ICP-OES法测定碱式碳酸铜中 钠、铁、铅、锌、钙、铬、镉、砷

提出了用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）测定碱式碳酸铜中钠、铁、铅、锌、钙、铬、镉、砷等杂质含量。对测定条件及工作参数进行了研究,采用钇标准溶液内标法消除基体干扰,通过选择适宜的分析谱线以消除光谱干扰。与原子吸收分光光度计法（AAS）相比,此方法分析速度快、精密度高。     

ICP-AES测定铝合金中的锰、镁、铬、铜、镍、铁、钛、锌

采用硝酸溶解样品,电感耦合等离子发射光谱同时测定铝合金中的锰、镁、铬、铜、镍、铁、钛、锌元素。经实验,该方法简单、快速,结果准确、可靠。     

DUO-ICP-AES测定精对苯二甲酸中的钴、铬、铁、锰、钼、镍、钛

采用DUO-ICP-AES同时测定精对苯二甲酸中钴、铬、铁、锰、钼、镍、钛,并对仪器的分析线选择、背景校正、入射功率、雾化器压力、辅助气流量、冷却气流量、蠕动泵转速的影响及共存元素的干扰、硝酸铯灰化助剂等因素进行了详细的研究。方法的检测限:钴0.0097 mg/L;铬0.0021 mg/L;铁0.0078 mg/L;锰0.0012 mg/L;钼0.0027 mg/L;镍0.016 mg/L;钛0.0027 mg/L,回收率和精密度分别为93.0%～99.5%和0.37%～3.2%。该方法快速简便,具有良好的精密度和准确度,适用于进出口精对苯二甲酸的日常检验。     

等离子发射光谱法测定钒铁中的铜、硅、铝、磷、铬、镍、钨、锰

叙述采用等离子发射光谱法同时测定钒铁中的铜、硅、铝、磷、铬、镍、钨、锰等微量元素 ,试样用稀王水分解 ,选择适当的波长与背景校正进行分析测定 ,方法回收率在 95%～ 1 0 5%之间 ,相对标准偏差均小于 4% ,本方法快速准确 ,精密度良好。     

ICP-OES测定工业污水中铜、锌、硼、砷、铅、镉、铬

目前,测定工业污水中铜、锌、硼、砷、铅、镉、铬的国家标准方法为原子吸收光谱法和比色法[1],其测定耗时较长,操作繁琐。笔者采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)同时测定工业污水中铜、锌、硼、砷、铅、镉、铬,方法简单、准确、快速。笔者建立的测定方法与参考文献[2]的方法基本相同,方法回收率及精密度均能满足要     

ICP-AES分析低合金钢中的Mn、Mo、V、Ni、Al、Cu、Cr元素

用等离子发射光谱法测定低合金钢中的Mn、Mo、V、Ni、Al、Cu、Cr元素,试样用HNO3和HCl在加热条件下分解,经过系列试验,选择仪器的工作条件,进行测定,建立了一套分析方法,经对照分析,分析结果令人满意。本方法快速准确,精密度良好,完全可以满足生产需要。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定饲料添加剂磷酸二氢铵中As、Pb、Cd、Cr、K、Na、Zn、Al、Ca、Mg、Ba、S含量

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定饲料添加剂磷酸二氢铵中As、Pb、Cd、Cr、K、Na、Zn、Al、Ca、Mg、Ba、S含量，选择标准加入法配制标准溶液并制作工作曲线，以此消除样品中的基体干扰，通过实验验证，其准确度和精密度高，检出限低，能够满足企业生产中分析检测要求。     

XRF测定磷石膏中磷、铁、铝、镁、硫、钾、钠、硅

XRF法测定磷石膏中磷、铁、铝、硫、钾、钠、硅时,克服了传统法耗时长、劳动强度大、所用试剂多的缺点,操作简便,测定结果与传统法一致,准确度高,精密度好,能满足生产工艺控制、磷石膏综合利用等磷石膏分析的需要。     

ICP—AES法测定金属钙中铁、镍、铜、锰、镁、硅、铝

研究了ICP-AES法测定金属钙中铁、镍、铜、锰、镁、硅、铝的样品处理和分析条件。金属钙线经表面处理和制样后,马上用（1＋1）硝酸溶解、定容,工作曲线不需作基体匹配。在选定的分析谱线和仪器条件下测量,相对标准偏差为1．3％～13．1％,回收率92．2％～107％。本方法简便、快速、准确,可以满足生产需求。     

压延、挤出、硫化、注压

介绍了压延、挤出、硫化和注压4种橡胶加工工艺的基本设备组成、重点结构部件、工艺原理及过程、加工中的注意事项、技术参数、各种常见故障及消除措施等。另外对这4种加工工艺的发展趋势和优缺点作了介绍和评价。     

