饲粮中添加不同抗氧化剂对熟化期羊肉嫩度的影响及动力学分析

选取100只遗传背景一致的3月龄断奶湖羊公羔,随机分为10组,每组10只。对照组(CON组)饲喂基础饲粮,苜蓿皂苷(alfalfa saponins,AS)处理组的添加水平分别为500(AS500)、1 000(AS1000)、2 000(AS2000)、4 000(AS4000)mg/kg基础日粮,番茄红素(lycopene,LP)处理组的添加水平分别为200(LP200)、400(LP400)mg/kg基础日粮,维生素E(vitamin E,VE)处理组的添加水平分别为200(VE200)、400(VE400)、2 000(VE2000)mg/kg基础日粮。90 d饲养实验结束后屠宰,取羊肉半膜肌,测定其在熟化期的剪切力,研究饲粮中添加不同种类和水平的抗氧化剂对熟化期湖羊半膜肌嫩度的影响。结果表明:不同熟化时间和不同添加水平的抗氧化剂对羊肉嫩度有极显著影响,熟化期第5天羊肉嫩度的变化最大,饲粮中单独添加1 000~4 000 mg/kg基础日粮的AS、200 mg/kg基础日粮的LP或200 mg/kg基础日粮的VE可以不同程度地改善熟化期的羊肉嫩度;动力学分析表明,CON组的嫩度变化既符合零级反应也符合一级反应,AS和VE处理组的嫩度变化更符合一级反应,而LP处理组的嫩度变化符合零级反应。由此可见,选择适宜种类和添加水平的抗氧化剂可以改善熟化期羊肉的嫩度。     

L-肉碱对异育银鲫生长性能、液生化指标和肌肉氨基酸组成的影响

研究L-肉碱对异育银鲫生长性能、血液生化指标和肌肉氨基酸组成的影响.L-肉碱在基础饵料中的添加水平分别为0、50、100、150、200、250 mg/kg,饲养试验时间为40 d.结果表明:L-肉碱可促进鲫鱼生长发育,200 mg/kg组的鱼体的平均尾增重高于对照组13.23%(P<0.05),饵料系数降低12.82%(P<0.05);异育银鲫血清中的生长激素(GH)含量提高,其中200 mg/kg组高于对照组8.49%(P<0.05),150 mg/kg组的血清总胆固醇(CHO)和尿素氮(BUN)的含量分别降低10.85%、16.67%(P<0.05),200 mg/kg和250 mg/kg组CHO和BUN降幅均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);各试验组鱼体肌肉氨基酸含量和组成均有不同程度改善.添加水平为200 mg/kg时效果最好.     

L-肉碱对异育银鲫生长性能、血液生化指标和肌肉氨基酸组成的影响

研究L-肉碱对异育银鲫生长性能、血液生化指标和肌肉氨基酸组成的影响。L-肉碱在基础饵料中的添加水平分别为0、50、100、150,200、250mg／kg,饲养试验时间为40d。结果表明：L-肉碱可促进鲫鱼生长发育,200mg／kg组的鱼体的平均尾增重高于对照组13．23％（P〈0．05）,饵料系数降低12．82％（P〈0．05）;异育银鲫血清中的生长激素（GH）含量提高,其中200mg／kg组高于对照组8．49％（P〈0．05）,150mg／kg组的血清总胆固醇（CHO）和尿素氮（BUN）的含量分别降低10．85％、16．67％（P〈0．05）,200rag／kg和250mg／kg组CHO和BUN降幅均达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）;各试验组鱼体肌肉氨基酸含量和组成均有不同程度改善。添加水平为200mg／kg时效果最好。     

