平面应力状态“铁素体-奥氏体-铁素体”异质接头疲劳特性

针对10Ni5Cr Mo V钢采用0Cr18Ni24Mo6N奥氏体焊条焊接形成的"铁素体-奥氏体-铁素体"异质接头,采用薄片试样疲劳试验研究了无加强高和带加强高两种情况下平面应力状态接头的疲劳行为,并建立了带加强高接头S-N疲劳曲线。结果表明,无加强高情况下疲劳裂纹在焊缝金属内启裂并扩展;带加强高情况下疲劳裂纹在焊趾处启裂、并近似垂直载荷方向在母材内扩展至断裂,寿命较无加强高情况大幅降低,且启裂寿命占疲劳总寿命的比例较高,达到70%—80%。     

P92钢等离子弧焊接接头原位拉伸的SEM观察研究

针对6 mm厚P92钢等离子弧焊接接头,利用带动态拉伸台的高分辨扫描电镜对接头的不同区域进行原位拉伸实验,通过试样动态断裂过程观察并结合断口分析研究了P92钢等离子弧焊接接头各区的微观断裂机理.结果表明:接头焊缝区在拉伸过程中经历了前期的钝化伸张区之后,裂纹起裂于中间相M23 C6处,而焊缝区的裂纹扩展路径沿着中间相M23 C6前进,并在断面上形成了撕裂脊,属于穿层断裂;热影响区是P92焊接接头的最薄弱环节,裂纹起裂于中间相M23 C6处,其断口起裂的孕育阶段基本没有前期的钝化,即前期的塑性裂纹的扩展长度Xf=0,裂纹以沿层断裂模式进行扩展,在断口处有分层现象,最终断面呈现出裂纹以解理断裂模式进行扩展;母材区的拉伸试样在经历了钝化伸张区之后,前期的裂纹以塑性断裂模式进行扩展,裂纹在扩展过程中遇到较多的中间相M23 C6时形成应力集中,同时在其附近出现空洞,此时裂纹以解理断裂模式进行扩展,属于沿层断裂.     

球罐钢焊接接头断裂韧性研究

用多试样阻力曲线法和剖面法测定了球罐钢ＢＰ４６０ＮＬＩ焊接接头的裂纹尖端张开位移特征值，得出了裂尖伸张区达到饱和时的启裂值δｉｓ在母材，焊缝，熔合线和热影响区中的分布，并用金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察了焊接接头各区的显微组织和断裂形态。     

高速列车用铝合金型材激光-MIG复合焊工艺特性和接头性能

激光-MIG复合焊是实现高速列车铝合金车体优质、高效、低成本焊接制造的理想技术。针对高速列车铝合金车体用的3 mm厚6A01-T5铝合金型材，开展激光-MIG复合焊工艺试验，研究工艺参数对焊缝成形及气孔缺陷的影响规律，分析接头的组织特征、硬度分布、拉伸及疲劳性能。结果表明:在满足焊缝熔透条件下，较小的激光功率、较小的电弧电流或较低的焊接速度有益于减少气孔缺陷;接头组织从焊缝中心到母材依次是等轴晶区、柱状晶区、半熔化区、过时效区和母材区，相比电弧主要作用区，激光主要作用区的等轴晶尺寸更小且半熔化区宽度更窄。接头存在软化现象，焊缝区硬度最低，热影响区宽度约1.5 mm;接头的平均抗拉强度达197.5 MPa，为母材抗拉强度的80.6%，试样断裂于焊缝区，表现为明显的韧性断裂特征;接头的疲劳强度为93.5 MPa，裂纹萌生于焊缝表面的组织疏松处，裂纹扩展区断口呈现明显的韧性断裂和脆性断裂的混合断裂特征。     

