南美白对虾冰温气调保鲜效果评价

将鲜南美白对虾进行空气包装(AP)、真空包装(VP)、气调包装(MAP,75% CO2/25% N2),分别冰温(－2.3～0℃)贮藏和冰藏,通过研究样品贮藏过程中多酚氧化酶(PPO)活力、总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数(TPC)、汁液流失率(DL)的变化,结合感官指标评价冰温气调保鲜的效果。结果表明：南美白对虾的PPO活力变化与腐败变质同步;冰温结合MAP能有效防止褐变,货架期可达10d,比冰藏结合AP延长了约3倍,此时样品色泽良好,TPC、TVB-N、DL分别为5.4(lg(CFU/g))、25.6mg/100g、3.13%,而其他包装样品已腐败。VP也能较好的保持色泽,但贮藏后期汁液流失相对严重,影响外观。     

Quality of Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) Fillets during Modified Atmosphere Storage

Sensory, physical, biochemical and microbial quality were investigated in mackerel fillets stored under CO₂ modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) at -2°C for 21 days. Packaging gas composition remained constant during storage. An experienced sensory panel found seaweedy and cucumber-like odors (raw) decreased whereas sourness corresponded with lactic acid bacteria increase. Both sensory (raw) fillet ‘yellowness’ and Hunter ‘b’ values increased. Visual (cooked) moistness and expressible fluid decreased but no difference was found in cooking losses. Small increases in total volatile base-nitrogen and trimethylamine-nitrogen paralleled aerobic plate counts; ethanol increased linearly. Coliforms, yeasts and molds were detected at < 10 CFU/g. CO₂ MAP storage at – 2°C can maintain Grade 1 shelf-life extension for ≥ 21 days     

Impact of the O2 Concentrations on Bacterial Communities and Quality of Modified Atmosphere Packaged Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei)

The importance of spoilage‐related bacteria in fresh Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under different modified atmospheres (MAs) at 4 °C and the effect of O₂ were demonstrated in the current study. The changes of bacterial communities in MA‐packed shrimp during cold storage were studied by a combined method of plate counts with isolation and identification. Three gas mixtures were applied: 80% CO₂/5% O₂/15% N₂, 80% CO₂/10% O₂/10% N₂ and 80% CO₂/20% O₂, and unsealed packages of shrimp were used as the control. In addition, the TVB‐N, pH, whiteness index, and sensory scores were also determined to evaluate the quality changes of shrimp. MA packaging effectively inhibited the increase of total psychrotrophic bacteria counts and H₂S‐producing bacteria counts by about 1.7 and 2.1 log cycles, respectively. The growth of Gram‐negative spoilage bacteria in shrimp, including Shewanella spp., Aeromonas spp., and Pseudomonas spp., was inhibited by MA packaging, but the growth rate of Gram‐positive bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Brochothrix spp. were less affected by MA as effectively as Gram‐negative bacteria. In comparison with the MA‐packaged samples, the counts of H₂S producers in shrimp under a CO₂‐enriched atmosphere with 20% O₂ were slightly lower than the count in samples under an atmosphere with 5% O₂. However, MA with 20% O₂ led to higher concentrations of TVB‐N, and lower whiteness values and sensory scores. The shelf life of shrimp under 80% CO₂/10% O₂/10% N₂ has been prolonged by > 6 d in comparison with the control according to the sensory scores.     

气调包装对杨桃贮藏品质的影响

以香蜜甜杨桃为材料,研究12℃条件下、非气调包装、被动气调包装(初始气体比例为21%O2+0%CO2+79%N2)和主动气调包装(初始气体比例为5%O2+5%CO2+90%N2)对杨桃果实保鲜效果的影响。结果表明:与非气调包装相比,被动气调包装和主动气调包装在一定程度上延迟了杨桃色泽的黄化,使果实的失重率维持在2%以内,果实硬度维持在0.4 MPa以上,3种包装在这3个指标的测量值上差异显著(P≤0.05)。对可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、VC的含量和pH值的维持效果来说,主动气调包装比被动气调包装的维持效果好,两者的差异极显著(P≤0.05)。被动气调包装与主动气调包装的总酚和类黄酮含量得到有效地维持,两者无显著差异(P≤0.05)。与非气调包装相比,主、被动气调包装都抑制了过氧化物酶的活力,使其达峰时间从25 d推迟到35d。果皮色泽、失重率和硬度可作为杨桃是否衰老的指标,非气调包装、被动气调包装和主动气调包装的杨桃的货架期分别为20～25 d,25～35 d和35～40 d。     

