层流等离子体射流铝合金表面熔覆SiCp/Al-Si涂层的磨损过程

采用层流等离子体炬作为加热热源，在ZL104铝硅合金表面制备镍包SiCp／Al-Si复合熔覆层。磨损过程中，该熔覆层中的SiCp颗粒微凸体对磨轮的切削产生的切屑，在熔覆层表面形成机械混合层(MML)，此机械混合层硬度较高，耐磨性好，使熔覆层在磨损过程中经历了较长距离的磨损孕育阶段，从而改变了铝合金的磨损过程，延缓了中等磨损向严重磨损的转变。     

稀土和工艺参数对等离子体熔覆层质量的影响

用常压弧光等离子体在45钢表面熔覆Fe-Cr-Si-B粉末涂层，从微观和宏观两方面对熔覆层的质量进行了分析。结果表明，稀土的加入使熔覆层的溶质分布更加均匀，Cr元素分布出现界面“梯度扩散层”，组织由枝晶向等轴晶转变，熔覆层与基体的结合界面得到改善，有利于微观质量的提高，同时，研究了工艺参数对宏观和微观质量的影响。     

大气压层流等离子体射流特性及其用于材料表面处理的效果

在大气压条件下产生出能量衰减慢且分布均匀、噪音小的氩和氮氩混合气的层流等离子体射流。与湍流等离子体射流相比,由于对周围冷气体卷吸减少,层流射流在喷射方向的长度可增长６倍。试验表明,只有采用结构合理的等离子枪,综合调控供气和电参数条件,抑制气流的脉动和抖动,才能形成层流等离子体射流。结合数值计算对等离了体气流温度分布的定性分析,说明层流情况下射流径向能量分布集中,轴向温度变化平缓,有利于材料表面处理     

钛合金表面激光熔覆TiN-Ni基合金复合涂层的组织和磨损性能

以TiN和NiCrBSi合金混合粉末为原料，采用激光熔覆技术在TC4合金表面制备出TiN颗粒增强Ni基合金涂层。利用XRD，SEM和TEM等分析了激光熔覆层的相组成及微观组织，并测试了激光熔覆层的显微硬度和磨损性能。结果表明，激光熔覆层由熔覆区和稀释区2个区域组成，熔覆区的组织是在γ-Ni树枝晶和γ-Ni＋Ni3B层片状共晶的基体上均匀地分布着TiN颗粒和针状尬3C6相，显微硬度在9000MPa-12000MPa之间.稀释区为基底TC4合金和熔覆材料Ni基合金的混合凝固区，呈胞状晶和树枝晶形态。激光熔覆层中存在颗粒强化、细晶强化和固溶强化等多种强化作用，大幅度地提高了TC4合金的耐磨性能。     

高频脉冲耦合铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接熔滴过渡及其熔覆特性

文中采用高频脉冲电源与单脉冲MIG焊电源并联叠加的方式与激光热源复合,形成高频脉冲耦合激光-MIG复合焊接方法.在A7N01铝合金板材上进行堆焊试验,用高速摄像研究高频脉冲耦合后电弧及熔滴过渡行为的变化,并通过金相观察研究高频脉冲耦合对熔覆层成形及组织的影响.结果表明,高频脉冲耦合后弧长增大,电弧电压增大、基值电流减小,峰值电流变化不大;熔滴由部分亚射流过渡转变成完全射流过渡;熔覆金属表面光滑,“鱼鳞纹”特征消失,无“指状”熔深问题;熔覆层晶粒大小变化不明显,但晶粒内部强化相颗粒变小,分布更加均匀.     

丝粉协同高速激光熔覆不锈钢层组织性能研究

目的 探究海洋工程装备表面高效高质量强化及改性新技术,提高17-4PH不锈钢层制备效率及综合性能。方法 采用高速激光熔覆技术制备17-4PH丝材、17-4PH丝材协同B4C粉末及17-4PH丝材协同Cr₃C₂粉末3种熔覆层。通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜及能谱仪等仪器分析熔覆层的组织结构。利用显微硬度计及电化学工作站测试熔覆层的硬度及耐蚀性。结果 17-4PH丝材熔覆层主要为α相（马氏体）,而2种丝粉协同熔覆层的相结构除α相（马氏体）外还出现γ相（奥氏体）。3种熔覆层组织及成分整体均匀,丝粉协同熔覆层晶界出现Cr、Nb等碳化物析出,表层分布碳化物颗粒。碳化物颗粒的添加提高了熔覆层硬度,尤其是B₄C颗粒,其作为硬质相来增强熔覆层,在均匀细化晶粒的同时使得晶界和晶内析出大量第二相颗粒,硬度较未添加碳化物颗粒的17-4PH丝材熔覆层提升约35.53%。3种熔覆层在3.5%Na Cl溶液中的耐腐蚀性均较好,尤其是协同添加Cr₃C₂颗粒的熔覆层,相较于17-4PH丝材熔覆层,其腐蚀电流密度由...     

