德国IGOR煤液化工艺及云南先锋褐煤液化

介绍了德国IGOR煤直接液化工艺和云南先锋褐煤在IGOR工艺200kg/d的PDU装置的试验结果。与其它煤直接液化工艺相比,IGOR工艺具有煤直接液化反应器的高速高、系统集成度高和油品质量好的特点。云南先锋褐煤在IGOR工艺200kg/d的PDU装置上的试验结果表明,先锋褐煤是适宜IGOR煤液化的煤种,得到的油收率为53％,油品中氮和硫的含量分别为2mg/kg和17mg/kg。煤液化油经过简单蒸馏可得到合作的0^#柴油,经过重整可得到合格的90^#无铅汽油。     

德国IGOR煤液化工艺及云南先锋褐煤液化

介绍了德国IGOR煤直接液化工艺和云南先锋褐煤在IGOR工艺200kg／d的PDU装置的试验结果．与其它煤直接液化工艺相比,IGOR工艺具有煤直接液化反应器的空速高、系统集成度高和油品质量好的特点．云南先锋褐煤在IGOR工艺200kg／d的PDU装置上的试验结果表明．先锋褐煤是适宜IGOR煤液化的煤种．得到的油收率为53％,油品中氮和硫的含量分别为2mg／kg和17mg／kg．煤液化油经过简单蒸馏可得到合格的0^#柴油,经过重整可得到合格的90^#无铅汽油．     

褐煤低压加氢液化技术与下游产品探讨

简述了国内外煤直接液化主要技术及特点,通过分析,得出10 MPa褐煤低压加氢液化技术是可行的,介绍了褐煤低压加氢液化技术的特点和主要流程,该技术采用一步法制油煤浆、过滤分离固液及干馏-激冷的残渣处理工艺,为褐煤液化和液化残渣处理提供一条新思路。对比了高、低压加氢液化的技术参数、工艺特点、煤耗和产品的费用,探讨了褐煤低压加氢液化下游产品的开发,认为开发高附加值油品以及针状焦、泡沫炭、碳纤维等碳材料可显著提高低压加氢液化的经济效益。     

褐煤质量和工艺参数对褐煤加氢液化的影响

在褐煤加氢液化(HVB)工艺开发期间,研究了各种参数对工艺过程的影响。本文报告了褐煤性质对工艺过程的影响,结果表明:(1)莱茵褐煤岩相组成对HVB工艺实际上没有影响;(2)由于褐煤灰分组成而产生的沉积,通过事先对煤加以特殊的热处理可以克服;(3)褐煤水分含量对HVB工艺在工业上实施是不太重要的。     

褐煤液化新技术与50吨/日试验厂

1.前言全世界的煤炭资源大约有11万亿吨,褐煤所占的比例约为20％。但是由于褐煤是一种低品位煤,所以其应用范围很有限。不过,早在第二次世界大战之前,德国就在煤炭液化技术领域,取得了进展,使褐煤作为直接液化的原料来利用这一愿望,出现了变为现实的可能性。根据三夏银计划(日本的一项太阳能开发研究计划),日本的两项煤炭液化计划,进入了中间试验阶段,其中之一,就是以澳大利亚的维多利亚洲的褐煤资源为对象,所进行的液化工艺的开发。本文就是关于这项褐煤液化计划的简明介绍。     

基于湿法气化的褐煤液化分级转化技术

分析了褐煤液化理论及影响因素,结合湿法气化技术,提出褐煤部分液化、液化残渣气化的分级转化技术,探索褐煤综合化、洁净化、集成化的利用途径。分析表明,褐煤具有较高的加氢液化活性,通过气化与液化技术结合,能够实现褐煤的高效利用。     

褐煤干燥成型工艺技术综述

褐煤干燥成型技术是将成本低廉的富含水分的褐煤在一定温度下经脱水后转化成为具有类似烟煤性质的提质煤。提质后的褐煤更有利于综合利用、运输和贮存,且具有可观的经济价值。介绍了国外7种褐煤干燥工艺技术和褐煤热压成型技术;着重论述了管式间接干燥工艺和高压热压成型工艺的干燥过程、成型过程、工艺特点及优缺点;通过工艺设计数据、物料衡算基准和关键设备配置,例举了褐煤干燥成型工艺设计应用实例;分析和论证了褐煤成型过程的性能保证和安全性保障。对褐煤干燥成型生产装置进行了技术经济评价,结果表明：建设1套百万吨级的褐煤干燥成型工厂,其建设投资约为3.8亿元,型煤加工成本约为60元/t。     

