国内外大豆加工业生产现状与发展趋势

结合工作与生产实际，在查阅和调研了国内外大豆加工业相关资料和项目之后，对生产现状进行了简要表述，对发展趋势进行了粗浅分析。明确指出：国外大豆加工业的发展趋势是原料生产与产品研发同步进行，努力抢占国内外市场，开发传统品牌产品，加强宣传工作力度，瞄准“三高”产品，增加社会经济效益，组建发挥社会团体作用，推动大豆产业发展。国内发展趋势是注重快餐型大豆食品生产，适应消费人群生活特点，注重大豆蛋白功能性的研发，满足国内市场需要，注重油脂加工业合理布局，扩大相关产业向前发展，以此发挥优势和强项，打造具有中国特色的与世界同步发展的大豆加工产业。     

储藏期与储藏压力对稻谷籽粒压缩特性的影响研究

利用质构仪压缩稻谷籽粒的短轴来测定稻谷籽粒的压缩特性。测定的稻谷储藏在不同的时间与压力下。实验结果表明:当储藏时间为60 d且储藏压力由0 kPa增加到300 kPa,稻谷籽粒的破坏力由81.6 N减小到73.8 N,破坏能由8.10 mJ减小到6.27 mJ,破坏应变由0.139减小到0.117,表观接触弹性模量由171.3 MPa减小到57.7 MPa,最大接触应力由40.8 MPa减小到19.1 MPa。当稻谷储藏压力为77、100、139、200 kPa且储藏时间由0～60 d,稻谷籽粒的破坏力由81.6 N分别减小到79.6、79.1、78.2、77.0 N;破坏能由8.10 mJ分别减小到7.55、7.35、7.08、6.85 mJ;破坏应变由0.139分别减小到0.131、0.128、0.126、0.121;表观接触弹性模量由171.3 MPa分别减小到136.0、121.8、110.6、83.3 MPa;最大接触应力由41.2 MPa分别减小到35.0、32.5、30.3、15.0 MPa。结果表明储藏压力与储藏时间对稻谷籽粒的压缩特性有重要的影响。     

Application of the Internet of Things in the textile industry

Abstract

The ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) is at times mythologized and its purpose mistaken, and often people can become confused about what it means, does or aims to achieve; moreover, without a financial appraisal of the differences IoT can make to their own enterprise, business leaders may be content to watch and wait rather than to take a lead. This issue of Textile Progress aims to provide a guide to help navigation beyond general statements about IoT and to help those involved with the textile industry to make an informed decision about its potential value to them. The definitions of the Internet of Things (IoT) available in the literature, and those put forth by organizations working on IoT standards development, are reviewed along with its architecture, elements, standards and protocols to help provide an understanding of the concepts and goals of IoT. A broad overview of impediments challenging the progress of IoT, especially in relation to cybersecurity, is provided. This review also compares ongoing work in the application of IoT in the textile industry to that in other manufacturing sectors whilst focussing on the interpretation of IoT technologies and their potential application to the textile industry according to both technological and business perspectives. A specific case study for the spinning industry is conducted to help with evaluation of its IoT solutions and to help to address how other parts of the textile industry might benefit from its application. The case study includes evaluation of IoT solutions in the spinning industry spanning the period between ITMA 2011 to 2019, and takes information from interviews with industry executives to inform future directions of IoT in the spinning industry.     

Evolution in the surface modification of textiles: a review

The development of technical textiles allows the introduction of new, interesting and original multi-functionalities in textiles through development of the architecture of fibres, yarns and fabrics, their morphology and surface functionalization without altering their physico-chemical proprieties. This issue of Textile Progress reports different techniques used to impart new functionalities to the surfaces of textiles during the last decade. Following a short, context-setting historical introduction, the preparatory processes which need to be applied to textile matrices to make them clean and ready for functionalization are examined prior to a comprehensive review of techniques and research related to the development of functional textiles ranging from the more-traditional techniques through to more-recent developments. The challenge now is to bring new performance features to bear whilst maintaining environmental sustainability, chemical toxicological acceptability, high performance and cost effectiveness. In this context, the review reports on developments in the use of polymerization, nanotechnologies, plasma treatment, electrospinning, microencapsulation and sol gel techniques to impart novel properties to a textile surface such as water-repellent, flame-retardant and antibacterial properties.     

