槐豆胶与黄原胶复配胶的流变性研究

对槐豆胶、黄原胶及其复配胶的流变性进行了研究。结果表明,槐豆胶和黄原胶有强烈的协效增稠性,槐豆胶与黄原胶复配胶的粘度随着浓度的升高而升高;复配胶为“非牛顿流体”;复配胶溶液的最佳加热温度和加热时间为60℃,加热60min;pH对复配胶的粘度有一定的影响;冻融变化使槐豆胶和黄原胶复配胶的粘度有较大幅度的增加。     

Influence of sucrose on thermal and pasting properties of tapioca starch and xanthan gum mixtures

Sugars and hydrocolloids are used in starch-based product formulations during processing for improving the final quality of foods. Effect of sucrose (0–30%) on thermal and pasting properties of 5% w/w tapioca starch (TS) – xanthan gum (Xan) mixtures was investigated using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), rapid visco-analyser (RVA) and rheometer. Sucrose increased gelatinization temperatures and enthalpies of TS and TS/Xan dispersions. RVA pasting temperatures, peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown and setback values of TS/Xan mixtures increased with increasing sucrose concentration (p < 0.05). Addition of sucrose in all TS/Xan pastes increased the rate of viscosity breakdown during RVA heating under constant shear and temperature. Setback values of TS/Xan pastes increased with sucrose addition but decreased significantly with increasing Xan content. Xan enhanced thermal stability of steady shear viscosities to TS pastes with and without sucrose. Linear regression from pasting profile revealed a good relationship for predicting final viscosity. These results could facilitate the development of TS-based products with improved thermal and pasting properties.     

Viscosity of solutions of xanthan/locust bean gum mixtures

Xanthan and locust bean gums are polysaccharides able to produce aqueous solutions with high viscosity and non‐Newtonian behaviour. When these solutions are mixed a dramatic increase on viscosity is observed, much greater than the combined viscosity of the separated polysaccharide solutions. In this work the influences of different variables on the viscosity of solutions of mixtures of xanthan/locust bean gum have been studied. Total polysaccharide concentration, xanthan and locust bean ratio on mixture and temperature at which the gum was dissolved (dissolution temperature) for both xanthan and locust bean gums have been considered. Under these different operational mixture conditions shear rate and time have also been considered to describe the rheological behaviour of the solutions studied. The high viscosity increase observed in these mixtures is due to the interaction between xanthan gum and locust bean gum molecules. This interaction takes place between the side chains of xanthan and the backbone of the locust bean gum. Both xanthan molecule conformation in solution – tertiary structure – and locust bean gum structure show great influence on the final viscosity of the solution mixtures. Xanthan conformation changes with temperature, going from ordered structures to disordered or chaotic ones. Locust bean gum composition changes with dissolution temperature, showing a dissolved galactose/mannose ratio reduction when temperature increases, ie the smooth regions – zones without galactose radicals – are predominantly dissolved. The highest viscosity was obtained for the solution mixture with a total polysaccharide concentration of 1.5 kg m⁻³ and a xanthan/locust ratio of 2:4 (w/w) and when xanthan gum and locust bean gum were dissolved at 40°C and 80°C, respectively. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

刺云实胶与黄原胶复配体系质构及流变性研究

将总浓度为1%的刺云实胶(TG)与黄原胶(XTG)按照不同的质量比复配,采用质构仪和流变仪对复配体系的凝胶特性和流变学特性进行测定,通过Carreau模型对流动曲线进行拟合分析,并利用电子扫描显微镜分析复配体系网络形成机理。结果表明:在质构分析中TG与XTG质量比为64时有最大的凝胶强度;在流变分析中TG与XTG质量比为64时呈现最大表观黏度并且在频率扫描和温度扫描中表现出最大的储能模量(G′)。因此,TG与XTG的最佳复配比例为质量比64。在pH为5～10时,最佳复配比例体系的黏度保持相对稳定;当添加盐离子(Na+、Ca2+)后,体系黏度降低,Ca2+降低的趋势更为显著。通过电子扫描显微镜(SEM)分析,表明在TG与XTG之间存在明显的协同增效作用,可形成良好的凝胶网络结构。     