铁核桃油的氧化稳定性及抗氧化剂对其影响研究

以低温液压压榨铁核桃油为试验对象,通过Rancimat892油脂氧化稳定性测定仪研究了铁核桃油的氧化稳定性及抗氧化剂对其影响。结果表明:在不添加抗氧化剂、20℃条件下,铁核桃油的货架期为69 d;在添加相同量的单一抗氧化剂情况下,抗氧化效果排序为TBHQPGBHT茶多酚维生素E;在添加复合抗氧化剂的情况下,铁核桃油氧化诱导时间的排序为添加100 mg/kg TBHQ+100 mg/kg PG100 mg/kg TBHQ+200 mg/kg茶多酚100 mg/kg PG+200 mg/kg茶多酚100 mg/kg TBHQ+100 mg/kg BHT100 mg/kg BHT+200 mg/kg茶多酚。     

天然维生素E与合成维生素E对肉仔鸡生产性能和肉品质的影响

在1日龄罗斯308肉仔鸡基础日粮中分别添加天然VE 15、30和45 mg/kg及化学合成VE 30 mg/kg,探讨它们对肉仔鸡生产性能和肉品质的影响.结果表明:二者相比,各组间肉仔鸡生长全期的生产性能指标平均日增重、平均日采食量和料肉比差异均不显著(P>0.05);各组间肉仔鸡肉品质指标pH值、肉色、剪切力和保水性差异也均不显著(P>0.05).添加15 mg/kg的天然VE可满足肉仔鸡的生长需要.     

VE在棕榈油煎炸过程中的损耗及其对煎炸油品质的影响

以分提棕榈油为原料,在(180±5)℃条件下间歇煎炸薯条,研究VE添加量对煎炸过程中生育酚与生育三烯酚损耗及对油脂品质的影响。结果表明:VE的添加量越多,生育酚的绝对损耗量越大,但并无线性关系;添加VE对棕榈油中内源生育三烯酚具有显著的保护作用,VE的添加量越多,生育三烯酚的损耗越少;VE的添加量越大,抑制酸价升高的效果越好,但是,添加VE对抑制极性组分含量增加无显著性影响,还促进了羰基价的增加及色泽的加深;添加1 000 mg/kg VE可以延长棕榈油的氧化诱导期,而4 000 mg/kg和8 000 mg/kg VE都促进了棕榈油氧化诱导期的缩短;添加4 000 mg/kg和8 000 mg/kg VE可以有效延长棕榈油的煎炸寿命,而添加1 000 mg/kg VE使棕榈油的煎炸寿命略有减小。     

水飞蓟油脂理化性质及氧化稳定性研究

对水飞蓟油的理化性质进行测定,采用GC-MS对水飞蓟油脂肪酸组成进行分析,采用液相色谱法测定水飞蓟油中VE的组成;选择在不同温度、空气和光照、金属离子、加入抗氧化剂以及抗氧化剂复配的条件下,采用Schaal烘箱法,对其氧化稳定性进行评价。结果显示,碘值较高,为115.52 g I2/100 g;从水飞蓟油中检测出9种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸含量为48.73%,油酸含量为33.31%,α-亚麻酸含量为0.67%,不饱和脂肪酸含量为82.71%;水飞蓟油中总VE含量为217.57 mg/kg;高温、空气和光照、金属离子加速水飞蓟油脂的酸败;抗氧化剂2-叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)、二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯(AP)、茶多酚(TP)、dl-α-生育酚(dl-α-VE)对水飞蓟油抗氧化效果的顺序为:200 mg/kg TBHQ300 mg/kg TP100 mg/kg AP200 mg/kg BHT100 mg/kg VE。用TBHQ、TP、AP进行复配实验,其中最佳的抗氧化剂组合为:100 mg/kg TBHQ+100 mg/kg AP+300 mg/kg TP。     

不同添加量的亚硝酸盐和番茄粉对哈尔滨红肠品质特性及氧化程度的影响

研究了在红肠中添加不同含量的亚硝酸盐(150 mg/kg、100 mg/kg和50 mg/kg),同时补充添加不同含量的番茄红素(0%、2%和4%)对其色泽和感官品质的影响,通过pH值、色差、质构特性以及感官评价等得出最佳的添加量为:100mg/kg亚硝酸盐和2%番茄粉素;然后将用该配方生产的红肠与只添加150 mg/kg亚硝酸盐的红肠在4℃贮藏1、7、15、30和45天,结果表明添加番茄红素的红肠氧化程度较低,从成色和抗氧化的角度而言,番茄粉可部分替代亚硝酸盐生产低硝红肠。     