煤炭直接液化技术研究

我国煤炭直接液化技术研究已达到国际先进水平．兖州、天祝、神府烟煤和先锋．沈北、东胜褐煤都是较好的直接液化原料煤。煤直接液化的馏分油最适宜生产高辛烷值汽油、优质喷气燃料和催化重整制取芳烃原料油．两段催化液化由1t无水无灰煤生产5bb1馏分油．煤油共炼与直接液化相比较，简化了工艺过程，改进了馏分油产率和质量。我国煤直接工艺发展方向是煤油共炼或两段催化液化工艺。     

文摘

使用一氧化碳和水的煤液化--一种利用原民德软褐煤的替代方法本文概述了用 CO 和水对褐煤液化的发展简史和工艺原理,20世纪20年代由 Fisc-her,Tropsch 和 Schrader 曾对该技术进行过研究。七十年代,美国人 Severson,Stein-berg 和 Appell 以及联邦德国的 Oehlert 对     

液化天然气装置净化与液化工艺关键技术研究

LNG技术是一种将天然气以液态的形式储存技术,便于管道装置的储存以及运输工作。以某地区液化天然气工程为例,首先是对原料气组分进行分析,根据原料气成分与各项成分含量标准要求进行选择合适的脱除工艺,选取MDEA剂脱除酸性气体和分子筛脱水等净化工艺。在液化工艺方面,主要分析了阶式制冷液化工艺与复迭式制冷液化工艺,从能耗、投资、回收期、税前内部收益率、设备数量、处理复杂程度、操作方面以及技术成熟度方面对比,优选出复叠式制冷液化工艺,该液化工艺在达到理想液化率97.3%的情况下,综合指标优于阶式制冷液化工艺,而且目前该技术使用比较成熟,设备数量少,占地面积小,是一种操作简单、处理高效的液化工艺,建议采用MDEA剂脱除酸性气体+分子筛脱水+复迭式制冷液化工艺。     

Biomedical implications of altered product composition in advanced coal liquefaction processes

Chemical and toxicologic characteristics of direct coal liquefaction materials are highly dependent upon the specific process operations by which the coal liquids were produced, including, in particular, those that affect boiling point range and degree of hydrogen incorporation. Recent advances in direct coal liquefaction technology, such as the use of catalytic hydrogenation, reduced liquefaction severity and lowering the upper temperature cut point for the distillation of fuels, have resulted in products with higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratios and lower heteroatom content. These higher-quality fuels tend to be less mutagenic and carcinogenic in laboratory assays than earlier coal liquefaction products. It is likely that application of postproduction hydrotreatment, as well as restriction of upper distillation temperature, for coal-based fuel products could result in materials that exhibit mutagenic or carcinogenic activity which is no greater than that of their petroleum-derived counterparts.     

煤直接液化制油技术研究现状及展望

煤直接液化制油技术是促进煤炭清洁高效利用、缓解石油供需矛盾、保障我国能源安全的重要途径。为全面了解煤液化反应机理、动力学、催化剂及工艺的全过程,促进煤直接液化技术基础研究的快速进步和新工艺的开发,笔者综述了国内外在煤加氢液化反应机理、反应动力学、催化剂以及液化工艺方面取得的研究成果,重点介绍了德国IGOR、日本NEDOL和我国的神华煤液化工艺,分析了这些典型煤液化工艺的开发历程和特点;指明了煤直接液化制油技术发展趋势。煤的加氢液化反应是自由基反应机理,是一系列顺序反应和平行反应的综合结果,包含煤的热解、自由基加氢、脱杂原子和缩合反应等,总体上以顺序反应为主。借助同位素示踪、原位实时检测、等离子体技术以及微波快速加热技术等现代分析方法和试验手段,重点研究自由基的产生速率、活性氢产生速率及定量传递机理,有助于深入认识和精准阐明煤加氢液化反应机理。各国学者利用不同的研究方法,针对不同煤种、催化剂、工艺条件和供氢溶剂等,建立了各种各样的动力学模型。动力学模型从单组分到双组分和多组分,从连续反应、平行反应到复杂的网络反应,从最初的一步反应到后来较为合理的多段反应,模型越来越复杂,越来越接近工业应用。根据反应阶段不同进行分段处理的多组分"集总"反应动力学模型将是今后煤加氢液化反应动力学发展的主要方向。借助先进分析手段及科学的处理方法,建立真正揭示不同条件下煤液化动力学规律的通用型动力学模型是未来的发展趋势。借助纳米合成、等离子体等高新技术,调控组分配伍、降低催化剂粒径、优化制备方法是制备高活性催化剂的有效手段。强化系统合理配置和优化集成,重视煤的温和液化和分级转化,优化产品结构,发展直接液化-间接液化耦合技术是煤直接液化未来的发展趋势。     