CMC与黄原胶复配溶液的流变特性研究

配制总浓度为1%的CMC与黄原胶的复配溶液,两者比例分别为0.1%:0.9%、0.2%:0.8%、0.3%:0.7%、0.4%:0.6%、0.5%:0.5%、0.6%:0.4%、0.7%:0.3%、0.8%:0.2%、0.9%:0.1%。通过稳态流动、应变扫描、频率扫描及动态黏弹性温度扫描与动态粘度温度扫描,观察不同复配比例对复配溶液的粘度特性随不同剪切速率及温度的影响、粘弹性随不同应变、不同频率及温度的影响,以及考察模量频率相交点、松驰时间及构象转变温度等与结构特性相关的各因素。结果表明:黄原胶和CMC之间无协同作用,反而会降低体系的黏度、黏性模量与弹性模量;复配比例改变溶液的黏弹性质,黄原胶的比例低于0.6%时体系表现为类液体性质,只有达到0.6%后才表现为类固体性质;同样,黄原胶和CMC的复配改变了单一胶体溶液的动态黏弹性特性与动态黏度特性,使凝胶点温度及构象转变温度发生变化,同时,改变了黏度及黏弹性随温度变化的曲线形状。     

香豆胶与玉米淀粉混合物流变特性的研究

为了研究不同质量分数（0%、2%、4%、6%、8%）的香豆胶对玉米淀粉糊化混合物剪切流变特性与动态黏弹性的影响,使用旋转流变仪,采用Herschel-Bulkley模型对剪切流变数据进行分析。测试结果为：香豆胶与玉米淀粉糊化混合物是假塑性流体。随着香豆胶质量分数的增加,混合物稠度系数K显著增加,下行线流体指数n显著降低,假塑性增强。动态黏弹性测定结果为：混合物贮能模量（G''）和损耗模量（G''）都随香豆胶质量分数增大而增大,损耗角正切tanδ＜1,说明香豆胶的添加增大了混合物的黏弹性。当香豆胶质量分数为8%时,混合物黏性最大,弹性最小,混合物具有更好的黏弹性。     

Impact of xanthan gum,sucrose and fructose on the viscoelastic properties of agarose hydrogels

Mixed carbohydrate systems are of special interest for the food and non-food industry as they offer a versatile range of unique and novel functional properties. However, intense research is required to understand the complex processes occurring in such systems on a molecular level and to be able to modify them aim-oriented. In food, characteristic properties are based on the physicochemical functions of the biopolymers added. Thus, small deformation tests and moisture analysis have been applied to study the impact of xanthan gum and two types of sugar on the viscoelastic properties, the sol–gel transition and the water holding capacity of 1% agarose hydrogels. Agarose gels are very elastic, turbid and prone to synaeresis, which impinges on their mouth feeling. Additions of xanthan gum revealed less elastic gels with an unaffected water holding capacity. Progressive addition of two different types of up to 40% of sugar yield an increase of the elasticity of agarose gels, whereby sugar concentrations of 60% partially result in a structural breakdown and thus a significant lower network structure but better water holding. In ternary systems, the effect of the sugar concentration and sugar type used is diminished by xanthan gum. The gelation mechanism of agarose gels with a distinct amount of co-solutes is presumably mainly affected by the water shortage evolved from the competition for it of all solutes present.     

The effects of xanthan conformation and sucrose concentration on the rheological properties of acidified sodium caseinate–xanthan gels

Xanthan solution transitions caused by annealing at different temperatures were studied by oscillatory rheology. The rheological behaviour of solutions evaluated at 10 °C showed different irreversible xanthan transitions, depending on the annealing temperature. The effect of xanthan conformation and caseinate, xanthan and sucrose concentrations on the mechanical and stress relaxation properties of acidified dairy gels were also investigated. Xanthan transitions produced different structural characteristics in mixed gels, as observed by their relaxation time and residual stress. The amount of sucrose played an important role in the network formation of gels and on the final elasticity. Intermediate concentrations of sucrose yielded gels that were finer than those obtained with low sucrose content, whereas at high amounts of this co-solute, the gels became more fragile. This quadratic effect of sucrose occurred at lower sucrose contents than in protein–sucrose or polysaccharide–sucrose systems. The mechanical properties at equilibrium were affected only by the strength of the interactions between caseinate and xanthan.     

Structural and rheological properties of xanthan gum/lysozyme system induced by in situ acidification

Structural and rheological properties of xanthan gum/lysozyme (XG/Ly) system induced by electrostatic interaction through in situ acidification were investigated. The two biopolymers transited from co-solubility state to form soluble complexes, and finally produced tenuous network as the pH further decreased. The fluorescent images indicated that the network was cross-linked of XG chains by Ly, liking a polymerization process which resulted in the sol-gel transition by electrostatic interactions. High Ly content could accelerate the phase transition at the same pH condition, while XG played a contrary role. XG addition could enhance the thermal stability of Ly. The phase transition was also illustrated by ζ-potential at different pHs. The boundary parameters were determined to distinguish the phase transition regions. At the pH higher than pH_φ, the negatively liked XG and Ly were in co-soluble state. They formed soluble complexes at the pH between pH_φ and pH_g, and gel was obtained with net microstructure as the pH continuously decreased (lower than pH_g). The paper provides practical parameters that may be applicable in controlling the structure, texture, and stability of polysaccharide/protein system, as well as in food and medicinal application with various purposes.     

