光腔衰荡光谱技术用于OH浓度测量的误差分析

光腔衰荡光谱技术（Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy,CRDS）是一种高灵敏度的吸收光谱测量技术,在燃烧场激光光谱诊断领域里是一种十分重要的燃烧产物定量测量手段。文中研究了光腔衰荡光谱技术用于燃烧产物定量测量的原理,搭建了脉冲型光腔衰荡光谱技术实验系统,选取OHA2+-X2（0,0）电子跃迁带的P1（2）吸收线谱,在常压条件下对平面火焰的OH浓度进行了定量测量,并对激光器线宽及线型、激光器的频率稳定性、火焰温度、光腔参数等因素对测量误差的影响进行了分析讨论。误差分析给出了光腔衰荡光谱技术的几个关键注意事项,可为光腔衰荡光谱技术的应用提供指南。     

气体浓度检测光学技术的研究现状和发展趋势

综述了近些年来国内外痕量气体浓度检测技术研究的最薪进展.首先对传统的非光学气体浓度检测技术作出了简单的介绍,包括超声波技术、气敏法、热催化法、气相色谱法、干涉法应用技术,被动检气管法,然后重点阐述了基于光谱学分析气体浓度检测技术的最新发展动态,其中分别对差分吸收光谱技术(DOAS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FTIR)、可调谐激光二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)、差分吸收激光雷达(DIAL)和拉曼散射激光雷达、激光诱导荧光光谱技术、激光光声光谱技术进行了详细介绍,最后提出了现代气体浓度检测技术的发展方向.     

Stimulated Raman shifting of the Nd:YAG fourth harmonic (266 nm) inH2, HD, and D2

The dependence of the first Stokes stimulated Raman conversion efficiency of fourth-harmonic radiation from a Nd:YAG laser at 266 nm has been studied for the isotopic species H₂, HD, and D₂ as a function of gas pressure and laser energy using a low numerical aperture (~4.5×10^-3) pumping geometry. While the laser energy threshold for first Stokes conversion is seen to vary significantly between the species it has been found that photon conversion efficiencies of at least 50% can be achieved for all of them for laser pump energies at 266 nm ⩽50 mJ/pulse. This study provides a new measurement of the differential cross section for stimulated Raman scattering in HD of 8.1±2.4×10^-29 cm²/sr at 266 nm and at high pressures, and agreement is found with previous measurements of the cross sections for H₂ and D₂. The results have been used to optimize the laser transmitter system for a differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system to measure tropospheric ozone concentration profiles     

利伐沙班的定量检测:拉曼光谱法与远红外吸收光谱法

利伐沙班是一种新型口服抗凝药，它具有疗效确切、安全性好、使用方便等优点，所以经常用于静脉血栓栓塞性疾病的预防与治疗，以及非瓣膜性房颤的卒中预防。由于利伐沙班在患者体内的浓度会影响其对凝血因子Xa的抑制作用，这导致患者的临床反应有个体差异，影响最终治疗效果。为了更加合理地使用利伐沙班，临床上需要监测人体血液或尿液中利伐沙班的浓度。针对该临床需求，文中基于远红外指纹谱和拉曼特征谱在物质有效识别和定量分析的优势，采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和激光共聚焦拉曼光谱系统，针对液体状态下利伐沙班进行识别并定量检测。文中先通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪检测利伐沙班的远红外吸收谱随其浓度发生的变化，再通过激光共聚焦拉曼光谱系统检测了利伐沙班的拉曼光谱随其浓度发生的变化，最后比较了远红外光谱法与拉曼法的准确率。经过比较，远红外检测的精度比拉曼光谱检测的精度提升2倍。这些结果对临床医学中利伐沙班的使用具有重要意义。     

可调谐激光吸收光谱技术监测燃烧中CO检测方法比较

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术是利用二极管激光器的波长调谐特性,获得被选定的待测气体特征吸收谱线的吸收光谱,从而对待测气体进行定性或定量分析.TDLAS技术与开放式的多次反射池相结合,分别利用二次谐波探测方法和自平衡加波长调制的新型检测方法,测量了酒精喷灯火焰的CO浓度.测量结果表明,自平衡加波长调制的新型检测方法与二次谐波检测方法相比,不仅使检测限提高了16.3倍,还有效地消除了激光器、火焰的光强波动影响,可以应用在燃烧控制及喷焰气体CO浓度测量等多个领域.     