Aluminum,Arsenic, Beryllium,Cadmium, Chromium,Cobalt, Copper,Iron, Lead,Mercury, Molybdenum,Nickel, Platinum,Thallium, Titanium,Vanadium, and Zinc: Molecular Aspects in Experimental Liver Injury

Experimental liver injury with hepatocelluar necrosis and abnormal liver tests is caused by exposure to heavy metals (HMs) like aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, thallium, titanium, vanadium, and zinc. As pollutants, HMs disturb the ecosystem, and as these substances are toxic, they may affect the health of humans and animals. HMs are not biodegradable and may be deposited preferentially in the liver. The use of animal models can help identify molecular and mechanistic steps leading to the injury. HMs commonly initiate hepatocellular overproduction of ROS (reactive oxygen species) due to oxidative stress, resulting in covalent binding of radicals to macromolecular proteins or lipids existing in membranes of subcellular organelles. Liver injury is facilitated by iron via the Fenton reaction, providing ROS, and is triggered if protective antioxidant systems are exhausted. Ferroptosis syn pyroptosis was recently introduced as mechanistic concept in explanations of nickel (Ni) liver injury. NiCl₂ causes increased iron deposition in the liver, upregulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein and mRNA expression levels, downregulation of glutathione eroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) protein, and mRNA expression levels. Nickel may cause hepatic injury through mitochondrial damage and ferroptosis, defined as mechanism of iron-dependent cell death, similar to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity but likely distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. Under discussion were additional mechanistic concepts of hepatocellular uptake and biliary excretion of mercury in exposed animals. For instance, the organic anion transporter 3 (Oat3) and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) were involved in the hepatic handling of mercury. Mercury treatment modified the expression of Mrp2 and Oat3 as assessed by immunoblotting, partially explaining its impaired biliary excretion. Concomitantly, a decrease in Oat3 abundance in the hepatocyte plasma membranes was observed that limits the hepatic uptake of mercury ions. Most importantly and shown for the first time in liver injury caused by HMs, titanium changed the diversity of gut microbiota and modified their metabolic functions, leading to increased generation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). As endotoxins, LPS may trigger and perpetuate the liver injury at the level of gut-liver. In sum, mechanistic and molecular steps of experimental liver injury due to HM administration are complex, with ROS as the key promotional compound. However, additional concepts such as iron used in the Fenton reaction, ferroptosis, modification of transporter systems, and endotoxins derived from diversity of intestinal bacteria at the gut-liver level merit further consideration.     

ICP-OES测定大量元素水溶肥料中锌、镁、铜、铁、锰、钼、硼含量

采用ICP-OES对大量元素水溶肥料中微量元素锌、镁、铜、铁、锰、钼、硼进行分析,研究确定了最佳分析条件。加标回收率为96.94%～106.2%,RSD为0.50%～1.40%,检出限为0.001 8～0.218 0 mg/L,方法简便、快速、准确。     

Enzymatically Modified Isoquercitrin: Production,Metabolism, Bioavailability,Toxicity, Pharmacology,and Related Molecular Mechanisms

Quercetin and its glycosides, such as isoquercitrin or rutin, are among the most ubiquitous flavonoids present in plants. They possess numerous health-promoting properties, whose applicability is, however, limited by poor water solubility and absorption issues. Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ) is an isoquercitrin derivative obtained from rutin via enzymatic transformations that greatly enhance its bioavailability. Due to advantageous reports on its safety and bioactivity, EMIQ is currently gaining importance as a food additive and a constituent of dietary supplements. This review summarizes the thus-far-conducted investigations into the metabolism, toxicity, biological properties, and molecular mechanisms of EMIQ and presents a comprehensive characterization of this valuable substance, which might represent the future of flavonoid supplementation.     

Continuous solvent extraction of sunflower,seed, groundnuts,palmkernels, rapeseed,and copra

In principle, the oil milling process is straightforward. The wide variety of equipment in use reflects, however, a multiparametric process. The main limiting parameters are kind of seed, oil content, particle strength, particle structure, temperature, moisture, particle size, residence time, mechanical forces, etc. Additionally, the seed specific parameters vary not only between kinds of seed but also for the same seed, due to different conditions in climate, soil, and harvesting. Therefore, equipment design must be widely based on statistical averages of the limiting parameters. In other words, exact precalculation of the single technological steps is impossible. As a consequence, for more than 5,000 years, the oil milling process has been in the stage of being optimized. The acutal technical standard is very satisfying, but there is still a strong need for further research and development. Currently, as in the past, the oil milling process seems to be not so much a science as an art.     