气调保鲜包装初始气体浓度配比对番木瓜品质的影响

采用厚度75.8μm的PP复合膜对番木瓜室温下气调保鲜包装的技术进行研究。结果表明:气调保鲜技术可以降低番木瓜失水率、减缓表面变黄速率、防止硬度下降、减少可溶性固形物含量、防止VC的大量损失。评定指标选用了硬度、色泽、失水率、VC含量、可溶性固形物、pH值、感官评定。结论得出:番木瓜气调保鲜包装的平衡气体浓度为O24.2%～4.9%,CO27.3%～7.9%;番木瓜气调保鲜包装内气体最佳初始浓度为3%O2、9%CO2、88%N2;测得室温下气调包装达到平衡时,番木瓜的呼吸强度为0.2～0.4ml/kg·hCO2。     

Modified Atmosphere Maintains Quality of Fresh-cut Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.)

ABSTRACT: Fresh-cut cantaloupe cubes were placed in film-sealed containers in which the internal gas mixture was attained naturally (nMAP), was flushed with 4 kPa O₂ plus 10 kPa CO₂ (fMAP), or was maintained near atmospheric levels by perforating the film (PFP). While both nMAP and fMAP maintained the salable quality of melon cubes for 9 d at 5°C, fMAP maintained quality better than nMAP. The benefit of fMAP was indicated by better color retention, and by reduced translucency, respiration rate, and microbial population compared with nMAP. Shelf life of cubes in PFP was only 5 to 7 d at 5°C, and its rapid decline was due to tissue translucency and/or off-odor development.     

Nutritional quality of red shrimp,Aristeus antennatus (Risso), pink shrimp,Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas), and Norway lobster,Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus)

The proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, lipid classes and cholesterol and glycogen contents were determined in the edible part of red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus (Risso), pink shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas), and Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus), in two distinct periods of the year. The proximate composition did not vary significantly between species or between periods of sampling. Significant differences in glycogen content were obtained between winter and summer; the lowest values were attained in winter (1.2, 1.1 and 1.0% wet weight for red shrimp, pink shrimp and Norway lobster respectively). With the exception of Norway lobster, an opposite trend was obtained for cholesterol content, ie lower values in summer (60.8 and 57.8 mg per 100 g wet weight for red shrimp and pink shrimp respectively). The major essential amino acids (EAA) were arginine, lysine and leucine and the limiting amino acid was methionine in all three crustacean species. The most important non‐essential amino acids (NEAA) were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline and glycine. In respect to lipid classes, phospholipids and free cholesterol predominated. The major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:1n‐9, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3. The polyunsaturated fraction was dominant (42.1–48.4%), followed by the monounsaturated (26.3–34.6%) and saturated (22.9–27.4%) fatty acids. In conclusion, the nutritional quality of these shellfish species is similar, they are valuable protein and lipid sources for the human diet and are adequate elements of the traditional Portuguese diet. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