近红外激光吸收光谱测量火焰中CO2气体浓度

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术是利用二极管激光器的波长调谐特性,获得被测气体特征吸收光谱范围内的吸收光谱,实现气体的定量分析.这种方法具有高灵敏、高选择性、快速响应、在线测量等诸多优点.介绍了利用TDLAS技术测量火焰中二氧化碳浓度的实验方法,并对消除燃烧中气体湍流造成光强波动的方法进行了研究,得到了较理想的结果.     

Coherent laser radar at 2 μm using solid-state lasers

The development of a coherent laser radar system using 2-μm Tm and Tm, Ho-doped solid-state lasers, which is useful for the remote range-resolved measurement of atmospheric winds, aerosol backscatter, and differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurements of atmospheric water vapor and CO₂ concentrations, is described. Measurements made with the 2-μm coherent laser radar system, advances in the laser technology, and atmospheric propagation effects on 2-μm coherent lidar performance are discussed. Results include horizontal atmospheric wind measurements to >20 km. vertical wind measurements to >5 km, near-horizontal cloud returns to 100 km, and hard target (mountainside) returns from 145 km     

Anomalous atmospheric absorption spectra due to water dimer

The anomalous atmospheric absorption spectra in the window wavelength region of 8–14 um have been suggested due to the water dimer. Based on our laboratory measurements, water continuum CO₂ laser absorption spectra and a resonance absorption line due to the weak local water vapor pure rotational transition have been reported. The equilibrium concentration of water dimers in the atmosphere, the electronic binding energy and the theoretical calculations for absorption attenuation have been obtained in agreement with published data.     

用于测量流层水汽的拉曼激光雷达

水汽在大气中含量很少,但变化很大,变化范围在0.1%~4%之间,水汽绝大部分集中在对流层。随着光电探测技术的不断发展,大气衰减对光电探测造成的影响也越来越显著,其中水汽是主要影响因子之一,也是最为不确定参数。光电探测中常用红外波段,但是水汽分子浓度较大,对辐射吸收造成很大的影响。拉曼激光雷达是测量大气水汽的主要技术手段之一。介绍了自行研制的水汽测量拉曼激光雷达的总体结构和主要技术参量。测量结果显示:该激光雷达可以对夜晚8 km高度范围内以及白天边界层内的水汽进行测量。实验数据与当地探空数据进行比对,取得了较好的一致性,充分验证了该拉曼激光雷达测量水汽的有效性和可靠性。     

Blood glucose measurement by multiple attenuated total reflectionand infrared absorption spectroscopy

The difficulty of measuring physiological concentrations of glucose in blood by conventional infrared absorption spectroscopy is due to the intrinsic high background absorption of water. This limitation can be largely overcome by the use of a CO2 laser as an infrared source in combination with a multiple attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique. To demonstrate the applicability of this technique, we compared in vitro measurements of glucose in blood obtained from an experimental infrared laser spectrometer with independent measurements made by a standard YSI 23A laboratory glucose analyzer. The capability of continuous measurement of blood glucose concentration is of primary importance in the future development of a glucose sensor for diabetic patients.     

机载激光雷达测量二氧化碳浓度误差分析

差分吸收激光雷达是高精度测量大范围二氧化碳浓度的有效手段。研究了机载路径积分差分吸收激光雷达测量二氧化碳柱线浓度的主要误差项,分析了这些误差项导致的二氧化碳柱线浓度反演误差。介绍了机载差分吸收激光雷达基本工作原理,并理论分析了大气温度、压强和水汽不确定性误差,激光频率稳定性和飞机姿态速度测量不确定性等系统误差,以及不同地表反射率产生的随机误差。分析结果表明:在二氧化碳浓度380 ppm(1 ppm=10-6)时,机载激光雷达二氧化碳柱线浓度综合测量误差约为0.71 ppm,满足1 ppm的二氧化碳柱线浓度高精度测量需求。     

酒精蒸汽近红外高分辨光谱获取方法研究

酒精是相对复杂的分子,在常压下为宽带吸收,其OH基团的泛频吸收区位于近红外7000～7300cm-1处.利用可调谐二极管激光光谱学(TDLAS)方法测量了含有少量水汽的酒精蒸汽在7180 cm-1附近的吸收谱线,通过多项式拟合消除水汽吸收谱线干扰,获得了酒精蒸汽的特征吸收光谱,其半高半宽为1.3cm-1;并对不同浓度酒精蒸汽吸收谱线线型做了研究,证明其线型与酒精分压不相关,为发展基于TDLAS酒驾遥测技术奠定了基础.     

