氮掺杂ZnO纳米晶的防紫外和抗菌整理

采用自组装爆燃法制备氮掺杂纳米氧化锌,对其微观结构进行表征,研究了氮掺杂纳米氧化锌水分散体系整理后棉织物的防紫外线性能和抗菌性能.试验结果表明,氮掺杂纳米氧化锌粒度小、分布均匀、分散性好;用氮掺杂纳米氧化锌整理后的织物进行抑菌圈测试及紫外防护因子测试,其防紫外线和抗菌性能优良,且具有较好的水洗牢度.     

原子层沉积技术对纤维素膜功能化的影响

为扩大纤维素膜的使用范围,使其可应用于医用、建筑等领域,利用纳米氧化锌具有紫外线屏蔽、抗菌等特性,采用原子层沉积(ALD)技术在纤维素膜表面沉积纳米氧化锌,制备具有紫外线阻隔以及抗菌功能的纤维素膜,并探讨不同ALD温度和循环次数对纤维素膜性能的影响。借助紫外分光光度计、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、热重分析仪等对纤维素膜的结构和性能进行分析。结果表明:随着ALD温度和循环次数的增加,纤维素膜的紫外线透过率由74.50%下降至1.46%; ALD功能化纤维素膜对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率高达99.9%;经改性的纤维素膜表面附着了六方晶系纤锌矿结构的纳米氧化锌层,残碳率由16.61%增加至31.20%。     

改性纳米氧化物在织物抗菌整理上的应用研究

将经过表面改性的纳米氧化锌和纳米二氧化钛用于纺织品抗菌整理，测试了织物的抗菌性能，发现当整理液中改性纳米二氧化钛或改性纳米氧化锌的含量大于5g／L，整理织物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌率可达90％以上，且抗菌效果耐久。     

再生革用复合型黏合剂的研制

以偶联剂改性纳米氧化锌为功能单体,引入丙烯酸酯共聚体系,制备一种用于再生革的具有抗菌、抗紫外线等功能的复合型黏合剂。讨论了相关单体用量对乳液聚合及胶膜的影响。     

纳米氧化锌抗菌机理在聚酯纤维及纺织品上的应用

介绍了纳米氧化锌抗菌性能、抗菌机理以及在聚酯纤维和纺织品的应用,通过聚酯纳米氧化锌母粒添加纺丝法、或者纺织品锌离子后整理法,赋予聚酯纺织品良好的抗菌功能.纳米氧化锌作为纳米级抗菌材料,具有较好的安全性和抗菌能力,有着广阔的应用前景.     

水性油墨用纳米ZnO杂化丙烯酸树脂的研究进展

纳米Zn O/丙烯酸树脂复合材料将有机相与无机相的优点结合在一起,使复合材料具有更好的性能。纳米氧化锌[1]具有极小的粒径和极大的比表面积,显示出很多优异的宏观性能,使用纳米氧化锌为无机相来对有机聚合物进行杂化改性可以增加复合材料的强度、耐磨性、抗菌性、防老化及光学性能等。文章介绍了纳米Zn O杂化改性丙烯酸树脂的研究进展。     

棉织物的抗紫外线与抗菌多功能整理

采用自制的纳米氧化锌水溶性聚氨酯对纯棉织物进行整理,研究了整理后织物的抗紫外线和抗菌性能。结果表明:整理后棉织物的抗紫外线、抗菌性能明显增强且具有良好的耐水洗性;织物的回复角提高,抗皱性改善;织物的的强力及白度稍有下降;织物的透气性有一定程度的下降。     

氨基纳米纤维素的制备及其抗菌应用研究进展

良好的生物相容性和可降解性使纳米纤维素成为一种绿色材料,并广泛用于食品和化工等领域,将纳米纤维素进行氨基化改性得到的氨基纳米纤维素保留了纳米纤维素的优点,而且纤维表面的正电荷还增加了材料的抗菌性能,可应用于生物医药等领域。本文从纳米纤维素的制备入手,探讨了几类常见的纳米纤维素在制备方法和形貌尺寸等方面的特征和差异;重点介绍了纳米纤维素的氨基化改性方法,包括常用的氨基化试剂和改性工艺;最后综述了氨基纳米纤维素的抗菌机理和在抗菌材料中的应用。     

纳米氧化锌-聚酯合成工艺的研究及性能表征

研究了纳米氧化锌-聚酯的合成工艺,主要探讨了氧化锌分散处理前、后在聚酯体系中的分散性;分析了不同氧化锌添加量对聚合反应的影响,以及抗氧剂对反应过程和产物的影响;对纳米氧化锌-聚酯复合材料的结晶性和抗紫外线性能进行了表征。     

改性纳米氧化锌/丙烯酸树脂复合涂饰剂的制备及性能研究

采用硅烷偶联剂(KH-570)对纳米氧化锌进行改性,然后将其与丙烯酸树脂乳液共混合制备了改性纳米氧化锌/丙烯酸树脂复合涂饰剂。通过沉降试验及透射电镜表征,经KH-570改性过的纳米氧化锌的分散性大大提高。探讨了硅烷偶联剂及改性纳米氧化锌用量对涂膜性能的影响,研究结果表明:硅烷偶联剂用量的质量分数为5%时,复合涂膜的力学性能最佳;添加改性纳米氧化锌可以提高丙烯酸树脂的力学性能、耐摩擦性能及耐老化和抗紫外性能,当改性纳米氧化锌用量为0.4%(质量分数)时,涂膜的综合性能最佳。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

2010年山西省食品中食源性致病菌监测分析

目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45％,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50％和8.22％,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02％、1.11％和0.87％.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33％,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00％,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11％.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管.