气调包装军曹鱼片在冰温保鲜期间的品质变化分析

为了探明气调包装军曹鱼片在冰温保鲜期间的品质变化,本文以空气包装和真空包装为对照,研究了气调包装军曹鱼片在冰温贮藏期间的K值、细菌总数、TVB-N、pH值、持水性、汁液流失率、感官评价、质构等品质指标的变化规律。结果表明:气调包装鱼片的鲜度指标K值达到初期腐败值60%和细菌总数的最大限值106 CFU/g是18 d,比空气包装和真空包装分别延长了6 d和2 d,达到TVB-N含量最大限值0.30 mg/g是23 d,比空气组和真空组延长了9 d和7 d。气调包装样品的汁液流失率、pH值升高速度较对照组缓慢;气调包装鱼片的持水率、感官品质、质构参数、色泽的变化较对照组小。综合比较表明,冰温气调包装军曹鱼片比空气包装和真空包装分别延长了8~10 d和2~6 d的贮藏期,说明冰温气调包装具有较明显的延缓军曹鱼片的腐败变质,更适合应用于高品质军曹鱼片的保鲜贮藏。     

Analysis of Volatile Compounds from Strawberry Fruit Stored under Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)

Volatile compounds were extracted from strawberries stored at 1°C for 10 days under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions in high barrier pouches flushed with either carbon dioxide, mixed gas, or air, and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Canonical variate analysis based on 25 selected volatile compounds classified the samples according to treatment and/or quality level. Unpackaged samples, MAP samples treated with air or mixed gas kept in storage for 3 days, and strawberries evaluated at day 0 were all initially different from strawberries held in carbon dioxide. After 10 days storage, all MAP strawberries were classified close together and quality attribute scores were lower.     

气调包装对鲜切菠萝品质的影响分析

该试验研究了包装材料对鲜切菠萝贮藏品质的影响。采用自发气调袋包装鲜切菠萝,对照组选用普通菠萝保鲜袋,置于4 ℃低温贮藏。测评了鲜切菠萝感官评价,探究了包装袋气体成分变化、硬度、可溶性固形物（TSS）、可滴定酸（TA）、抗坏血酸（Vc）、丙二醛（MDA）、乙醇等各项指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,气调袋包装的鲜切菠萝在贮藏期间O2浓度保持在11.29%以上,CO2浓度保持在3.03%以下,贮藏12 d感官得分为9.67分,硬度下降11.17%,TSS下降19.44%,TA下降12.14%,Vc含量下降21.78%,有效缓解了鲜切菠萝各生理指标下降的趋势。与普通保鲜袋相比,气调袋抑制了菠萝MDA含量和乙醇含量的增加,普通袋MDA含量为3.52 μmol/g,而气调袋为2.99 μmol/g,缓解了鲜切菠萝的膜脂过氧化;普通袋乙醇含量高达615.9 μg/g,而气调袋乙醇含量仅为120.68 μg/g,大大减少了菠萝在贮藏期间无氧呼吸产生乙醇。因此,采用自发气调袋包装有效的保持了鲜切菠萝的品质,延长了鲜切菠萝的贮藏期,具有广阔的市场前景。     

Antimicrobial Effects of Vapor Phase Thymol,Modified Atmosphere,and Their Combination against Salmonella spp. on Raw Shrimp

Salmonella contamination on raw shrimp is a big food safety concern in the United States currently. This research evaluated the inhibition effects of vapor phase thymol, modified atmosphere (MA), and their combination against Salmonella spp. on raw shrimp. Growth profiles of a Salmonella spp. cocktail (6 strains), inoculated onto the surface of raw shrimp, treated with vapor phase thymol at 3 levels (0, 0.8, and 1.6 mg/L), or MA (59.5% CO₂ + 39.5% N₂ + 1% O₂), both alone and in combination, at 3 temperatures (8, 12, and 16 ºC), were determined. Lag time and maximum growth rate of Salmonella spp. under each treatment were obtained using Baranyi and Roberts models. Results indicated that both vapor phase thymol and MA treatments alone inhibited the growth potential of Salmonella spp. effectively, extending the lag time by 10% to 100% and reducing the maximum growth rate by 14% to 71% compared with controlled samples at experimental temperatures (8, 12, and 16 ºC). Combination treatments of vapor phase thymol and MA exhibited greater inhibition effectiveness than each individual treatment and a synergistic antimicrobial effectiveness could be observed on the lag time extension. To the maximum, at 12 ºC, lag time of Salmonella spp. was extended 59.6% more by the combination treatment of 0.8 mg/L thymol + MA (36.97 h) than those effects combined from 0.8 mg/L thymol treatment and MA treatment alone (23.16 h in total). This combination strategy could be potentially utilized for Salmonella inhibition during the long distance and temperature‐abused raw shrimp import process. Practical Application The vapor phase thymol + MA combination strategy could be potentially applied in temperature‐abused and long‐distance raw shrimp import process to retard the Salmonella spp. growth, therefore reducing its import rejection rate as well as enhancing its food safety level to the consumers’ concerns.     