铜-钢电子束焊接材料的疲劳特性EI北大核心

异种金属焊接构件的疲劳性能对于航天器的服役可靠性具有重要影响。探索了Cr0.8铜合金和1Cr21Ni5Ti不锈钢异种金属焊接接头的疲劳寿命和疲劳断裂机制,采用合理的电子束焊接工艺制备得到铜-钢复合板。利用金相显微镜表征和分析焊缝处的组织与成分,使用电子拉伸试验机和疲劳试验机对焊接接头进行力学性能测试,利用扫描电镜观察不同周次断裂下的疲劳断口。结果显示:两种金属整体冶金结合情况良好,但是钢侧局部熔合区面积较大且由钢基体伸入到焊缝中;铜-钢电子束焊接接头的拉伸试样均断裂于焊缝最小截面处,疲劳试样的平均疲劳极限值为48.04 MPa,且均起裂于焊缝最小截面处;高周疲劳试样在焊缝上表面端点处观察到单一裂纹源,低周疲劳试样观察到较多裂纹源分布于焊缝上下表面及内部,两者的最终断裂区均位于铜合金基体。可见在疲劳断裂过程中,焊接试样在高周和低周断裂下的裂纹源数量存在差异,但是裂纹均易萌生于焊缝最小截面处,且向铜合金基体进行扩展。     

6082铝合金摩擦塞补焊接头微观组织与性能

在不同的焊接转速下,对5 mm厚的6082铝合金进行顶锻式摩擦塞补焊实验研究,分析了塞补焊接头的金属流动性、微观组织、第二相分布、温度场、力学性能、显微硬度以及断口形貌特征。结果表明:塞补焊接头截面上层金属流动性明显优于下层;焊缝根部受摩擦热最低且金属流动性差,使其成为整个塞补焊接头的薄弱区;在摩擦界面区,塞棒大量细密的等轴晶穿插进母材板条状的晶粒中,实现了塞补焊接头的紧密连接;焊接接头不同区域β(Mg_2Si)相的大小、数量及方向均有不同程度的变化;在焊接转速2 200 r/min下,焊接接头力学性能最好,接头抗拉强度达到母材的75%以上,断后伸长率达到了母材的64%以上;焊接接头断裂在塞孔与塞棒之间的摩擦界面区,裂纹从焊缝根部弱连接区域起裂并向焊缝表面扩展,断裂方式为韧性断裂;整个塞补焊接头母材侧热机影响区和热影响区结合处软化最为严重,硬度值在(60±5) HV之间。     

钛/铝异种合金脉冲激光焊接接头裂纹产生机理

目的 对0.8 mm厚的Ti6Al4V钛合金和2 mm厚的AA6060铝合金薄板进行脉冲激光焊接,分析异种轻合金激光焊接裂纹产生的机理及界面结合机理。方法 采用扫描电镜、EDS能谱以及显微硬度计等微观表征分析方法,对焊接接头的形貌特征、成分以及显微硬度进行分析,探索焊接接头处裂纹产生的原因。结果 钛/铝脉冲激光焊接性较差,接头存在严重的裂纹缺陷,裂纹多集中在焊缝与铝母材交界处以及焊缝中心区域位置,主要以热裂纹为主;接头焊缝可能存在大量的Ti-Al金属间化合物以及少量未熔的钛,其界面层主要成分推测为层状TiAl和外层锯齿状的TiAl3;接头整个焊缝区域的平均显微硬度为HV0.1420,其硬度水平远远高于焊缝两侧铝合金母材,也高出钛合金母材很多。结论 钛铝金属间化合物使钛铝焊接接头焊缝区脆性增大,另外接头焊缝区存在较大的组织应力、热应力、拉压应力、拘束应力等复杂应力,致使焊缝内存在较严重的裂纹缺陷。     

316L不锈钢焊接接头高温低周期疲劳显微结构变化和断裂特征

本研究对316L奥氏体不锈钢母材和焊缝分别进行高温低周疲劳试验,对试样的微观结构和裂纹扩展形貌进行观察,分析母材和焊缝在高温低周疲劳循环应力响应下的位错结构和损伤机制。结果表明,316L奥氏体不锈钢母材在试验过程中由于位错增殖和位错湮灭导致发生循环硬化和循环稳定,在焊缝中由于位错湮灭导致发生循环软化。母材和焊缝在连续低周疲劳试验中裂纹主要以穿晶方式扩展,焊接接头处孔洞的连接是最终导致焊接接头疲劳断裂的主要机制。     