蜜蜡中气泡特征与品质的关系

蜜蜡是半透明-不透明的琥珀,其不透光性是由内部大量的微小气泡对入射光产生的反射和散射作用造成的。通过扫描电子显微镜观察和测量了蜜蜡样品中气泡的大小、分布、单位面积内的数量及面积,得到以下结论:(1)蜜蜡中的气泡与其自身携带的挥发成分有关,气泡呈浑圆状,较均匀分布在琥珀片层状结构中,气泡直径范围大致为100nm~15μm,每平方毫米(mm~2)上气泡数量通常为几百至几千个,而白蜜中可达数百万个;(2)蜜蜡中气泡密集程度与不透明度呈正相关关系,单位面积内气泡所占面积越大,蜜蜡越不透明;(3)蜜蜡质地的细腻程度与气泡大小呈反相关关系,气泡的直径越小,蜜蜡的质地越细腻。本研究对建立蜜蜡质地的定量评价体系有重要参考价值。     

抗运动性疲劳营养补剂的研制

在体育训练和比赛中,运动员不论是在力量、速度、耐力和灵巧等方面都体现了强度大、难度高的特点,精神紧张,体力大量消耗,机体的各个系统都会发生不同的变化和反应,运动时体内激素分泌增加,物质代谢加强,能源物质被大量消耗,酸性代谢产物积聚加快,导致机体内环境发生一系列的变动。特别是在大运动量训练和激烈的比赛中,疲劳是不可避免的。这时机体对营养素的需求量必然发生某些改变。为了适应大运动量和高强度的专业化训练,仅靠平衡膳食是无法满足专业训练所消耗的大量能源物质,必须使用功能性的运动营养补剂来帮助运动员提高耐久力以及恢复体力和运动能力,以帮助运动员承受更大的训练压力和适应更大的额外训练应激,此外,运动营养补剂还可以帮助运动员提高自身内源性物质的合成水平。     

大米蛋白与米渣蛋白对镉结合能力的对比研究

目的:比较大米蛋白和米渣蛋白对镉的结合能力,探究蛋白对镉的结合机理。方法:通过蛋白对镉的结合试验、镉的脱除试验,比较两种蛋白对镉的结合能力,并用粒径仪、圆二色光谱仪(CD)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱分析仪(XPS)等仪器分析蛋白与镉的结合机理。通过掩蔽蛋白羧基、氧化巯基后再对镉结合的试验,验证蛋白的羧基及巯基对镉结合的重要性。结果:米渣蛋白对镉的最大结合量为12.08 mg/g,被结合的镉120 min后脱除率达到最大,大米蛋白对镉的最大结合量为8.85 mg/g,被结合的镉60 min后脱除率达到最大。掩蔽蛋白羧基后,两种蛋白对镉的结合量较羧基掩蔽前均下降18%;氧化巯基后,大米蛋白和米渣蛋白较巯基被氧化前对镉的结合量分别下降40%和50%。SEM观察出,蛋白结合镉后发生聚集现象。结论:与大米蛋白相比,米渣蛋白对镉的结合能力更强。此外,两种蛋白对镉的结合不仅是简单的物理吸附作用,蛋白中的巯基和羧基对镉的结合也具有重要作用。     

当代博物馆展陈设计表现形式的研究

为了能充分发挥博物馆的功能及满足人们对历史文化的需求,博物馆的展陈设计发挥着重要作用。同时,为了能适应世界经济的快速发展,也为了博物馆趋于可持续和完美化,当前还存在的一些问题必须解决,因此高科技的使用、多样化功能的使用、节能环保的利用等多元化元素逐渐的被引入到博物馆中。这是博物馆的需要,也是时代的需求。     

The influence of attachment to beef surfaces on the survival of cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104, at different a(w) values and at low storage temperatures

This study investigated the influence of attachment to beef surfaces on the survival, injury and death of stationary phase cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104, compared to cells free in solution. The effects on cells are considered at different a(w) values and low temperatures in relation to osmotic and cold temperature shock effects. Attachment of cells to meat surfaces prevented cell injury and death from hyperosmosis and low temperatures, compared to meat solutions. Storage of cells for 72h resulted in higher levels of cell death on cells attached to meat surfaces. The improved survival of cells in solutions was considered to be related to adaptation to osmotic stress as a result of exposure to a previous hyperosmotic shock and the ability of the cells to produce cold shock proteins. Pathogen cell growth at low temperatures is discussed in relation to the presence of low levels of NaCl. Finally the data is discussed in relation to pathogen survival on beef carcass surfaces during refrigeration.     

