某石化乙烯管道不锈钢法兰开裂原因分析

某石化乙烯管道在耐压试验过程中，由于不锈钢法兰存在裂纹导致泄漏，为保证后续安全生产，有必要进行法兰开裂失效分析。通过法兰基体化学成分光谱分析、力学性能测试，法兰裂纹区域金相观察、断口形貌及腐蚀产物分析、晶间腐蚀试验，对法兰开裂原因进行了研究。结果表明：焊缝附近的不锈钢法兰在焊接时发生敏化作用，在后续腐蚀介质作用下发生晶间腐蚀。采用法兰固溶处理、焊后热处理的措施，可以有效避免焊缝附近法兰的开裂。     

超临界机组主蒸汽取样装置管座裂纹原因分析及处理

本文分析了湘潭电厂超临界机组高温过热器出口连接管道(材质为SA-335P91)上主蒸汽取样装置(材质为1Crl8Ni9Ti)异种钢角焊缝裂纹产生的原因,重点从取样装置结构、异种钢焊接、焊接质量、结构应力和疲劳热应力几个方面进行了详细分析,并提出了改进意见,设计了一种新的取样装置结构,同时通过焊接工艺控制,成功实施了改造方案,为同类型机组提供了借鉴。     

大型空分装置中铝-钢异种金属焊接的应用

大型空分装置例如冷箱中大量使用铝合金管道及铝合金深冷容器,该类设备与钢制管道的连接常采用转换接头或法兰的形式,若能实现两种材料的焊接连接既可以提高接头强度、节省空间,又可以防止连接间隙产生的化学腐蚀,具有较广泛的应用价值。本文对铝—钢异种金属常见焊接方法及研究现状进行梳理,为实现大型空分装置中钢-铝异种金属焊接连接提供现实依据。     

乙烯裂解炉原料预热管线焊接接头开裂原因分析

某石化公司裂解炉原料预热管线焊接接头因开裂引起了介质泄漏。通过宏观检查、化学成分分析、力学性能分析、金相分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析等手段,分析焊接接头发生开裂的原因。结果表明：原料预热管线焊接接头采用异种钢焊接连接,焊缝背面余高较高,焊缝与基体交界处存在几何结构突变,导致焊根处产生了较大的应力集中,同时两侧母材金属的线膨胀系数存在较大差异,且P11管侧熔合线处材料性能差,导致P11管侧焊根部位成为整个焊接接头的最薄弱部位。设备冷备工况下,管线内壁处于硫化物腐蚀介质环境,焊根处尖角部位在焊接残余应力、热应力和工作应力的共同作用下发生了硫化物应力腐蚀开裂,裂纹不断扩展,最终引起介质泄漏。     

氧气管道异种钢焊接材料选用分析

针对在氧气管道安装监督检验中发现的异种钢焊接材料选用中存在的问题,进行了讨论和分析.提出了合理的异种钢焊材选用方法,碳钢与奥氏体不锈钢焊接选用25-13型焊材是比较适宜的.同时,应制止在氧气管道异种钢焊接时选用18-8型焊材的行为;对采用18-8型焊材的在用氧气管道异种钢焊接接头应加强定期检验,保证氧气管道的安全运行.     

管道法兰系统瞬态温度场变化有限元分析

管道法兰连接应用于各行各业,管道法兰系统密封性尤为重要,一旦失效可能造成严重后果。本文通过ANSYS软件对管道法兰系统瞬态温度场变化进行分析了管道法兰系统启动时升温过程与系统停止运行时降温过程两种不同工况下的温度场的变化规律。以期对实际应用具有较大的参考价值。     

高温法兰连接系统的故障树分析

由于过程工业装置正向着大型化、高参数方向发展,长期在高温高压下服役的关键设备和管道,法兰连接系统泄漏失效引发事故的潜在危险性日益增大。为了分析高温法兰系统失效原因,将法兰连接系统的泄漏失效作为顶事件,分析引起泄漏的各种可能因素,建立故障树。并由故障树底事件构成的最小割集求出底事件的结构重要度。该方法可对现役法兰连接系统进行失效预测和泄漏预防,为高温法兰连接系统的可靠性分析提供指导。     

碳钢和奥氏体不锈钢管道焊接焊材选用分析

对某管道在安装监督检验中发现的异种钢焊接焊材选用问题进行了讨论和分析,提出了合理的异种钢焊材选用方法。碳钢与奥氏体不锈钢焊接选用25-13型焊材是比较适宜的。建议作出规定,在氧气管道异种钢焊接时不得选用18-8型焊材;对采用18-8型焊材焊接的在用氧气管道异种钢焊接接头加强在用监检力度,以保证氧气管道的安全运行。     

钢骨架塑料复合管的特性

阐述塑料压力管道的技术进展,指出衬套结构的钢塑复合管在工作温度较高或真空度较高的工况下,钢与塑料间会脱开,由于膨胀的差异法兰接口处会开裂,影响使用效果。钢骨架塑料复合管以钢丝网为骨架,塑料覆盖其四周,采用真空挤塑技术消除了复合层中的气泡,从而保证了塑料压力管道的机械强度、热膨胀量及管壁内外一致的抗腐蚀性能,经不同工况使用证实,钢骨架塑料复合管的适用范围广,运行费用低,具有良好的推广前景。     

形状记忆合金管道连接技术及应用

任何生产装置中的管道和阀门等设备的安全性至关重要,据Worcester控制公司统计,美国近15年内工厂因发生火灾而造成的机器设备损失价值达15亿美元,其中30%左右是直接与管道和阀门的失效有关,特别是管道连接处,更是薄弱环节,也是潜在的泄漏源.目前,我国的石油开采、炼油、化工、化肥、电力和、机械等行业管道连接一般采用焊接或法兰连接工艺,管道连接时受焊接高温的影响,焊缝附近内表面防腐层失效或烧坏脱落,导致使用时局部严     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

几种针状焦性能对比

针状焦分石油系和煤系两大类,这主要取决于针状焦的原料来源。在同一系列中由于原料不同和工艺条件不同 ,针状焦的各自性能也不相同。针状焦是生产超高功率石墨电极和高功率石墨电极的主要原料 ,针状焦的性能对石墨电极的质量有至关重要的影响。所以对针状焦性能以及其对石墨电极质量影响的研究十分必要的。以下是常用的几种进口针状焦和国产针状焦的性能对比。１原料性能分析对比原料试样包括４种针状焦 ,其中两种为进口针状焦：三菱针状焦和新日化针状焦;另两种为国产针状焦：鞍山针状焦和锦州针状焦。其中除锦州针状焦是石油系针状焦外…     

聚酰亚胺的合成法

本文评述了缩聚型聚酰亚胺的主要合成方法和近年来国际上在合成中所做的探索。