Ni基合金与WC混合粉末的激光熔覆层组织

为了提高矿山机械零部件的耐磨性能及使用性能,采用激光熔覆方法在45#钢基体上制备了Ni基合金与WC混合粉末的复合涂层,研究了熔覆层的物相组成、WC颗粒在Ni基合金涂层中的分布,以及加入50%WC颗粒后Ni基合金涂层的裂纹敏感性、显微组织、成分及硬度。结果表明,合理的工艺参数使WC颗粒分布均匀,与基体结合牢固,并保持原始的形状;熔覆层内没有裂纹产生;熔覆层与基体之间形成了冶金结合;熔合线附近由亚共晶组织(初晶的富Ni奥氏体γ-Ni与共晶组织)构成;熔覆层中上部由过共晶组织(初晶的碳化钨与共晶组织)构成,初晶碳化钨的形态有珊瑚状、等轴晶状、柱状及交互结晶状等;激光熔覆层硬度是45#钢基体的5倍以上。     

送粉方式对WC颗粒增强铁基熔覆层的影响

目的改进后送粉方式在45~#钢表面利用等离子喷焊技术制备WC颗粒增强铁基耐磨熔覆层。方法利用等离子喷焊机和加装改进的后送粉装置制备熔覆层,通过金相光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等测试分析手段研究熔覆层的显微组织、相组成和成分特征。结果后送粉电压和送粉方式对WC颗粒分布的影响较大,通过调整送粉电压、改进后送粉方式可以改善WC的分布以及WC粉末的利用率。球形铸造WC与多边形结晶WC相比,前者粉末利用率显著提高,WC颗粒分布更均匀,熔覆层的平均维氏硬度达到1500HV10以上,高于后者。熔覆层出现鱼骨状莱氏体组织和大量的碳化物。结论改进的后送粉方式包含了同步送粉和后送粉的优点,使WC颗粒分布均匀,且WC未出现很大程度溶解,保留原始形态。送粉电压为10 V时,后送粉的熔覆效果较好。球形铸造WC增强熔覆层的性能较多边形结晶WC有很大提高。     

激光熔覆制备ZrC颗粒增强金属基复合表层组织

采用激光熔覆搭接技术 ,在中碳钢基体上制备出原位析出的颗粒增强金属基复合材料表层。利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪 ,对熔覆层显微组织特征以及硬质颗粒的分布规律进行了观察、分析。熔覆层显微组织特征是树枝状的先共晶奥氏体分布在共晶基体上的亚共晶组织 ;组织发生了马氏体相变 ;熔覆层与基体成良好的冶金结合 ;熔覆层内析出的颗粒是以ZrC为主的复合碳化物 ,分布在枝晶内与枝晶间。随多道搭接的进行熔覆层组织中枝晶的排列方向由平行变得紊乱 ;奥氏体转变为马氏体的数量增多 ;熔覆层中颗粒数量增多 ,颗粒尺寸变大。     

低合金钢表面Fe基B4C耐磨涂层组织与性能

目的在低合金结构钢表面制备一层高硬度、高耐磨的铁基陶瓷颗粒增强层,并研究熔覆层的微观结构及性能。方法利用等离子熔敷技术,在16Mn钢基体上熔敷Fe58合金粉与B_4C陶瓷粉的混合粉末。结果在16Mn钢表面成功制备了高硬度、高耐磨的铁基陶瓷颗粒增强层,陶瓷颗粒增强层致密、均匀、无气孔、无裂纹,且与基体结合良好。XRD及SEM结果表明,熔覆层生成了细小、均匀的碳、硼化物增强相,熔覆层与基体的相容性好,界面呈冶金结合,熔覆层的增强相主要有Fe2B、FeB、Cr7BC4、Cr7C3及B_4C相,Fe与B的化合物Fe2B、FeB呈链状沿晶界分布在(Fe,Ni)固溶体上,并与(Fe,Ni)固溶体在晶界形成网状结构。铬的碳、硼化物Cr7BC4和Cr7C3及未完全反应的B_4C陶瓷相,则呈不规则块状和点状在晶内弥散分布。熔覆层断面的显微硬度及表面磨粒磨损测试结果表明,熔覆层断面的显微硬度分布均匀,平均硬度可达11.9GPa,是16Mn钢基体的7.95倍,耐磨粒磨损性能是基体的7倍以上。结论晶内弥散分布的B_4C、Cr7BC4和Cr7C3硬质相与晶界成链状分布的Fe2B、FeB共同作用,使熔覆层的硬度、耐磨性明显提高。     

