良好的相容性,两者之间存在相互作用。      

Effects of different filling media on the oxidation and lipid quality of canned silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

The influence of four different filling media (sunflower oil, soybean oil, olive oil and brine) on the oxidation and lipid quality of canned silver carp was evaluated. Hydrolytic rancidity showed that free fatty acid contents in brine and soybean oil canned muscle were higher than olive oil or sunflower oil canned samples. Conjugated diene (CD) levels in soybean oil canned samples increased but the highest CD values were found in canned silver carp using brine as filling medium. Except for olive oil canned muscle, significant increase in thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values was obtained. The highest TBA value was observed in soybean oil canned sample. Canning led to exchange of fatty acids between the fat in the silver carp muscle and the filling media used. Results indicate that the fat composition of canned silver carp tends to be similar to that of the fat used as filling media.     

Effects of chitosan coating on quality and shelf life of silver carp during frozen storage

The effects of chitosan coating on quality and shelf life of silver carp during frozen storage were investigated. Fish samples were treated with aqueous solution of 2% chitosan, and then stored at −3 °C for 30 days. The control and the treated fish samples were analyzed periodically for microbiological (total viable count), chemical (pH, TBA, TVB-N, K-value), and sensory characteristics. The results indicated that the effect of chitosan coating on fish samples was to retain their good quality characteristics and extend the shelf life during frozen storage, which was supported by the results of microbiological, chemical, and sensory evaluation analyses.     

High hydrostatic pressure inactivation kinetics of the endogenous lipoxygenase in crude silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) extract

Inactivation kinetics of endogenous lipoxygenase in crude silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) extract was studied for thermal (50–80 °C, ambient pressure) and high hydrostatic pressure combined with heat treatment (300–700 MPa at 50–80 °C) process conditions. Lipoxygenase (LOX) inactivation followed first‐order kinetics at all pressure–temperature combinations used. Moreover, LOX inactivation rates became less pressure dependent with increasing pressure at all temperatures studied and also showed less temperature dependence of the enzyme inactivation rate at various high pressure levels tested. It is evident that inactivation kinetics is complex affected by both pressure and temperature. Therefore, response surface methodology (RSM) was attempted to investigate combined temperature–pressure processing conditions on LOX inactivation kinetics in crude silver carp extract samples. In conclusion, the LOX inactivation rate constant was modelled as a function of both temperature and pressure conditions by a quadratic polynomial equation as follows: .     

海藻酸钠涂膜保鲜对冰温大黄鱼品质和货架期的影响

为探讨冰温贮藏与海藻酸钠对大黄鱼品质及货架期的影响,以冰鲜有氧贮藏大黄鱼为对照,分别用质量分数为0%、1. 0%、1. 5%和2. 0%的海藻酸钠涂膜大黄鱼,鱼体真空包装后冰温(-1℃)贮藏,分析鱼体微生物(菌落总数、产H2S菌数)、理化(pH、TVBN和TBA)、感官评价和质构等指标变化。结果表明,海藻酸钠涂膜处理组能有效延缓感官品质下降,色泽质构特性明显改善,细菌生长受到明显抑制。各处理组的pH值、TVBN、TBA等指标均优于对照组,其中1. 5%海藻酸钠涂膜大黄鱼TVBN、TBA、菌落总数和产H2S菌生长要比1. 0%和2. 0%变化慢,抑菌效果较好,有效延长货架期至29 d。该研究作为大黄鱼保鲜加工领域的参考具有一定的应用价值。     

Gel properties of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and chicken mixture gels as affected by setting temperatures

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of setting temperatures (30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, and 50°C) on gel properties and protein profiles of paste gels derived from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and chicken meat. The mixture composed of 50% (w/w) chicken meat and 50% (w/w) silver carp meat, and the three paste gels, were assessed based on color, gel strength, TPA, water distribution, chemical interactions, and SDS-PAGE. Chicken gels had better gel properties and a higher content of immobilized water than the mixture or fish gels, regardless of setting conditions. On the other hand, an appropriate setting temperature for the three paste gels promoted aggregation of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) and the formation of hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds, which resulted in superior gel properties. Pre-incubation at 40°C enhanced gel properties of fish meat, but pre-incubation at 45°C and 50°C were appropriate for achieving better gels for the mixture and chicken, respectively. These results indicated that there is the potential to obtain mixed products and new meat products by utilizing chicken and fish meat that have improved gel properties.     