A PNA-array platform for the detection of hidden allergens in foodstuffs

A duplex PCR method was developed to simultaneously detect the presence of hazelnut and peanut in raw materials and commercial products. It was found to be able to specifically detect traces of the investigated products down to 50 pg of their target DNA.A PNA array device has been designed and implemented to be used in combination with the duplex PCR in order to investigate the presence of traces of potentially allergenic nuts in foodstuffs. A PNA probe for each target amplified by the duplex PCR was designed, synthesized and characterized. The PNA probes were then deposited on commercial slides in order to build a PNA array to be used for recognizing the PCR products; the concentration of the probes as function of the concentration of the target DNA, together with the specificity of the probes were investigated.The conditions optimized during the setting of the experiment were used to obtain the final version of the PNA array which was then used to test several commercially available foodstuffs claiming to contain or not to contain the targeted nuts.     

Advanced DNA- and Protein-based Methods for the Detection and Investigation of Food Allergens

Currently, food allergies are an important health concern worldwide. The presence of undeclared allergenic ingredients or the presence of traces of allergens due to contamination during food processing poses a great health risk to sensitized individuals. Therefore, reliable analytical methods are required to detect and identify allergenic ingredients in food products. The present review addresses the recent developments regarding the application of DNA- and protein-based methods for the detection of allergenic ingredients in foods. The fitness-for-purpose of reviewed methodology will be discussed, and future trends will be highlighted. Special attention will be given to the evaluation of the potential of newly developed and promising technologies that can improve the detection and identification of allergenic ingredients in foods, such as the use of biosensors and/or nanomaterials to improve detection limits, specificity, ease of use, or to reduce the time of analysis. Such rapid food allergen test methods are required to facilitate the reliable detection of allergenic ingredients by control laboratories, to give the food industry the means to easily determine whether its product has been subjected to cross-contamination and, simultaneously, to identify how and when this cross-contamination occurred.     

SEAFOODplus – how to provide health promoting, safe seafood of high eating quality to consumers

The strategic objective of the SEAFOODplus Integrated Project is to reduce health problems and to increase well-being among European consumers by applying the benefits obtained through consumption of health promoting and safe seafood products of high eating quality. The relevance of seafood in the diet to diminish the increased incidences of e.g. cardiovascular, cancer and inflammatory diseases is being assessed by performing dietary intervention and epidemiological studies. Other focus areas are health of young populations, to treat overweight, to prevent osteoporosis and postpartum depression observed for women giving birth. Seafood’s importance for consumer behaviour and well-being is assessed to understand determinants of consumers’ seafood consumption and to adapt seafood products to consumer demands. The objectives of the seafood safety component are to make seafood safe for the consumer, by identifying risk factors and avoiding risks caused by viral and bacterial contamination and biogenic amines in seafood. The total value chain is addressed by developing consumer driven tailor-made, functional seafood products to improve health and to ensure nutritional quality and safety by full utilisation of raw materials from aquaculture and from traditional fisheries. The aquaculture component will study the effects of dietary modulation, husbandry, fish physiology, genetics and pre-slaughter conditions. Validated traceability systems are assessed to make it possible to apply a total chain approach from the live fish to the consumer product, and to trace back any feature from fork to farm. Received: January 7, 2008; accepted January 8, 2008     

新型服装面料发展浅议

简要介绍了功能性和环保性服装面料的发展概况，分析了推动功能性和环保性服装面料发展的因素，有纺织业的开拓创新、满足社会的发展需求以及科技的进步，对发展我国功能性和环保性服装面料提出几点建议：主动承担或参与功能性和环保性服装面料标准的制定；提高面料设计人员整体素质，推进创新设计；把握市场动态，注重市场培育。     

精梳毛纱细度偏差的控制

细度偏差是精梳毛纱评等考核的重要指标之一,为使最终成品细度非常接近客户的要求,增强产品的市场竞争力,关键要确定好精纺机设计细度,同时要控制好细度偏差。文章主要介绍了运用最小二乘法确定毛纱的设计细度及运用平均值一极差控制图对毛纱细度进行有效管理的方法,使精纺机的生产过程达到统计控制状态,及时发现细度异常变化,降低毛纱细度偏差,提高毛纱质量。     

中国白酒产业创新发展中新动向的关注与思考

有着悠久历史传承文明的白酒产业既是一种独特的物质文化,也是一种丰富的精神文化,白酒业未来在于创新和文明推广,但如何面对白酒产能的理性发展,让传统的白酒品牌内涵加进现代的元素与时尚的品味,高端酒的奢侈化如何把握、彰显白酒个性化、系统化发展、信息技术与酒文化的认定,有待于创新和提升。     