Thermal and rheological properties of tapioca starch gels with and without xanthan gum under cold storage

Changes in the thermal and rheological properties of tapioca starch (TS) with and without xanthan gum (Xan) (total polysaccharide concentration = 25% w/w) were investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter, Rheolograph Gel and Texture Analyser. The gelatinization temperatures of TS shifted to higher values with the Xan concentration. Xan enhanced the retrogradation of TS during the initial stage of storage but retarded the process for a further storage time at 5 °C. The onset temperature of all reheated TS/Xan gels decreased with increasing storage time indicating thermally unstable structure formation after a longer storage time. Storage Young’s moduli (E′) of the TS and TS/Xan gels stored at 5 °C increased with increasing storage time. The E′ values became more temperature dependent with storage time due to the weak cross-linkage of amylopectin molecules in the gels but became less dependent in the system containing Xan. TS/Xan gels kept for 14 days showed lower Young’s moduli than TS gels from the compression test confirming retardation of the retrogradation process by Xan. The results suggested that Xan could retard the retrogradation of TS gels for longer storage times.     

Gelatinization and rheological properties of rice starch/xanthan mixtures: Effects of molecular weight of xanthan and different salts

Effects of molecular weight (M_w) of xanthan (XG) and salts (0.1 M NaCl or CaCl₂) on the pasting, thermal, and rheological properties of rice starch (RS) were studied. A series of five XG samples, having various M_w, was prepared by homogenization of native XG solutions in the presence or absence of salts. The presence of salts greatly reduced the intrinsic viscosities, [η], of all XG solutions. Rapid visco-analysis (RVA) data showed that XG addition increased the peak, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities of RS, either in the presence or absence of salts, whereas the pasting temperatures were unaffected. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that the gelatinization temperatures of RS were unaffected by XG addition but slightly increased by CaCl₂ addition, whereas the gelatinization enthalpies (ΔH) were significantly decreased by additions of XG and salts. Dynamic shear data revealed weak gel-like behaviour in all paste samples in which their rigidity was decreased by XG addition. Flow tests showed that all pastes exhibited time-dependent shear-thinning (thixotropic) with yield stress behaviour in which the hysteresis loop areas were significantly decreased by XG addition, whereas the other rheological parameters varied differently among the samples, with and without added salt. In general, the effects of XG addition on the pasting and rheological properties of RS were more pronounced with increasing M_w of XG and these effects depended on salts added.     

刺槐豆胶/瓜尔豆胶复合体系的流变学性质研究

研究刺槐豆胶(LBG)/瓜尔豆胶(GG)复合体系的流变学性质,并采用流变学的模型进行拟合分析。实验表明:BG/GG复合体系为非牛顿流体,流动曲线服从Carreau模型,随着LBG比例的增大,其粘度越小,非牛顿性越不明显,触变性越低。LBG与GG复配对粘度的影响可产生协同作用,LBG/GG=1∶9时,复合体系粘度最大。在频率扫描范围内,LBG/GG复合体系同时具有粘性和弹性,随不同的角频率处理展现不同的动态粘弹性行为,LBG/GG=1∶9时,复合体系的动弹粘弹性最大。      

Rheological study of xanthan and locust bean gum interaction in dilute solution: Effect of salt

An oscillatory capillary rheometer was used to investigate the effects of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl₂ on visco-elastic properties of xanthan and locust bean gum (LBG) blends in dilute solution. Gums were evaluated for intrinsic viscosity and elastic component. Molecular conformation of the xanthan–LBG complex was assessed by the power-law and Huggins equations. Addition of any of the three salts reduced significantly the intrinsic viscosity and elastic component of the gum blends, with a pronounced effect from divalent ions, compared with monovalent ions. The 60% xanthan–40% LBG blend exhibited the strongest attraction between xanthan and LBG. For the three salts, the attraction weakened when 5-mM salt was added and vanished with the addition of 50-mM salt. The strongest attraction between xanthan and LBG molecules was also evidenced by a positive Huggins miscibility coefficient K_m, and a positive attraction–repulsion coefficient α. With addition of 50 mM of any of the three salts, the coefficient α became negative, suggesting a strong repulsion between the two gums. The power-law coefficient b increased as salt concentration and LBG fraction increased in the blends for the three salts, suggesting a more flexible xanthan–LBG complex dependent on salt concentrations and LBG.     

