胡萝卜渣微晶纤维素的制备

以胡萝卜渣为原料,采用酸水解法制备微晶纤维素,考察了酸浓度、酸解时间以及酸解温度对微晶纤维素得率的影响。通过单因素和正交试验结果分析确定优化工艺条件,并对制备的微晶纤维素性能进行分析。结果表明:优化的工艺条件是,酸浓度为6%、酸解时间60min、酸解温度80℃,微晶纤维素的得率为33.8%。     

保加利亚乳杆菌诱导产亚油酸异构酶条件研究

亚油酸异构酶可由保加利亚乳杆菌经诱导产生,可以将亚油酸(LA)转化为共轭亚油酸(CLA)。本实验对诱导保加利亚乳杆菌产亚油酸异构酶的条件进行研究,利用紫外和气质联用仪(GC-MS)检测所生成的CLA。结果表明：在培养基中添加1.5‰(V/V) LA 时所产酶的共轭亚油酸转化率最高;温度为36℃,培养36h 为较适的培养条件;单独添加0.1%(m/V)的乳糖或0.1%(m/V)的氯化钠有利于诱导产酶;在培养基中直接添加LA 的效果优于培养3至12h 后再进行添加。诱导所产酶可将LA 转化为CLA,且含有9c,11t-CLA 异构体。     

新疆肥尾羊脂肪特性研究

利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对新疆肥尾羊的脂肪的特性进行研究。结果表明：脂肪的碘值为59.6g I2/100g,酸值为0.095mg KOH/g,皂化值为190.9mg KOH/g;脂肪酸主要由肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸构成,分别占总脂肪酸总量的8.9%、23.6%、13.5%、34.9%、2.4%、1.3%;氨基酸的含量占样品总质量的0.02%,羊脂的挥发性成分主要由环丁醇、环己烷、乙酸乙酯等26种挥发性成分组成。     

3个不同产地的松露氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

该试验测定了四川会东县、四川攀枝花以及云南永仁县松露中蛋白质、脂肪和氨基酸的含量,并对其蛋白质的营养价值进行系统评价。结果表明,3个产地的蛋白质量分数在15.19%~19.91%之间,脂肪含量在2.12%~2.53%之间。不同产地松露的总氨基酸含量存在差异,介于14.82%~17.25%之间,17种游离氨基酸中谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸含量较高,鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸分别占游离氨基酸总量的37.37%和32.55%;EAA/TAA在32.10%~34.12%之间,EAA/NEAA在47.29%~51.84%之间。氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)均值为90.83,酪氨酸+苯丙氨酸的氨基酸比值系数(RC)最小,为第一限制性氨基酸。     

超声辅助提取花生粕中植酸工艺优化

用响应面法研究超声波辅助提取花生粕中植酸的最佳工艺,考察超声温度、超声时间、超声功率、液料比和盐酸浓度5 个因素对植酸提取率的影响。经响应面优化的超声波辅助提取植酸的优化工艺条件：超声温度40℃、超声时间24min、超声功率72W、液料比11:1(mL/g)、盐酸浓度0.01mol/L,此时提取率为1.48%,与模型预测值1.44% 相差不到3%。实验结果说明超声波方法可较好地应用于花生粕中植酸的提取,同时得到一个能较好预测实验结果的提取模型方程。     

荠菜总生物碱的酸碱提取工艺研究

通过用10种不同酸、碱试剂对荠菜总生物碱的提取进行筛选试验,确定了最佳的浸提试剂是HCl。首次研究了用HCl从荠菜中提取总生物碱的工艺条件,研究结果表明:荠菜与体积分数0.5%HCl之比(g∶mL)1∶12,在60℃条件下提取3 h,荠碱的提取率最高。     

金银花中绿原酸的提取及检测

采用多种方法分别从金银花中提取绿原酸，用紫外光谱法和高效液相色谱法对其进行定性定量分析。同时用金银花乙醇提取物对大肠杆菌进行抗菌试验。绿原酸提取试验结果表明：用70％乙醇热回流提取是金银花中绿原酸提取的最佳方法，获得绿原酸的提取率高于其他方法，提取终产物与标准品的最高吸收峰均在324nm处，终产物中绿原酸的含量为43．35％。抗菌试验结果表明：金银花提取物具有较强的抑菌活性。     