Effectiveness of Onboard Application of 4-Hexylresorcinol in Inhibiting Melanosis in Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris)

ABSTRACT: Inhibition of melanosis in shrimp ( Parapenaeus longirostris ) captured at different times of year and treated with different 4-hexylresorcinol-based formulations onboard ship was studied. Melanosis inhibition increased with inhibitor concentration. The 4-hexylresorcinol proved effective at extending shelf life over that of untreated shrimp at all the concentrations tested. Combining the inhibitor with citric acid, ascorbic acid, and acetic acid did not increase the extent of melanosis inhibition but did noticeably improve shrimp appearance. Adding ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium pyrophosphate to the formulation enhanced melanosis inhibition at all times of year. Spray application of the inhibitor formulation extended shelf life compared with dipping and dusting, but dusting resulted in the lowest melanosis levels for a given formulation composition and concentration.     

高体积分数CO2气调包装对冷藏凡纳滨对虾品质的影响

为研究高体积分数CO2气调包装对凡纳滨对虾品质的影响,以空气包装为对照,分别采用100% CO2、80% CO2＋20% N2和50% CO2＋10% O2＋40% N2气调包装对虾,并在（4±1）℃条件下贮藏10 d,期间每2 d测定对虾细菌总数及其挥发性盐基氮值、肌肉纤维长度、硬度、多酚氧化酶活性、白度、感官评分的变化。结果表明：在冷藏条件下,高体积分数CO2气调包装能有效抑制细菌的生长繁殖和多酚氧化酶的活性,且CO2体积分数越高抑制效果越明显;但100% CO2处理的对虾与80% CO2组相比,其样品挥发性盐基氮值较高,肌肉纤维长度和硬度均较小,感官品质较差;50% CO2组对虾白度较低,与空白对照组差异不明显。因此,所选取高体积分数CO2气调包装中,80% CO2组的保鲜效果最佳,能有效延长凡纳滨对虾的冷藏货架期至8 d。     

气调包装对牛肉保鲜效果的影响

冷却牛肉的嫩化及保鲜问题在一定程度上制约了冷却牛肉的普及和发展,气调包装是一种通过调节和控制食品所处环境中气体组成的保鲜方法,并在一定时间内保持相对稳定,以抑制或延缓产品的变质过程,从而达到延长保鲜期和提高保鲜效果的目的。本实验以牛肉为包装对象,通过研究5种不同透气性包装材料在气调包装(45%氧气+30%二氧化碳+25%氮气)气体比例的充气包装方式下,每天对牛肉菌落总数、酸碱值、挥发性盐基氮值、色泽、包装袋内气体含量的变化和剪切力进行测定分析。结果表明:以聚丙烯-聚乙烯-聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的气调包装材料效果最佳。     

包装材料对高氧气调包装冷鲜肉品质变化的影响

气调包装能有效延长冷却肉的货架期,但是不同阻隔性的包装材料对冷却肉的保质期影响差异显著,因此选用3种不同阻隔性的包装材料,对冷鲜肉进行高氧气调包装(35% CO2、65% O2),测定冷鲜肉在贮藏期的菌落总数、大肠菌群、色泽、挥发性盐基态氮、汁液流失率和pH值等指标,观察不同阻隔性的材料对冷却肉货架期品质的影响。结果表明：高氧包装条件下,高阻隔材料包装的冷却肉在贮存10d菌落总数已经超标,pH值在贮存期内处于二级鲜肉的范围内;中阻隔包装材料包装的冷却肉菌落总数对数值在保质期内未超过6(lg(CFU/g)),但是肉色保持的较好,感官评价相对较好,但是汁液流失较大;低阻隔包装材料低阻隔性的包装材料菌落变化最大,13d时菌落总数对数值达到6.46(lg(CFU/g)),肉的色泽相对较差,气味和总体可接受性也较差,因此,中阻隔性包装材料效果较好。     

Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Fennel

Fennel was washed on the butt‐end cut with ascorbic (1%) and citric (5%) acids and packed in polypropylene (PP) baskets sealed with PP film to generate a modified atmosphere. As a control, perforated PP was used. Storage conditions were 14 d at 0 °C followed by 4 d in air at 15 °C. Chemical and sensory quality attributes were monitored. No browning of external leaves developed. Modified atmosphere of 16 to 17% O² and 3 to 4% CO² was able to inhibit browning of the butt‐end cut, the main factor for keeping quality of fennel, but treatments with antioxidants did not. In all treatments, green color and firmness decreased, although under modified atmosphere the best results for keeping fennel quality were found.     

气调包装对馒头品质及保鲜效果的影响

为延长馒头的货架期,研究了气调包装对馒头品质及保鲜效果的影响。在馒头冷却过程中辅以紫外照射,采用不同的气体条件(100%N_2,80%N_2和20%CO_2,50%N_2和50%CO2,20%N2和80%CO_2)对馒头进行包装,以空气包装为对照,测定馒头在25℃贮藏过程中微生物、理化及感官评定指标的变化。结果表明:紫外照射可有效防止二次污染。贮藏过程中馒头的菌落总数整体呈现上升趋势,包装顶空CO_2浓度越大,抑菌效果越显著,20%N2和80%CO_2气调包装的馒头在贮藏8 d后,菌落总数仍低于104cfu/g;馒头的水分含量和L*值逐渐下降;a*值、b*值和硬度呈现上升的趋势,感官上保持了馒头原有的色泽、风味和质地。高浓度CO_2的气调包装是保鲜馒头的理想手段,可将馒头的货架期延长至8 d以上。     

气调保鲜包装技术在食品包装中的应用

气调保鲜包装技术可调节不同比例的气体组合,适应多种被包装食品的要求,延长食品的保鲜期,能保证食品果蔬的原汁、原味、原貌。文中介绍了气调保鲜包装技术的原理以及在食品和果蔬等产品包装中的应用,探讨了其保鲜包装方法和特点。     

Fresh Mushroom Quality as Affected by Modified Atmosphere Packaging

The effect of O₂ concentration, at 2–6% CO₂ on shelf-life of fresh mushrooms in modified atmosphere packages (MAP) was studied. For conventional mushrooms optimum in-package O₂ was 6% to reduce cap development. Mushrooms irrigated with 0.3% calcium chloride during cropping had a higher rate of maturation and optimum O₂ was 2% during storage. At this low O₂ concentration, however, storage may be potentially hazardous and is not recommended. Surface moisture of mushrooms significantly increased during storage and may have obscured any beneficial effect of MAP on mushroom color. Precise control of relative humidity in the package is recommended.     

Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Minimally Processed Mango and Pineapple Fruits

ABSTRACT: Market increase efforts for tropical fruits have been previously limited by short shelf life. A modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) system for pineapple and mango was developed to increase shelf life of the fruits. Sample preparation consisted of hand-peeling, dicing, blanching, dipping in ascorbic acid and packaging. The treatments were: gas mixture (4% O₂, 10% CO₂ and 86% N2); vacuum packaging; 100% oxygen, and control. Microbial growth, texture, and color were significantly (P < 0.005) different between the gas and other treatments. The gas mixture treatment achieved the longest shelf life. The sensory analysis showed slight difference between fresh and MAP mango and no difference between fresh and MAP pineapple. MAP could be used as a technology to extend the shelf life of mango and pineapple.