Rheological study of xanthan and locust bean gum interaction in dilute solution

An oscillatory capillary rheometer was used to investigate visco-elastic properties of xanthan and locust bean gum (LBG) blends in dilute solution. Gums were evaluated for intrinsic viscosity and the elastic component. Molecular conformation of the complex of xanthan–LBG was assessed by the power law and the Huggins equations. A 60% xanthan–40% LBG blend exhibited the strongest attraction between xanthan and LBG molecules as evidenced by a greater intrinsic viscosity, the polymer miscibility coefficient α, the elastic component, and a positive Huggins coefficient K_m. The power-law model was successfully applied to predict the molecular conformation of xanthan and LBG alone in dilute solution and was exhibited as rod-like and random coil conformation. The power-law coefficient b increased as the LBG fraction increased in the blends, suggesting a more flexible xanthan–LBG complex dependent on LBG.     

Effect of xanthan gum on the physical properties and textural characteristics of whipped cream

Xanthan gum was used as thickening agent to prepare whipped cream in this work. A dose-dependent effect was observed on the average particle size (d_3,2) of whipped cream. At each xanthan gum level (0.025–0.125%) used, whipping time also showed a positive effect on the average particle size. With the increase of xanthan gum level or whipping time, the partial coalescence of fat in the whipped cream increased gradually. However, xanthan gum level showed no significant effect on the overrun of whipped cream. The textural characteristics of whipped cream were also investigated and the results indicated that a positive correlation was found between xanthan gum level and firmness, cohesiveness or viscosity of whipped cream. A different tendency was detected for consistency. The consistency of whipped cream increased with the increase of xanthan gum level to 0.100%, thereafter decreased.     

黄原胶对玉米淀粉糊化性能的影响

将黄原胶引入到淀粉浆料中,采用快速黏度分析法(RVA)研究了黄原胶的加入对玉米淀粉糊化性能和浆液表观黏度的影响,讨论了黄原胶与玉米淀粉分子之间的相互作用.结果表明:黄原胶可促进淀粉糊化,降低淀粉的糊化温度,缩短糊化时间;随着黄原胶质量分数的增加,淀粉的糊化峰值黏度增加,表现了2种高分子的相互作用;黏度衰减值随黄原胶增加...     

Strand-like phase separation in mixtures of xanthan gum with anionic polyelectrolytes

Binary aqueous mixtures of xanthan gum with anionic polyelectrolytes (alginate, polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, λ-carrageenan, and low methoxyl pectin) exhibited phase separation above threshold concentrations of added polyelectrolyte. Dynamic oscillatory rheology showed that separation was associated with a large decrease in storage modulus, and when viewed under plane-polarised light, the dispersed phase exhibited a birefringent, strand-like morphology indicative of a liquid crystalline phase. At constant xanthan concentration, the strand thickness was inversely related to the viscosity of the added polyelectrolyte solution. Phase diagrams obtained for xanthan:alginate, and xanthan:carboxymethylcellulose mixtures showed that whilst the strands contained both xanthan and polyelectrolyte, the continuous phase was xanthan-free. Mixtures of xanthan gum with neutral polysaccharides (maltodextrin, methylcellulose) did not show phase separation, and separation was not observed when xanthan was replaced by scleroglucan a neutral polysaccharide which, like xanthan, adopts a stiff, helical structure in solution. The alginate concentration required to initiate phase separation was inversely related to alginate molecular weight, and was independent of the alginate mannuronate/guluronate ratio. Higher concentrations of alginate were required to elicit phase separation when the salt content of the mixture was increased. The results suggest that segregative phase separation, driven by repulsive interactions between polyelectrolytes, promotes the formation of liquid crystalline structures in the xanthan-rich domain. The consequence is that the decreased viscosity reported when xanthan solutions undergo liquid crystal formation, occurs at much lower xanthan concentrations, when in the presence of an anionic polyelectrolyte.     

二价离子对黄原胶溶液流变特性的影响研究

详细研究了不同盐(钙与镁)及不同离子强度对黄原胶溶液体系流变特性的影响。通过实验发现,Ca2+及Mg2+影响黄原胶的低剪切黏度、黏度、剪切稀化指数特性以及黏弹性,还对频率扫描及动态黏弹性温度扫描时G’与G"相交点的频率、松驰时间和凝胶点温度有影响。通过动态黏度温度扫描实验,发现盐的浓度影响黄原胶溶液的构象转变温度。实验还表明,在稳态流动扫描、应变扫描、频率扫描及动态黏温扫描中二价离子对黄原胶溶液流变特性的影响明显大于一价离子,同时Ca2+的作用大于Mg2+。