利用一株凝结芽孢杆菌发酵酸解玉米秸秆生产乳酸

该研究拟考察凝结芽孢杆菌（Bacillus coagulans）利用玉米秸秆生物炼制乳酸的效果。以凝结芽孢杆菌CGMCC No.7635为菌种,利用2%硫酸预处理后的玉米秸秆为碳源、20 g/L酵母粉为氮源,添加20 FPU/g纤维素酶后开展糖化发酵生产乳酸实验。结果表明,发酵65 h后可获得乳酸含量为（38.38±1.03） g/L,其中L-乳酸光学纯度为（99.23±0.22）%。进一步使用补料发酵工艺,添加经预处理的玉米秸秆,可最终获得乳酸含量为（82.56±1.28） g/L。建立的玉米秸秆生物炼制乳酸工艺操作简单、产物浓度高,具有工业应用潜力。     

Amino acid profiles of lactic acid bacteria, isolated from kefir grains and kefir starter made from them

The characteristics of cell growth, lactic acid production, amino acid release and consumption by single-strain cultures of lactic acid bacteria (isolated from kefir grains), and by a multiple-strain kefir starter prepared from them, were studied. The change in the levels of free amino acids was followed throughout the kefir process: single-strain kefir bacteria and the kefir starter (Lactococcus lactis C15-1%+Lactobacillus helveticus MP12-3%+(Streptococcus thermophilus T15+Lactobacillus bulgaricus HP1 = 1:1)-3%) were cultivated in pasteurized (92 degrees C for 20 min) cow's milk (3% fat content) at 28 degrees C for 5 h (the kefir starter reached pH 4.7) and subsequently grown at 20 degrees C for 16 h; storage was at 4 degrees C for 168 h. The strain L. helveticus MP12 was unrivaled with respect to free amino acid production (53.38 mg (100 g)(-1)) and cell growth (17.8 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1)); however, it manifested the lowest acidification activity. L. bulgaricus HP1 released approximately 3.7 times less amino acids, nearly 5 times lower cell growth, and produced about 1.2 times more lactic acid. S. thermophilus T15 demonstrated dramatically complex amino acid necessities for growth and metabolism. With L. lactis C15, the highest levels of growth and lactic acid synthesis were recorded (18.3 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1) and 7.8 g l(-1) lactic acid at the 21st hour), and as for free amino acid production, it approximated L. bulgaricus HP1 (17.03 mg (100 g)(-1) maximum concentration). In the L. lactis C15 culture, the amino acids were used more actively throughout the first exponential growth phase (by the 10th hour) than during the second growth phase. The unique properties of the L. helveticus MP12 strain to produce amino acids were employed to create a symbiotic bioconsortium kefir culture, which, under conditions of kefir formation, enhanced lactic acid production and shortened the time required to reach pH 4.7; intensified cell growth activity, resulting in a respective 90- and 60-fold increase in the concentration of lactobacilli and cocci in the mixed culture compared to individual cultures; and accumulated free amino acids in the final kefir with higher total concentrations (56.88 mg (100 g)(-1)) and an individual concentration of essential amino acids (1.5 times) greater than that of yogurt.     

Enrichment of γ-linolenic acid in the lipid extracted from Mucor zychae MTCC 5420

The aim of this work was to study the enrichment of the Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) content of lipid extracted from Mucor zychae by employing a low-temperature urea crystallization process. GLA, a polyunsaturated fatty acid has been reported to have many health benefits and has potential implications in food and pharmaceutical industry. Lipids extracted from the mycelia of fermented broth were transesterfied and analysed by gas chromatography. Results showed that the fungal oil contained (%) myristic acid (1.2), palmitic acid (35.3), palmitoleic acid (3.7), stearic acid (2.7), oleic acid (39.2), linoleic acid (6.4) and gamma linolenic acid (8.7). After the first step of crystallization, the percentage of GLA enriched in the total lipid was increased to 63.5. The concentration of GLA further increased when the enriched lipid sample was subjected to urea crystallization for the second time. GLA percentage increased from 63.5 to 92.7, and recovery of GLA was 63%. By altering the ratio of fatty acid ethyl ester:urea, the concentration characteristics and the recovery of GLA also varied; highest recovery of GLA (69%) was obtained when, the above ratio was 1:3. Furthermore, GLA recovery was in considerable amounts at 0 °C crystallization.     