外源蛋白对白鲢鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白结构及其结合特征腥味物质能力的影响

研究不同添加量（2%、4%、6%）大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate,SPI）、蛋清蛋白（egg white protein,EWP）、乳清分离蛋白（wheyproteinisolate,WPI）对白鲢鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillarprotein,MP）结构及其结合特征腥味物质（己醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇）能力的影响。结果表明,适量外源蛋白可促进MP展开,MP的表面疏水性、浊度、粒径、Zeta电位也随之增加,此时暴露出的疏水基团可增强MP结合己醛、壬醛的能力,暴露出的羟基则可增强MP对1-辛烯-3-醇的结合。外源蛋白添加量进一步增加,添加EWP、WPI的MP结合1-辛烯-3-醇的能力由于蛋白表面增加的亲水基团进一步增强。此外,添加WPI能更好地增强MP结合3种腥味物质的能力。     

基于自由转子的纱线扭矩的检测方法

纺织用纱线在加捻过程中会使其内部存在一个较强的扭矩,为对纱线的扭矩进行准确的测量使其匹配准确的蒸纱定形标准,减小因纱线内部残存扭矩造成织物纬斜概率,提出了以自由转子为核心的纱线扭矩的检测方法。首先与纱线末端相连的自由转子在电磁阻尼的作用下由静止开始平稳转动,光电传感器对其转动状态进行扫描并将捕捉到的光电信号传输至计算机得到转子转过的角度与时间的数据关系,然后在Origin中对其进行二次求导拟合出角加速度与时间的关系曲线。由曲线可准确得到转子的初始角加速度,通过初始角加速度和测试所用转子转动惯量的乘积即可快速高效得到测试纱线的扭矩。实验结果表明:该方法能够准确测出各类纱线的扭矩,数据误差较小,不仅在如今的纺织业生产检测中具有广阔的应用前景,而且为纱线扭矩领域的研究提供了一种新的思路。     

Impact of human aging and modern lifestyle on gut microbiota

Human evolution and lifestyle changes caused by the agricultural and industrial revolutions have led to great advances in medicine and increased life expectancy, whilst also profoundly altering the ecological relationships and disease patterns of populations. Studies involving populations that still enjoy a rural way of life and with traits similar to the Paleolithic period reveal them to present a more robust, resistant and diverse gut microbiota, in comparison to highly industrialized civilizations. The human diet has expanded and broadened to include the consumption of high-calorie foods, particularly from animal sources such as game meat and eggs. For some time, authors have been alert to the fact that a modern lifestyle leads to reduced intake of beneficial bacteria, suggesting that nonpathogenic bacteria are being eradicated. Furthermore, therapeutic procedures, including the use of probiotics and prebiotics, have been proposed to lead to recovery of this microbiota, which is altered due to both the ageing process and lifestyle related aspects. Accordingly, this article aims to review the impact of human aging and modern lifestyle on gut microbiota, within an evolutionary, ecological, epidemiological and therapeutic context.     

Fermented and malted millet products in Africa: Expedition from traditional/ethnic foods to industrial value-added products

With the prevalent food insecurity in Africa, there is a growing need to utilize the available crops to develop nutritious, affordable and palatable food for the populace. Millet is critical in this role, relative to its abundance in the continent and good nutritional composition. For ages, fermentation and malting have been traditionally used to transform millet into variety of produce. A paradigm shift has however occurred over the years, giving birth to new commercially available products. This review thus appraises and gives an overview of traditional and modern fermented and malted products. Although, millet has been diversified to several products, its major food uses are still restrained to traditional consumers and largely remains underutilized. Considering the potential embedded in this grain, it is important to explore this crop through the application of appropriate modern fermentation and malting technologies. This will ensure the availability of ready to eat (RTE) and ready to use (RTU) food products and to a large extent address the incessant food security challenges plaguing Africa.     

Identifying efficient dairy producers using data envelopment analysis

The objective of this research was to calculate the efficiency of a group of Pennsylvania dairy farms to determine factors that contributed to efficiency in production and business management. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to estimate the efficiency. Two models were developed to measure the efficient use of physical (land, cows, and labor) inputs to produce physical (milk and butterfat) outputs, and the use of physical and economic (debt capital) inputs to produce physical and economic (income) outputs. The results showed that about 29% of the producers in our sample were DEA-efficient and demonstrated that there was no combination of inputs used by efficient producers that was best. In addition, the method of analysis illustrated the benefits of DEA in that it is possible to identify the set of efficient producers that inefficient producers can benchmark to in an effort to achieve similar levels of efficiency. Finally, the analysis demonstrated that producers should not benchmark to the highest level of production, but rather should combine resources in land, labor, cows, and debt capital to achieve an efficient level of production, which indeed may be less than the maximum production level of the group.