日粮维生素E水平对鲤生长性能和肌肉品质的影响

本文旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平的维生素E对鲤长性能、肌肉组成及其贮藏品质的影响。选取360尾健康的鲤,平均体重(97.17±6.01)g,随机分成6个处理,分别投喂在基础饲料中添加0、100、300、500、700和900 mg/kg维生素E的试验饲料,每个处理3个重复,每个重复20尾,试验期60 d。结果表明：随维生素E水平的升高,鲤增重、特定生长率呈先升后降趋势,均为维生素E添加量达500 mg/kg时最高;饵料系数呈相反的趋势,当维生素E添加量达500 mg/kg时最低;维生素E对肠长指数(RGL)没有影响,对照组鲤的肠体指数(ISI)显著(P<0.05)大于其余各组,肥满度(CF)显著(P<0.05)高于其余各组;随维生素E水平的升高,肝胰指数(HIS)呈先升后降趋势,700 mg/kg组最高,显著(P<0.05)高于对照组和100 mg/kg组;以增重、特定生长率及饵料系数为指标,利用折线模型分析表明,鲤生长性能最佳时维生素E添加量为466.33～478.25 mg/kg。维生素E对鲤肌肉组成有显著(P<0.05)影响。当维生素E添加量为700 mg/kg时干物质含量显著(P<0.05)大于对照组;当维生素E添加量在300~700 mg/kg时粗蛋白含量显著(P<0.05)大于对照组;对照组的粗脂肪含量显著(P<0.05)高于其余各组,在100~900 mg/kg范围内,除700 mg/kg 组的粗脂肪含量显著(P<0.05)低于100 mg/kg组外,其余各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。利用三次多项式模型分析表明,当维生素E添加量为636.36 mg/kg时,鲤肌肉粗蛋白含量最高。在肌肉贮藏品质方面,肌肉滴水损失、渗出损失、TVB-N和TBARS值随饲料中维生素E添加量的增加而显著(P<0.05)降低,均在维生素E添加量为900 mg/kg时达最低。     

大蒜素对AA肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

选择健康1日龄AA肉仔鸡1 080羽随机分成6个组,在各组基础日粮中分别添加0、100、200、300、400和500 mg/kg的大蒜素,饲喂7周。结果表明,日粮中添加大蒜素对不同生长阶段肉仔鸡的存活率、平均日增重及料肉比均有不同程度的改善作用,其中300 mg/kg的大蒜素对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响达到了显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)水平。故本试验得出日粮中添加300 mg/kg的大蒜素是改善肉仔鸡生长性能的最适添加量。     

Authentication of meat and meat products

In recent years, interest in meat authenticity has increased. Many consumers are concerned about the meat they eat and accurate labelling is important to inform consumer choice. Authentication methods can be categorised into the areas where fraud is most likely to occur: meat origin, meat substitution, meat processing treatment and non-meat ingredient addition. Within each area the possibilities for fraud can be subcategorised as follows: meat origin—sex, meat cuts, breed, feed intake, slaughter age, wild versus farmed meat, organic versus conventional meat, and geographic origin; meat substitution—meat species, fat, and protein; meat processing treatment—irradiation, fresh versus thawed meat and meat preparation; non-meat ingredient addition—additives and water. Analytical methods used in authentication are as diverse as the authentication problems, and include a diverse range of equipment and techniques. This review is intended to provide an overview of the possible analytical methods available for meat and meat products authentication. In areas where no authentication methods have been published, possible strategies are suggested.     