煤的直接液化与间接液化技术进展

分析了煤液化技术在我国经济发展中的战略性意义,介绍了煤液化技术,包括直接液化技术,间接液化技术,展望了我国煤液化技术的发展方向并提出了建议。     

From coal to single-stage and two-stage products: A reactive model of coal structure

Using detailed chemical analyses of both coal and products from various liquefaction schemes, molecular models have been constructed to show the steps in the conversion process, and the nature of the products. Products from short- and long-contact time dissolution are shown in relation to structures found in the parent coal. Such molecules are highly functional, high molecular weight materials, which are difficult to process by conventional methods and tend to associate causing product stability problems. In contrast, products from two-stage liquefaction have greatly reduced molecular weight and functionality, and are consequently more amenable to downstream processing. The accurate and quantitative presentation of models reflects the analytical data on the coal and liquefaction products in terms of elemental distribution, aromaticity, functional group chemistry, and reactivity.     

神华煤直接液化项目工程示范性的思考

煤直接液化是煤炭转化的高技术产业,介绍了神华煤直接液化项目进展情况,阐述了神华煤直接液化工艺流程和技术特点以及项目采用的先进技术,结合项目对煤炭液化技术的产业化进行了分析,指出神华煤直接液化项目是煤炭液化产业化发展的典范。     

甘肃省发展煤液化的前景分析

煤炭液化工艺技术已发展成熟,投入商业化是今后的发展方向;从社会效益与经济效益分析,煤炭液化前景看好;甘肃省适宜液化的煤炭资源较丰富,大有煤与天祝煤配煤液化油产率极高,进行产业化开发十分必要。     

煤炭直接液化技术及其在我国的发展

介绍了煤炭直接液化工艺过程 ,几种典型煤炭直接液化工艺特点 ,煤炭科学研究总院北京煤化学研究所的煤炭直接液化技术研究情况以及目前国内煤炭直接液化产业化进展等情况     

Improvement and characterization of an impregnated iron-based catalyst for direct coal liquefaction

An impregnation method to prepare an active iron-based catalyst for direct coal liquefaction was improved. With the same catalytic activity, the water usage in the improved method is only 1% of that used in the unmodified method. The improved method not only simplifies the impregnation procedure and reduces cost, but also generates small catalyst particle size on coal surface. Water in the coal promotes thermal liquefaction, but deactivates the impregnated catalyst (possibly due to the adsorption of H₂O molecular on the catalyst surface). Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) analyses show that the catalyst precursors prepared by both methods are in nanometer size and highly dispersed on coal surface. The irons deposited on coal surface are not only in sulfide forms, but also coordinate with oxygen from moisture- and oxygen-containing groups of coal. The impregnated iron may be composed of FeOOH and FeS or in the forms of Fe–O–S or Fe–S–O. The iron transforms to crystalline pyrrhotite in coal liquefaction.     

Differences in the behaviour of US bituminous and subbituminous coals during short contact time liquefaction

The short contact time (SCT) liquefaction of Belle Ayr subbituminous coal has been compared with that of Illinois No. 6 and Pittsburgh seam bituminous coals. Each bituminous coal was highly solubilized (90 wt%, daf coal) in 3–4 min at 450 °C and 13–16 MPa hydrogen pressure. More than 80 wt% of each coal was converted to solvent-refined coal (SRC, pyridine-soluble residuum), with only small quantities of distillate oil and C₁–C₄ gas being formed. A longer reaction (up to 30 min) gave only a small increase in total conversion, but gas and distillate yields increased significantly. Iron sulphides did not appear to catalyse coal solubilization. By contrast, only 65 wt% of the Belle Ayr coal dissolved rapidly in SCT liquefaction and pyrite addition catalysed the conversion of the remaining insoluble organic matter (IOM). With an equivalent amount of pyrite present the Belle Ayr coal also gave more C₁–C₄ gas and substantially more distillate in SCT liquefaction than the bituminous coals. These differences in product distributions obtained from bituminous and subbituminous coals in SCT liquefaction can be rationalized on the basis of differences in the structures of the starting coals. However, the origin of high IOM yields with the Belle Ayr coal remains unclear.     

神府煤高温快速液化可行性的初步研究

用共振搅拌反应器研究了神府煤的高温快速液化的可行性 ,体系中如有足够的活性氢 ,短时间内可得到很高的转化率 ,高温快速液化是可行的 .与普通液化相比较 ,高温快速液化在490℃的 6min达到最佳转化率 ,大于普通液化 430℃ ,60 min的转化率 ,并且液化产物绝大多数是轻质物 ,可见高温快速液化降低了能耗 ,提高了过程效率 .