C—Mn钢焊接接头的解理断裂应力的研究

测定了Ｃ－Ｍｎ钢焊接接头不同焊缝百分含量ｗ％的光滑试样,缺口试样和裂纹试样的解理断裂应力,发现不同试样有两个解理断裂应力表征了解理断裂起裂于母材、焊颖两区。而且发现裂纹试验解理断裂应力比缺口试样高,缺口试样解理断裂应力比光滑试样高,其原因是因为裂纹试样解理断裂临界事件最小,光滑试样最大。     

高速列车A6005A铝合金焊接接头断裂韧性研究

为了研究高速列车常用A6005A铝合金材料抵抗裂纹扩展能力,对其焊接接头断裂韧性和冲击韧性进行了求解.采用三点弯曲法、扫描电子显微镜等求出焊接接头各部位冲击韧性、断裂韧性以及断口形貌,得到断裂韧性CTOD值δm(8)和J积分值Jm(8).试验结果表明,热影响区的冲击功为16.3 J;母材冲击功为11.5 J;焊缝区域最差,冲击功为5.5 J.CTOD数据表明,HAZ处δm(8)=0.373 9 mm,母材δm(8)=0.089 2 mm,焊缝δm(8)=0.069 7 mm.J积分数据表明,HAZ处Jm(8)=109.454 kJ/m2,母材Jm(8)=38.249 kJ/m2,焊缝Jm(8)=16.231 kJ/m2.热影响区断口上韧窝比母材上韧窝大,其韧性更好.焊缝上气孔、夹杂较多,其塑性较差,冲击吸收功很低.冲击韧性和断裂韧性表征规律一样,热影响区值抵抗裂纹扩展能力最好,母材次之,焊缝区最差.     

Effect of laser beam welding on fracture toughness of a Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy sheet

Investigation of fracture toughness on Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy thin sheet and its laser-welded joints has been carried out. In the test compact tension (CT) specimens and single specimen technology were used. In addition, hardness distribution and microstructure of the welded joints were examined. Fracture test indicates that brittle unstable fracture occurs after slow crack propagation for all the specimens, except that one heat affected zone (HAZ) specimen is brittle crack initiation. It is found that rolling directions have no obvious effect on fracture toughness of base metal. Moreover, fracture toughness of weld metal is obviously decreased in comparison with base metal whatever in as-welded condition or in stress relief condition. Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) leads to fracture toughness of the welds further decreasing. Fractography observation shows that the fracture mode is predominantly dimpled in base metal. However, there exists intergranular fracture in the weld metal. Thus, the transition of fracture mode from both base metal and HAZ to weld metal may lead to dramatic decrease in fracture toughness. Microstructure examination reveals that the microstructure of weld metal consists of large grains with fine acicular structure. The formation of fine α acicular structure is due to rapid cooling during laser welding. After PWHT, the acicular structure is coarsened.     

Fracture behaviour of specimens with surface notch tip in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of strength mis-matched welded joints

The generally accepted conditions for the strength overmatched welded joints of high strength steel are not clearly defined. In this paper, the fracture mechanics analysis of specimens, with surface notch tips completely embedded in the heat affected zones was conducted. The results showed that the strength of mismatching of a welded joint caused a redirection of the crack propagation towards the low strength region of the welded joint. This redirection of the crack propagation affected the values of the critical CTOD. In the cases of the overmatched welded joints containing a soft root layer it is possible to achieve a comparable fracture behaviour related to the homogeneous overmatched welded joint if the impact toughness of the soft root layer is higher than the impact toughness of the overmatched weld metal. Such a type of welded joint is therefore preferable for the welding of high strength low alloy steels, because it enables the manufacturing of a welded joint without preheating.     