Drug release from hydrogel containing albumin as crosslinker

Albumin is the major plasma protein and acts as a physiological carrier for various compounds including drugs. To take advantage of the drug-binding ability of albumin for a drug delivery system, we have prepared hydrogels consisting of acrylamide (AAm) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) by introducing three to four vinyl groups into one BSA molecule and subsequently copolymerizing it with AAm. The resultant hydrogel was solubilized by trypsin treatment, since BSA served as a crosslinker in the hydrogel. The BSA-crosslinked hydrogel (BSA-AAm hydrogel) was loaded with salicylic acid or sodium benzoate and their release was investigated. The BSA-AAm hydrogel released much more salicylic acid than sodium benzoate. In addition, the amount of released salicylic acid increased with the BSA content of the hydrogel, despite a decrease in the swelling ratio of the hydrogel. On the other hand, the amount of released sodium benzoate increased with the swelling ratio. When a hydrogel crosslinked with N,N'-methylenebis (acrylamide) was used as a control, both drugs showed release tendencies similar to that of sodium benzoate from the BSA-AAm hydrogel. Furthermore, the salicylic acid release was sustained longer on the BSA-AAm hydrogel than the sodium benzoate release. Taken together, it is thought that albumin in the BSA-AAm hydrogel preferentially adsorbs salicylic acid and contributes to the high drug loading and the sustained release of salicylic acid.     

白鲢鱼肌肉脂肪氧合酶的分离纯化与鉴定

采用硫酸氨沉淀和羟基磷灰石柱层析法分离白鲢鱼肌肉脂肪氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX),同时采用反相高效液相(RP-HPLC)检测其反应产物,对鲢鱼肌肉LOX 进行鉴定,并研究鲢鱼肌肉LOX 的底物特异性。结果表明：白鲢鱼肌肉LOX 催化花生四烯酸主要形成12- 氢过氧化物,12-LOX 是鲢鱼肌肉中主要的LOX;白鲢鱼LOX的最适底物是亚麻酸。     

光皮树油工厂化精炼及理化性质分析

将从于都具收集到的光皮树干果压榨出毛油后,通过工厂化精炼,最终得到光皮树精炼油,并对其脂肪酸成分以及理化进行分析。结果表明,光皮树油最主要的3种脂肪酸为亚油酸(34.69%)、油酸(34.47%)、棕榈酸(22.37%)。对光皮树毛油与精炼油比较发现,毛油颜色深(黄77,红12,蓝8.7),高酸值(15.3mg KOH/g)和高过氧化值(76.9meq/kg),精炼后得到很大程度改善;一些营养成分(碳水化合物、水分、β-胡萝卜素、VE、尼克酸、硫胺素)和微量元素(钾、钠、镁、磷)在毛油中均有存在,经精炼后,碳水化合物、水分、β-胡萝卜素、钾、镁、磷含量显著下降,VE含量变化不大,尼克酸、硫胺素和钾含量均低于检测下限。     

HPLC测定不同厂家发酵型茶叶中阿魏酸含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定不同厂家发酵型茶叶中阿魏酸的含量,色谱条件为Shimpack VP-ODS C18（150 mm×6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,流动相为0.2%冰醋酸-甲醇（28∶72）,检测波长314 nm,柱温30 ℃,流速1.0 mL/min。结果表明,阿魏酸在20～100 μg/mL范围内线性良好（相关系数R2=0.999 8）,平均加样回收率为98.73%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.71%。测得9个厂家不同发酵型茶叶中阿魏酸的含量在22.559～30.286 μg/g,其中湖南益阳的湘益茯砖茶阿魏酸含量最高,为30.286 μg/g。该方法简便快速,适用于发酵型茶叶中阿魏酸含量的测定。     

盐酸法提取鳗鱼骨钙的工艺研究

研究了盐酸浓度(A)、盐酸用量(B)、提取温度(C)、提取时间(D)对鳗鱼骨钙的溶出率的影响.在此基础上进行了正交试验,确定了鳗鱼骨钙提取的最优组合是A2B3C2D3,即盐酸浓度为3mol/L、盐酸用量4mL、提取温度50℃、提取时间150 min.在最优组合条件下,鳗鱼骨钙的溶出率为81.31％.影响鳗鱼骨钙的溶出率的因素主次顺序为:盐酸浓度＞盐酸用量＞提取温度＞提取时间.     

全国十三省茶叶籽的含油率和脂肪酸组成研究

对收集到的全国十三个省的茶叶籽油样品作了测定分析。结果表明,茶叶籽含油率中等,仁干基含油率可达30%以上,且茶叶籽油是一种低酸价、低过氧化值和高稳定性、高营养价值的油种。经测定,其酸价低于1.0mg KOH/g,过氧化值为0.2～1.6meq/kg左右,且氧化稳定性良好。茶叶籽油样品中脂肪酸种类较稳定,棕榈酸含量均值15.53%,硬脂酸均值2.92%,油酸均值57.28%,亚油酸均值22.30%,脂肪酸组成中饱和脂肪酸:单不饱和脂肪酸:多不饱和脂肪酸为1:3:1,较为接近人体所需脂肪酸的比例要求。     