Quality changes and microbiological spoilage analysis of air‐packed and vacuum‐packed silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) fillets during chilled storage

The effects of air‐packed (AP) and vacuum‐packed (VP) on quality and microbial characteristics of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) fillets during chilled storage (4 ± 1 °C) were investigated. The fillets were analyzed for sensory scores, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), ATP‐related compounds (ATP, IMP, HxR, and Hx), K value, and biogenic amines (BAs). The results proved that VP inhibited the increase of microorganisms, TVB‐N, Hx, and putrescine in silver carp, and slowed the reduction in sensory score. Therefore, VP can be applied for preservation of the silver carp fillets to improve its quality. For identification, 16S rRNA genes of the isolated pure strains were sequenced and analyzed. On the initial day of storage, Chryseobacterium was the dominant bacterial genus. At the end of shelf life, Pseudomonas was the most common group in AP fillets and Aeromonas followed by Yersinia were found mainly in VP samples.

Practical applications

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) are distributed widely in fresh water systems. The world aquaculture production of silver carp was 4,354,638 tons, and it ranked second highest among freshwater fish species in 2015, but they are perishable during storage because of microbial spoilage and biochemical reactions. Vacuum packaging (VP) has proved to be effective for extending the shelf‐life of aquatic products by excluding oxygen that prevents the growth of spoilage bacterial. However, little information is available on the microbial succession of VP silver carp. Therefore, this work was to determine the differences of microbiological succession on chilled silver carp fillets under air‐packed (AP) and VP conditions using a combination of culture‐based and 16S rRNA gene analysis methods. Furthermore, this study will give valuable information about development and spoilage of VP silver carp fillets.     

Effect of different precooking methods on chemical composition and lipid damage of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) muscle

The influence of three precooking methods (steaming, oven‐baking and microwave‐cooking) on the chemical composition and lipid quality of silver carp fillets was evaluated. The changes in protein, fat and moisture were found to be significant for all the treatments (P ≤ 0.05). The iron content in the samples subjected to steam‐cooking increased; however, the other precooking methods did not change the mineral contents (P ≥ 0.05). The free fatty acid content of the fillets did not change by the different precooking methods, while thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values increased for oven‐ and microwave‐cooked fillets and remained constant in the steam‐cooked samples. Conjugated diene and browning colour formation levels significantly increased in the oven‐baked fillets. Oven‐baking and microwave‐cooking marginally affected the fatty acid composition of the silver carp. On comparing the raw and precooked fillets, steam‐cooking was found to be the best precooking method on retaining nutritional constituents.     

Influence of chitosan/clay functional bionanocomposite activated with rosemary essential oil on the shelf life of fresh silver carp

A combination of chitosan biopolymer, nanoclay and rosemary essential oil was prepared as a functional bionanocomposite (FBN). Its ability to improve the shelf life of refrigerated (4 ± 1 °C) silver carp fillets was studied. The fresh fillets were left untreated as a control or coated with chitosan, chitosan/clay bionanocomposite and chitosan/clay/rosemary essential oil (Ch/clay/REO) FBN. Then, they were evaluated for chemical, microbial and sensory properties over 16‐day storage. The samples coated with the FBN had the lowest pH and total volatile basic nitrogen. Ch/clay/REO coating efficiently retarded lipid oxidation by decreasing peroxide, free fatty acid and thiobarbituric acid production in the samples. The coating also reduced total viable and psychrotrophic count of the fillets more than 1.5 log by the end of storage.     

Changes in myofibrillar structure of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) as affected by endogenous proteolysis under acidic condition

Effect of endogenous proteolysis on myofibrillar conformational changes under acidic condition was investigated by spectroscopic techniques. The result of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence showed that tryptophan residues were exposed to polar environment by acid denaturation of protein and participation of endogenous proteolysis. Extrinsic fluorescence indicated that average surface hydrophobicity (S_hANS) decreased by reduction of pH but increased by endogenous proteolysis. Second‐derivative UV‐spectroscopy implied that the decrease of S_hANS under acidic condition may be due to burying of some aromatic amino acid residues into hydrophobic cores induced by acid‐induced aggregation, such as tyrosine, while S_hANS increased by exposure of some hydrophobic amino acids due to the effect of endogenous proteases. Raman spectra verified the changes in microenvironment of tryptophan and tyrosine residues, and showed that aliphatic amino acids were mainly exposed to polar solvent by both acid denaturation and endogenous proteolysis. In addition, new disulphide bonds were less likely to form by acid‐induced aggregation and proteolytic cleavage, while random coils increased and smaller water domains were found.