分散液液微萃取技术在纺织品禁用偶氮染料检测中的应用

基于分散液液微萃取技术建立了纺织品中禁用偶氮染料的快速检测方法.在最佳试验条件下,芳香胺最低检出限为0.1 mg/kg,富集因子在66～ 171范围内,加标回收率均能满足要求,相对标准偏差为1.0％～9.7％,该方法成功用于检测纺织品中的禁用偶氮染料.试验结果表明,分散液液微革取技术具有操作简单、快捷、富集因子高、精密度高等特点,是检测纺织品中禁用偶氮染料的一种方便、高效的方法.     

分散液液微萃取技术在禁用偶氮染料检测中的应用初探

将分散液液微萃取技术应用于纺织品中禁用偶氮染料检测。考察了萃取剂种类、萃取剂体积、分散剂种类、分散剂体积、溶液pH值、盐浓度、萃取时间等分散液液微萃取条件对萃取与测定的影响。在最优条件下,禁用偶氮染料实现了基线分离。     

纺织品禁用偶氮染料的快速检测方法研究

建立了纺织品禁用偶氮染料中2,4-二氨基甲苯、2,4-二氨基苯甲醚含量的快速检测方法。纺织样品在柠檬酸盐缓冲溶液介质中用连二亚硫酸钠还原分解可能存在致癌芳香胺,采用乙酸乙酯作为萃取剂,添加NaOH和NaCl,对反应液进行液液萃取,取上层溶液进行GC/MSD检测。结果表明:2,4-二氨基甲苯回收率为83.9%～92.8%,对2,4-二氨基苯甲醚回收率为78.4%～90.3%,其他禁用偶氮染料的回收率为80.9%～117.6%,结果可用于纺织品禁用偶氮染料的快速检测。     

纺织品禁用偶氮染料快速检测有突破

正山东检验检疫局完成的国家质检总局科技计划项目《生态纺织品中有害物质系列快速检测试剂盒研制》,系统地研究了纺织品中危害人类健康的禁用偶氮染料的显色测定方法,研制了简单、快捷、无需大型仪器设备、灵敏度高的染色纺织品中禁用偶氮染料快速筛选检测试剂盒,在染色纺织品禁用偶氮染料检测技术上实现了重大突破,开辟了一条方便快捷、适用性强的快速定性筛选检测途径。     

偶氮染料检测新标准EN 14362-1:2012解读

深入解读了欧盟最新实施的偶氮染料检测标准EN 14362-1∶2012《纺织品从偶氮染料中释出的某些芳香胺的测定方法 第一部分:通过萃取或不萃取纤维的方法检测某些偶氮染料的使用》,并给出了新标准对我国现行标准GB/T17592-2011《纺织品禁用偶氮染料的测定》的启示.     

萃取溶液pH值对纺织品禁用偶氮染料回收率的影响

为了提高纺织品禁用偶氮染料测定的效率、节省检测成本,改进了GB/T 17592—2011《纺织品禁用偶氮染料的测定》中的前处理方法,采用直接液液萃取的提取方法,研究了不同pH值条件下各禁用偶氮物质的回收率。结果表明:2,4-二氨基苯甲醚和2,4-二氨基甲苯的回收率与萃取液的pH值成正比,其他物质则无明显差异,改进后的样品前处理时间缩短30%以上,回收率提高300%以上。     

纺织品中禁用偶氮染料的快速检测方法

在GB/T 17592—2011《纺织品禁用偶氮染料的测定》的基础上优化了纺织品中禁用偶氮染料的检测方法:偶氮染料在13 mL柠檬酸盐溶液中用2 mL二亚硫酸钠还原分解后,加入2 mL萃取溶剂乙腈,然后加入2 g氢氧化钠和6 g碳酸钠进行液液萃取,离心后用提取小柱净化,再进行GC/MSD分析。该方法可缩短前处理时间约30 min,节约95%以上的有机溶剂,回收率在60.1%～100.1%,检出限小于0.13 mg/kg,相对标准偏差小于4%(n=6)。     

关于纺织品禁用偶氮染料检测过程中操作要点研究

纺织品禁用偶氮染料检测是GB 18401-2010《于检测人员对GB/T 17592-2011《纺织品禁用偶氮染料的测定》缺乏深入理解,或是在实际操作过程中没有对一些操作要点引起足够重视,导致检测结果存在偏差。鉴于此,本论对GB/T17592中纺织品禁用偶氮染料检测过程操作要点进行研究,包括取样、分离萃取溶液选择、浓缩、定容、进样、阳性确证与定量方法及仪器检查等方面。     

纺织品禁用偶氮染料检测国标与欧标的比较

试验比较GB/T 17592—2011《纺织品禁用偶氮染料的测定》与EN 14362-1:2012《纺织品从偶氮染料中释出的某些芳香胺的测定方法第一部分:通过萃取或不萃取纤维的方法检测某些偶氮染料的使用》对样品预处理、芳香胺分离和浓缩等方面的差异,分析了国标方法中影响检测准确度的因素,并提出改进措施。     

纺织品禁用偶氮染料检测不确定度评估

按照EN14362-2:2003标准测定纺织品中可萃取的禁用偶氮染料,以4,4'-二氨基二苯甲烷为例,对该方法整个过程中产生的测量不确定度进行评估,通过对不确定度来源的分析、量化,合成了不确定度.结果表明,按本试验方法,禁用偶氮染料检测过程中随机效应是最大影响因素.     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.