油茶壳木质素理化性质及表征

为充分利用油茶壳资源,研究分别采用醋酸法和碱法提取油茶壳木质素,并对其基本成分、理化性质和结构表征进行了分析。结果表明:提取的醋酸木质素（91.87%）纯度略微低于碱木质素（93.37%）;且醋酸木质素中[C]和固定碳含量较高。两种木质素抗氧化力远大于油茶壳粗膳食纤维;与碱木质素相比,醋酸木质素持水力、溶胀力分别增加了59.49%、55.36%,饱和与不饱和脂肪结合力分别增加了5.06%、2.24%,DPPH自由基清除力增加了10.50%,吸湿率降低了28.14%。紫外和红外光谱谱图可知,醋酸木质素和碱木质素主要由愈创木基和紫丁香基组成;醋酸木质素中愈创木基含量更高,碱木质素中紫丁香基含量更高。热重分析可知,醋酸木质素热稳定性高于碱木质素,更适于高温耐热材料的制备。     

酸催化糖转化为5-羟甲基糠醛的动力学分析

在食品中,磷酸、柠檬酸等酸味物质可催化葡萄糖、果糖等甜味物质转化为5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)。本研究中,将糖酸混合溶液放于安瓿瓶中,采用油浴加热,三种反应温度分别为373 K、393 K、413 K,以HPLC测定了加热时间8 h内的糖酸体系中5-HMF浓度随着时间的变化;利用origin 8.0对数据进行拟合,建立动力学模型。最终发现无机三元酸磷酸的催化效率高于有机三元酸柠檬酸,果糖转化程度高于葡萄糖。在葡萄糖磷酸体系(GP)、葡萄糖柠檬酸体系(GL)、果糖磷酸体系(FP)、果糖柠檬酸体系(FL)中,5-HMF的浓度随着时间的延长呈直线上升,符合零级动力学模型。动力学分析得到四种反应体系的反应活化能(Ea)分别为109.16k J/mol、121.09 k J/mol、102.89 k J/mol、112.36 k J/mol,GP体系中Ea最高,FL体系中最低。在糖酸食品热加工过程中,磷酸、果糖的含量对食品中的5-HMF含量影响很大。     

江津甜橙3 个变异品种的果实品质及酸组分分析

以江津甜橙的优选品种锦橙及其低酸变异品种长叶橙和高酸大果芽变品种大果锦橙为试材,测定果实膨大至成熟期的多项品质指标及其果汁中柠檬酸、奎宁酸和苹果酸含量的变化趋势。结果表明,在果实发育过程中,各品种果实大小于10月下旬基本定型,可溶性固形物含量逐渐增加、可滴定酸含量逐渐下降。在所测酸组分中,柠檬酸为主要有机酸;在果实发育过程中,柠檬酸含量逐渐降低,苹果酸含量呈相反的变化趋势,奎宁酸含量呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,最大值出现在11月中旬。在果实成熟阶段,锦橙平均单果质量和柠檬酸含量介于长叶橙和大果锦橙之间,可溶性固形物含量为最高;长叶橙单果质量最小（155.27 g）,可滴定酸含量最低（0.55%）,其中柠檬酸组分含量为6.95 mg/g;大果锦橙则相反,单果质量达311.92 g,可滴定酸含量为1.02%,其中柠檬酸含量为11.72 mg/g。3 个品种总体上呈酸度越高,柠檬酸含量越高,奎宁酸含量越低的趋势。     

Synthesis and degradation of acyl peptide using enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The detailed properties of the enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which catalyzes the N-acyl linkage between myristic acid and the N-terminal glycine residue of the octapeptide GNAAAARR-NH(2) (PKA) in aqueous solution without ATP and CoA, were studied. The substrate specificity for the acyl peptide in the synthetic reaction was examined, and it was found that at least eight amino acid residues are required for the reaction and that the N-terminal glycine residue is not absolutely essential for the reaction because the activity was detected using the octapeptide that has an N-terminal alanine. The activity was also strongly affected by the amino acid sequence because the activity was very weak in the reaction using GARASVLS-NH(2) (HIV-1p17(gag)). The substrate specificity for fatty acids was also examined. In the reactions using lauric acid and decanoic acid, only slight activities were detected; however, those activities were very small compared with the activity in the reaction using myristic acid. In addition, the degradation of myristoyl PKA by the enzyme was detected, although there are only a few reports on demyristoylation. The optimum pH and temperature of the degradation reaction were consistent with those of the synthetic reaction. The degradation reaction was inhibited by divalent cations.