Correlation between microstructure evolution and cryogenic fracture toughness in aging ITER-grade 316LN weldments

In the present work, the correlation between microstructural evolution and fracture toughness in 316LN joints welded by Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) was investigated. The effect of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure and toughness was characterized. The welding process can significantly change the equiaxed grains of base metal to cells and dendrites, while the PWHT can increase the dendrite size, mitigate the texutre intensity, reduce the dislocation density, and slightly weaken the ultimate tensile strength of the joints. Fracture toughness tests reveal that the strain-induced martensitic transformation at cryogenic temperatures can remarkably deteriorate the fracture toughness. Due to the microstructural evolution during PWHT, the J-integral values at 77 K and 4.2 K decrese to 85% and 54% of those in the as-welded conditions, respectively. The fracture morphology of the as-welded joint shows a characterization of ductile fracture, while the PWHT joint features a mixture of ductile and brittle fracture.     

TC4钛合金薄板激光焊接头疲劳性能研究

研究了TC4钛合金薄板母材及其激光焊接头的拉伸和疲劳性能.结果表明:与母材相比激光焊接头的强度升高,延伸率下降;拉伸试样均断在母材.激光焊接头的疲劳寿命在低应力水平时高于母材,而在高应力水平时低于母材.在疲劳扩展区,母材为韧性穿晶断裂,熔合区则呈现出韧性和脆性相混合的断裂形貌;在瞬断区,母材由等轴韧窝组成,而熔合区主要为粗大的穿晶解理平面.     

Effect of mechanical mismatching on the ductile-to-brittle transition curve of welded joints

The effect of mechanical mismatching (ratio between the yield strength of base and weld metal) on the toughness of welded joints at different temperatures was analysed and the ductile-to-brittle transition curves of these welded joints were experimentally obtained. The filler metal of the joints was always the same, varying the base metal and the width of the welded zone. Two base metals were selected, one with a higher strength than the filler metal (undermatched joint) and the other with a lower strength than the filler metal (overmatched joint). In addition, the joints were made using two different weld widths, 20 and 10 mm.The fracture behaviour of the joints were determined at different temperatures using SE(B) specimens provided with short cracks (a/W = 0.22). Besides, long crack specimens (a/W = 0.5) were also used for comparison. In the case of overmatched joints, the J-values for ductile crack growth are larger than for the undermatched joints. In addition, the ductile-to-brittle transition curve is displaced towards lower-temperatures and higher-toughness values and the toughness for cleavage fracture is also larger for overmatching than for undermatching. All these effects are more significant as the weld width decreases and have been explained in terms of constraint modifications.     

Microstructure and fracture mechanism of a flash butt welded 380CL steel

High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels have been widely used in the manufacture of wheel rim on account of the higher strength and larger elongation compared to the traditional low carbon steels. This experimental investigation was aimed to evaluate the microstructure and fracture mechanism of a flash butt welded 380CL steel by comparing the failed wheel rim and the survived wheel rim. The results showed that the continuous banded structure in the HAZ and the serious Widmanstatten ferrite in the weld were the major reasons for the failure of the wheel rim. The micro-hardness of two joints was similar in the overall profile. For the joint of the failed rim, the micro-hardness at the weld was the highest at 254 HV and the lowest micro-hardness value was in the HAZ. The high yield ratio of the failed wheel rim resulted in poor formability in the flaring process. The fracture mechanism of the failed rim was the mixture of ductile and brittle fracture modes. The crack initiation was the fusion zone of the weld having highest micro-hardness, then the cracking propagated along the weld metal to the middle of the wheel rim, a limited deviation was found in the terminal of the crack. The large ferrite grain in the HAZ was the main reason for the brittle–ductile transition.     