氮四取代苯二胺新型除氧剂的研究

介绍了氮四取代苯二胺类新型除氧剂的除氧性能，选取其中的N，N，N'，N'－四甲基对苯二胺为主要研究对象，与N2H4和丙酮肟的除氧性能进行了对比，研究了其缓蚀性能。试验结果表明，氮四取代苯二胺是一种性能优良的新型除氧剂。     

CHIPS, FISH SCALES, AND SHINERS, IV

The effusion of hydrogen from enameled steel to cause fractures in the enamel was investigated in an attempt to show that this gas may cause defects that range from plate-like fractures, or “chips,” through the known types of fish scales to the most minute shiner. The difference in the appearance of these defects was found to depend principally on differences in (1) the physical properties of the enamel, (2) the metal-enamel bond, and (3) the rate, quantity, and localization of the hydrogen effusion. Reboiling is shown to be related to fish scaling and to the other fracture-type defects because all are primarily hydrogen functions. The principal source of the critical quantities of hydrogen necessary to cause the defects is often found in the water of hydration in the dried slip, and the injection of hydrogen by that water during firing is demonstrated by experiment just as was shown for blister-type defects (see this issue, pp. 180-90). The prevention of fracture-type defects is discussed, and some novel effects of protective surface oxidation are illustrated.     

新时代，以创新思维审议磷矿加工方法

地球已进入以人类为中心的“人类纪元”。为使全球可持续发展,应考虑今后几十代人对磷资源的需求。介绍了世界磷资源现况及国内外最新磷矿储量数据,分析了我国磷肥产品结构;提出高品位、易加工磷资源用于磷化工、磷化学品合成,低品位、难选磷矿用于含磷肥料生产的新思路,并认为生产过磷酸钙、钙镁磷肥比生产磷铵类肥料对磷资源利用更合理。提出了磷肥产业结构调整新战略,以使我国磷资源的可采寿命从目前的100—200年延长至500年。     

Fat,cholesterol, and atherosclerosis

Summary Cholesterol is a universal constituent of all animal cells and therefore occurs in all foods of animal origin. Cholesterol is the mother substance of bile acid and of sex hormones and has other important physiological roles. Cholesterol is synthesized in the body from acetate obtainable from ingested carbohydrate, fat. or protein, of animal or vegetable origin. The fate of cholesterol in the body has not been definitely established. The cause of atherosclerosis is unknown. Atherosclerosis occurs in young as well as old individuals. Atherosclerosis is the number-one killer today. Diagnosis of atherosclerosis in the healthy individual is not possible. Treatment of atherosclerosis is empirical. Reduction of blood cholesterol levels by dietary means is difficult under conditions consonant with good nutrition. A well-balanced intake of all available foods on a modified total caloric basis appears to be the practical approach to the problem of fat, cholesterol, and atherosclerosis. Presented at the 47th Annual, Meeting, American Oil Chemists’ Society, Houston, Tex., April 23–25, 1956.     

新型高效肥料创制的意义,现状及发展趋势

系统分析了新型高效肥料创制的意义,阐述了缓／控释肥料、稳定肥料、复合（混）肥料和有机肥料的发展现状和趋势,提出了今后我国新型高效肥料创制的方向。     

Bioaerosol Science,Technology, and Engineering: Past,Present, and Future

Poor air hygiene as a result of bioaerosol contamination has caused diverse forms of adverse health effects and diseases. In addition, global biosecurity is threatened by purposeful use of biowarfare agents and the vulnerability of people to the infectious agents. Accordingly, developments in high-volume biosampling, including aerosol-to-hydrosol techniques with low cut-off size, real-time bioaerosol detection, adequate biological quantification, and exposure control, as well as the investigation of the link between disease outcome and bioaerosol exposure, are current areas of bioaerosol research. Although milestone progress has been achieved both in bioaerosol sampling and analysis techniques since late 1800s, compared to atmospheric chemistry the bioaerosol field is still understudied. This is partially because of the lack of both bioaerosol scientists and multidisciplinary collaboration. It is becoming necessary to develop a pool of scientists with different expertise, e.g., bioaerosol scientists, environmental engineers, biomedical engineers, epidemiologists, microbiologists, chemists, physicists, as well as researchers in other engineering fields, in mitigating bioaerosol-related adverse health effects, eliminating diseases, and preventing and controlling epidemic outbreaks. This work is conducted to broadly review current state-of-the-art sciences and technologies in the bioaerosol field. In tackling the challenges ahead, the review also provides perspectives for bioaerosol research needs, and further reminds bioaerosol scientists of those existing technologies in other fields that can be leveraged. In view of the past, forward-looking hypotheses and revolutional perspectives are needed to be formed in order to allow the bioaerosol research have major impacts in the academic community in this new millennium.