Chemical safety of meat and meat products

Since the Second World War the consumer behaviour in developed countries changed drastically. Primarily there existed the demand for sufficient food after a period of starvation, afterwards the desire for higher quality was arising, whereas today most people ask for safe and healthy food with high quality. Therefore a united approach comprising consistent standards, sound science and robust controls is required to ensure consumers' health and to maintain consumers' confidence and satisfaction. Chemical analysis along the whole food chain downstream (tracking) from primary production to the consumer and upstream (tracing) from the consumer to primary production is an important prerequisite to ensure food safety and quality. In this frame the focus of the following paper is the “chemical safety of meat and meat products” taking into account inorganic as well as organic residues and contaminants, the use of nitrite in meat products, the incidence of veterinary drugs, as well as a Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) system assessing (prioritizing) vulnerable food chain steps to decrease or eliminate vulnerability.     

肉与肉制品卫生监督管理

为切实把好肉与肉制品的屠宰、加工、贮存、运输、销售等环节的卫生关,确保肉食安全,必须要认真做好食品卫生监督管理工作,包括商业、农业、工商、卫生、外贸等各有关部门的各环节要共同努力,采取综合措施.     

素肉与素肉干产品分析

主要对素肉及素肉干的生产原理、产品优势进行了说明;并介绍了即食全素肉干、风味素肉块、素肉粒(酱类制品专用)、风味素肉类制品四种新型素肉类休闲食品.     

Identification of lactobacilli from meat and meat products

Schemes for a rapid and simple identification of lactobacilli from meat and meat products are presented which also include the species only recently published (e.g. L. divergens and L. carnis), and which were verified by the investigation of 229 strains newly isolated from meat and meat products and of nine type strains.They are primarily based on differences in the fermentation of sugars and other easily determinable physiological characteristics, and therefore permit a rapid assignment of a new isolate to one of the Lactobacillus species. However, in most instances this identification has to be confirmed by determining additional characteristics (e.g. the whole range of fermented carbohydrates, types of murein etc.).     

肉及肉制品中彩虹色斑点现象的调查分析

彩虹色斑点是近年来发现存在于肉及肉制品中的一种非正常颜色。对我国几家大型屠宰场的猪、牛分割肉及南京各大超市销售的部分肉制品进行了调查,结果表明:猪肉的各部位均无彩虹色斑点现象;牛肉半腱肌中彩虹色斑点的发生率为83%,其他部位从高到低分别为背最长肌(21%),腰大肌(7%),股二头肌(5%)。牛肉制品中帕斯雀牛肉、烤牛肉和酱牛肉彩虹色斑点最明显,猪肉制品中西式火腿片和咸肉最明显。     

Biogenic amines in meat and meat products

It has been recognized for some time that biogenic amines occur in a wide range of foods, among them meat and meat products. Meat is an important component of the diet in developed countries. The presence of these amines in food is of interest for two reasons: firstly, for toxicological reasons, in the sense that high levels of dietary biogenic amines can be toxic for certain consumers, and secondly, for their role as possible quality indicators. Based on these two premises, the present article offers a new analysis on aspects of toxicology and on the use of biogenic amines as a quality control method, as well as on their presence in meat and meat products. The article focuses particularly on factors affecting the production of biogenic amines, with reference to various parameters relating to microorganisms, meat raw materials, and processing conditions. A better understanding of the factors determining their formation (i.e., microorganisms, raw materials used, and technological processes applied) and their effects could lead to ways of controlling their production, limiting their presence in the end product, and hence, rendering them less toxic.     

肉与肉制品安全性现状与对策

2006年瘦肉精、福寿螺、红心鸭蛋、多宝鱼……食品安全方面频频出现的问题,让人们在享受美食的同时,又多了许多担心:究竟哪些食品才安全?在哪儿购买食品才安全?香蕉不能买,因为有催熟剂;碳酸饮料不能喝,都说喝了不健康。大棚蔬菜不敢吃,因为会有激素和农药。路边摆摊的食品有安     

天然防腐剂在肉和肉制品中的应用

肉和肉制品容易受到环境中微生物的污染而引起腐败变质。所以,选择有效的防腐剂是肉和肉制品生产中关键的一环。主要介绍了几种常见的天然防腐剂及其应用,天然防腐剂由于自身安全性较好,必将成为今后食品防腐剂发展的方向。