激光喇曼光谱法诊断火焰

本文介绍了激光喇曼光谱法诊断火焰的基本原理和实验方法。运用该方法可以测得火焰的温度和物质浓度的三维空间场分布。实验结果与实际情况相符合。     

Effect of growth temperature on performance of AIGaAs/lnGaAs/GaAs QW laser diodes

Growth and characterization results are presented for high-power laser diodes with AlGaAs cladding and waveguide layers and strained In_1-xGa_xAs quantum wells with 0.09 < x < 0.25 grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy at different temperatures. Photoluminescence at 300 and 10K, Auger spectroscopy, and high-resolution x-ray measurements are discussed. Broad area laser diodes have been fabricated with different cavity length and threshold current densities, absorption coefficients, internal efficiencies, and degradation rates have been measured.     

同时测量氢氧CARS光谱确定火焰温度和氢氧浓度的研究

利用YAG激光器和一台染料激光器同时测量了氢／空气预混平面火焰中氢氧CARS光谱。从氢的S（5）和S（6）支统转动线的强度比获得火焰温度，并与由氮的CARS光谱得到的温度进行了实验校验。氢和氧的浓度分别由氢的S（6）支和氧的Q支光谱求得，并利用红／空气预混平面火焰的局部热力学平衡计算对所得浓度进行了校验。温度的校验误差为4％，而氢氧浓度的校验误差分别为14％和12％。     

Application of a multivariate technique to Raman spectra forquantification of body chemicals

Raman spectroscopy is a highly specific technique for the identification of molecules by way of the associated characteristic spectra. The aim of this feasibility study is to assess the combination of the multivariate calibration technique of partial least-squares with Raman spectroscopy for the estimation of glucose, lactic acid, and urea concentrations in the presence of each other in a water substrate. The instrument is a CCD-based Raman spectrometer utilizing the 514.5 nm argon laser line. The estimates for the analyte concentrations yielded a standard deviation of concentration residuals of 20.71 mg/dL for glucose, 12.92 mg/dL for lactic acid, and 19.97 mg/dL for urea     

2μm附近二极管激光吸收光谱CO2浓度测量研究

采用波长2μm附近的可调谐半导体激光二极管作为光源,结合多步吸收光程和光纤传输技术,通过激光吸收光谱直接测量方法对CO2分子浓度进行测量研究。实验在标定了激光器调谐范围内17条CO2吸收谱线的波长及相应的吸收带跃迁的基础上,研究了不同压力下纯CO2气体在2008nm附近的吸收光谱,由吸收信号随气体压力的变化关系得到低气压下实验装置的系统刻度因子。并进一步对样品气体的CO2浓度进行测量,测量给出CO2分子浓度为(2.754±0.145)×1016 cm-3,测量误差主要来源于目前实验中所使用的气压计的精度和读数局限性。该研究为气体分子浓度测量、同位素含量分析提供了一种光谱测量方法。     

Rb-H_2混合蒸气中5S_(1/2)→5P_(3/2)激光激发的速度选择布居与饱和效应

利用一步激发的饱和吸收光谱技术测量了激发态Rb(5P<,3/2)态的原子密度,室温下的Rb-H<,2混合蒸气被780nm激光激发,在激光线宽远小于Doppler线宽条件下,在激光功率40μW至5mw的范围内,测量了吸收系数,得到了5P<,3/2态的速度选择布居数密度.通过Rb空心阴极灯发出的5D→5P<,3/2窄谱线的吸收测量,也可以测得5P<,3/2态的原子密度,二种测量方法所得结果符合得很好.当氢气压为100Pa时,约8%基态原子被单模半导体激光器激发到5P<,3/2态.     

可调谐激光波长调制技术检测氧气浓度

为了克服传统方法检测氧气浓度的一些弊端,提出了一种采用可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱法结合锁相放大的检测技术.通过改变激光二极管的驱动电流使输出波长变化扫描通过氧气的吸收峰,然后利用锁相放大技术对吸收光谱的谐波进行检测分析.利用半导体激光能量高、单色性好、输出波长可随电流调制的特点和锁相放大检测微弱信号的优势来提高信噪比与检测精度.对不同浓度的氧气进行了实际检测,可得检测线性相关系数为0.99,检测极限质量浓度为1142.86 mg/m3,且该方法具有较好的稳定性及抗干扰性.     

Surface analytical techniques

This review briefly describes some of the techniques available for analysing surfaces and illustrates their usefulness with a few examples. In particular, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), sputter neutral mass spectroscopy (SNMS) and laser Raman spectroscopy are all described. In analysing a surface, AES and XPS would normally be considered first, with AES being applied where high spatial resolution is required and XPS where chemical state information is needed. SIMS and SNMS can be performed together and can detect smaller surface concentrations. Laser Raman spectroscopy is useful for determining molecular bonding. Techniques which give topographic information, such as scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), have not been considered.