Characteristics of Fe-based WC Composite Coatings Prepared by Double-pass Plasma Cladding Process

The Fe-based WC composite coatings were clad on Q235 steel by double-pass plasma cladding method,in which the WC-Co(WC covered with cobalt:78wt%WC,12wt%Co)doping was about 10wt%,20wt%and 40wt%,respectively.The microstructure and wear performance of the composite coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)and ball-disc wear tests.The results show that the clad coatings contain mainly?-Fe,WC and carbides(Cr23C6,Fe3W3C-Fe4W2C)phases and the precipitation of carbides increases with the increase of WC-Co doping content.The WC-Co doping content has an obvious effect on the microstructure of the clad coatings.For the clad coatings with low WC-Co doping,the microstructure gradually transforms from planar crystal at the interface of substrate/coating to cell/dendritic crystal at the middle and the upper portion of the coatings.But there are a number of fishbone-like structure at the middle and the upper portion of clad coating with 40wt%WC-Co doping.The microstructure at the top is smaller than that at the bottom for all the coatings.The maximum of hardness of the clad coatings is 72.3HRC which is about 6.9 as much as the hardness of Q235 steel substrate.The composite coatings have good wear resistance due to the reinforcement of carbide particles and the strong bonding between carbide particles and ferroalloy.The suitable increase of WC-Co doping content can improve the wear resistance of the composite coatings.     

Study of the Synchronous Injection in a Controlled Pulsed Arc Plasma

In the field of plasma spray technologies, new processes are developing to obtain coatings with nanostructured architectures. Difficulties of understanding and controlling the process originate from the continuous injection of a liquid material and the power instabilities of the current torches which strongly affect the heat and momentum transfers to the nanometric particles. This paper reports an original method to make TiO₂ coatings by suspension plasma spraying. A direct current (DC) power supply applying time-modulated current amplitude to a custom DC torch is used to generate at low power (1.5 kW) a pulsed laminar plasma jet with periodic oscillations of its properties. To make best use of this pulsed mode, a synchronization device was developed. It allows triggering from the arc voltage an inkjet nozzle to deliver at a precise moment a single droplet to improve the control of plasma/material interaction. An ink of TiO₂ anatase solid particles is formulated to be compatible with a drop-on-demand printhead dispenser. In-flight diagnostic is made by optical emission spectroscopy and a fast shutter camera. TiO₂ coatings are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Results show that homogeneous TiO₂ coatings of nanostructured cauliflowers shapes are obtained thanks to the controlled injection system. A competition between nucleation mechanism and liquid particles deposition are also observed. These deposits correspond to a mixture of anatase and rutile phases.     

新型大气长层流等离子体喷涂方法和研究进展

介绍了一种新型大气等离子喷涂方法,该方法采用特殊内通道结构的直流非转移电弧等离子发生器,可以直接在大气条件下获得长度100～1000 mm之间变化的等离子射流。在大气条件下,等离子射流的流动特性具有"长、直、准"的层流或类层流状态,工作时噪音小于80 dB。在工作参数范围内,等离子射流的长度在固定总气流量条件下可以随输出功率的增加而增长;射流的长度在固定输出功率的条件下随总气流量的增加而减小。当使用在大气等离子喷涂技术中时,会为飞行粉末颗粒带来超长的加热和加速过程。文中详细介绍了大气层流等离子喷涂技术的研究历史和研究现状,以及研究团队利用该新型技术制备的6种涂层的显微结构、颗粒的飞行和加热特点,并对比了目前其他大气等离子喷涂技术的结果。结果表明,文中介绍的方法在最低的输出功率和气流量条件下,为金属和陶瓷颗粒提供了超长的飞行和加热条件,表现为较低的颗粒飞行速度和超高的颗粒表面温度。可以在不同的射流长度或喷涂距离下,获得不同的颗粒熔化状态或涂层结构,并发现可以直接在大气条件下获得大规模气液共沉积的涂层。     

Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Mg–Al alloys with thermal spray Al/SiCp composite coatings

The corrosion protection of Mg–Al alloys by flame thermal spraying of Al/SiC particles (SiCp) composite coatings was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The volume fraction of SiCp varied between 5 and 30%. The as-sprayed Al/SiCp composite coatings revealed a high number of microchannels, largely in the vicinity of the SiCp, that facilitated the penetration of the electrolyte and the subsequent galvanic corrosion of the magnesium substrates. The application of a cold-pressing post-treatment reduced the degree of porosity of the coatings and improved the bonding at the coating/substrate and Al/SiC interfaces. This resulted in improved corrosion resistance of the coated specimens. The effectiveness of the coatings slightly decreased with the addition of 5–30 vol.% SiCp compared with the unreinforced thermal spray aluminium coatings.     

Modelling the Plasma Jet in Multi-Arc Plasma Spraying

Particle in-flight characteristics in atmospheric plasma spraying process are determined by impulse and heat energy transferred between the plasma jet and injected powder particles. One of the important factors for the quality of the plasma-sprayed coatings is thus the distribution of plasma gas temperatures and velocities in plasma jet. Plasma jets generated by conventional single-arc plasma spraying systems and their interaction with powder particles were subject matter of intensive research. However, this does not apply to plasma jets generated by means of multi-arc plasma spraying systems yet. In this study, a numerical model has been developed which is designated to dealing with the flow characteristics of the plasma jet generated by means of a three-cathode spraying system. The upstream flow conditions, which were calculated using a priori conducted plasma generator simulations, have been coupled to the plasma jet simulations. The significances of the relevant numerical assumptions and aspects of the models are analyzed. The focus is placed on to the turbulence and diffusion/demixing modelling. A critical evaluation of the prediction power of the models is conducted by comparing the numerical results to the experimental results determined by means of emission spectroscopic computed tomography. It is evident that the numerical models exhibit a good accuracy for their intended use.     

Effects of Anode Arc Root Fluctuation on Coating Quality During Plasma Spraying

To obtain a coating of high quality, a new type of plasma torch was designed and constructed to increase the stability of the plasma arc and reduce the air entrainment into the plasma jet. The torch, called bi-anode torch, generates an elongated arc with comparatively high arc voltage and low arc fluctuation. Spraying experiments were carried out to compare the quality of coatings deposited by a conventional torch and a bi-anode torch. Alumina coatings and tungsten carbide coatings were prepared to appraise the heating of the sprayed particles in the plasma jets and the entrainment of the surrounding air into the plasma jets, respectively. The results show that anode arc root fluctuation has only a small effect on the melting rate of alumina particles. On the other hand, reduced air entrainment into the plasma jet of the bi-anode torch will drastically reduce the decarbonization of tungsten carbide coatings.     

La2O3对激光熔覆镍基金属陶瓷复合层组织及耐磨性的影响

利用5kW的CO2激光器在低碳钢基体表面熔覆含La2O3的镍基TiC金属陶瓷复合层，研究了不同含量的La2O3对激光熔覆镍基金属陶瓷复合层组织及性能的影响。研究结果表明，在镍基金属陶瓷复合层中加入一定量的稀土氧化物La2O3可有效改善熔覆复合层的组织及性能，减少复合层中的裂纹，孔洞，夹杂，加速复合层中TiC颗粒的溶解和改善TiC颗粒的表面形状，同时使熔覆复合层的组织及硬度更加均匀。     

Three-dimensional simulation of thermal plasma spraying of partially molten ceramic agglomerates

Thermal plasma spraying of agglomerated nanostructured ceramic particles has been studied using computational fluid dynamics. The plasma jet is modeled as a mixture of Ar-H₂ plasmas issuing into a quiescent atmosphere. The particles, modeled as micron-sized spheres, are introduced into the jet outside the plasma gun exit with radial injection. The existence of a simple target in front of the plasma gun is taken into account. The trajectories and state histories of particles of various sizes during their flight through the jet are presented. Moreover, the solid-liquid interface within the particles is tracked in an attempt to predict the amount of unmelted material retained in these particles at various axial distances from the gun exit. The effects of turbulence in the jet on these particle histories are accounted for. It is shown that, for the range of particle sizes and the plasma gun operating conditions studied, both the deposition location and the retained unmolten fraction are strongly affected by the size of the particles. The predictions are significant in terms of showing general trends, which will be useful in identifying processing windows for producing optimally nanostructured coatings.