Mechanical heterogeneity and validity of J-dominance in welded joints

Fracture criterion of the J-integral finds wide application in the integrity evaluation of welded components, but there exist some confused problems such as the dependence of the fracture toughness on the strength mis-matching and specimen geometry which need to be clarified. It is rough and unsuitable to attribute the variation of J-integral fracture parameter simply to the effect of mechanical heterogeneity. In the present paper, a two-dimensional finite element method is employed to analyze the distribution and variation of crack tip field of welded joints with different strength mis-matching in four kinds of specimen geometry, and then the validity of J-dominance in welded joints is investigated. It is found that the crack tip field of mis-matched joint is different from that of either the weld metal or base metal of which the joint is composed, but it is situated between those of weld metal and base metal. Under the plane strain, there is obvious difference in stress triaxiality for different strength mis-matched joints. The validity of J-dominance in welded joint can not be obtained by comparing whether the stress triaxiality meets that required by the HRR solution because of the existence of mechanical inhomogeneity. By ascertaining if the stress triaxiality of welded joint near the crack tip is dependent of specimen geometry, the conclusion can be arrived at: for plane stress the validity of J-dominance is valid, whilst for plane strain the validity of J-dominance is lost. Based on the above, attempt has been made to point out that the influence of mechanical heterogeneity on the fracture toughness of weldment arises from the variation of constraint intensity-crack tip stress triaxiality. Compared with the effect of mechanical heterogeneity on the stress triaxiality, the losing of validity of J-dominance in mis-matched joint under plane strain may play a more critical role in the variation of J-integral fracture parameter of weldment.     

Ti40阻燃钛合金电子束焊接头组织与力学性能

采用不同工艺参数对2 mm厚Ti40阻燃钛合金进行电子束焊接(EBW),通过金相分析、电子探针(EPMA)、室温拉伸以及显微硬度测试对Ti40阻燃钛合金电子束焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能进行分析.结果表明,焊缝中分布着晶粒内部有片层状组织析出的β柱状晶和少量等轴β晶粒,熔合线到焊缝中心晶粒逐渐细化,无明显热影响区.接头中易产生气孔、裂纹等缺陷,通过添加直线扫描波形能够有效地控制焊缝气孔缺陷,从而提高接头的强度.添加直线扫描波形电子束焊的Ti40阻燃钛合金的抗拉强度仍可达到917 MPa,断口呈现出脆性断裂与韧性断裂的混合特征,焊缝区的硬度高于母材,其最大值为376HV.     

Fracture toughness and crack growth resistance of pressure vessel plate and weld metal steels

Compact tension specimens were used to measure the initiation fracture toughness and crack growth resistance of pressure vessel steel plates and submerged are weld metal. Plate test specimens were manufactured from four different casts of steel comprising: aluminium killed C-Mn-Mo-Cu and C-Mn steel and two silicon killed C-Mn steels. Weld metal test specimens were extracted from five weld joints of Unionmelt No. 2 weld metal. The welds were of double V butt geometry having either the C-Mn-Mo-Cu steel (three weld joints) or one particular silicon killed C-Mn steel (two weld joints) as parent plate. On the upper shelf, a multiple specimen test technique was used to obtain crack growth data which were analysed by simple linear regression to determine the crack growth resistance lines and to derive the initiation fracture toughness values for each test temperature. These regression lines were highly scattered with respect to temperature and it was very difficult to determine precisely the temperature dependence of the initiation fracture toughness and crack growth resistance. The data were re-analysed, using a multiple linear regression method, to obtain a relationship between the materials' crack growth resistance and toughness, and the principal independent variables (temperature, crack growth, weld joint code and strain ageing).     

Cleavage failure of transformer storage tank under dynamic rates of loading: Influence of base plate and weldment microstructure and toughness

A high capacity transformer storage tank that was in service for more than a decade ruptured due to an explosion and a visual examination showed that the fracture facets were essentially brittle in nature with little evidence of plastic deformation. Fracture occurred mainly along weld seam; however, there were sharp cracks even in the base plate. Present study is a focused effort to find reasons for this brittle behavior of normally ductile steel. This entailed an in-depth metallographic examination of samples, selectively cut out from the tank walls and fractured weldments, supplemented by characterization of hardness, tensile, ductility and toughness properties. Results indicate that base plate and weld metal meet the required specifications for static design but not for the dynamic loading experienced under this failure mode (i.e. cleavage). Under dynamic loading conditions, the weld metal is the weakest link in terms of toughness and resistance to crack propagation. The need for adopting modern strong, tough, weldable steels to the construction of these tanks are pointed out.