国外核聚变氚工艺研究简介

开发聚变能可从根本上满足人类对能源的需求。聚变氚工艺主要包括包层产氚工艺和废燃料再处理工艺,它是混合堆和聚变堆的关键技术之一。经过二十多年努力,核聚变研究取得很大进展,聚变氚工艺研究日益得到重视。这里对国外聚变氚工艺研究情况作一简要介绍。     

氚化学与氚分析进展与展望

氚是聚变堆的重要燃料,氚的问题是制约聚变能源发展的瓶颈问题之一。氚化学中的科学技术问题是解决涉氚工艺的基础,氚分析测量是氚操作中获取氚信息的主要途径。本文综述了近年来氚化学与氚分析方面的研究进展,从氚与材料相互作用、涉氚材料中的氦行为、氚的氢同位素效应、氚的辐射生物效应,以及氚的分析测量方法五个方面对研究进展进行了分析,并对聚变堆中所面临的挑战进行了展望。     

聚变堆氚分析程序TAS1.0的设计与开发

氚是聚变堆的重要燃料之一,对聚变堆氚系统进行分析从而实行有效的氚控制是聚变研究的重要内容之一.在中国系列液态金属锂铅包层聚变堆概念设计研究基础上,利用现代软件工程方法及面向对象技术设计思想,发展了聚变堆氚分析程序TAS1.0,可用于聚变堆氚自持分析、氚燃料管理及氚安全性分析与研究,并可为聚变堆包层及燃料循环系统设计与分析提供技术支持.通过一系列的测试校验,表明了该程序的正确性与有效性.本文主要介绍该程序的系统设计、技术特点与程序测试.     

聚变堆氚材料衡算测量系统研究初探

氘(D)-氚(T)聚变是目前聚变研究的主要对象,也是未来最可能首先实现工程应用的聚变反应.氘氚聚变反应堆在消耗大量氚的同时,需要依靠锂-6增殖足够的氚来实现氚燃料自持.在国内,氚和浓缩锂-6都属于核材料,按照国家核材料管制条例要求,使用和生产核材料须建立核材料衡算系统.为此,本文针对液态包层聚变堆方案,简要归纳了聚变堆...     

低温精馏氢同位素分离技术及其应用

低温精馏是大规模分离氢同位素的有效手段,本文对该工艺涉及的气体纯化、制冷与真空、测量与控制、安全防护等关键技术进行简要介绍。对该工艺在重水生产、重水升级和除氚、聚变堆氘氚燃料循环、武器用氚等领域的国外应用做了回顾。分析了国内对该技术的需求,提出今后开展的研究方向。     

GDT聚变中子源氚燃料循环初步设计与分析

基于GDT概念的聚变中子源具有等离子体易实现稳态运行、结构简单紧凑、技术实现难度较低、易于升级与维护、氚消耗量低等特点,其建成后可作为聚变结构材料或部件的测试平台。由于氚在真空室内的燃烧份额很低,所以有必要为该装置建立安全而高效的闭式氚燃料循环系统,以提高氚燃料的经济性。本文首先分析GDT在氚燃料循环方面的特点,然后参考最新的ITER和DEMO氚燃料循环设计,旨在建立匹配的氚燃料循环系统,以满足GDT聚变中子源稳定运行的燃料需求。根据物料注入方式、氚处理系统功能、循环回路等方面的不同,分别提出了三套氚燃料循环方案GDT—TFC1、TFC2和TFC3,并分析它们在系统氚盘存量、氚投料量方面的差异。从氚燃料经济性的角度考虑,为该装置氚燃料循环方案的选取提供了一定的参考。     

FEB-E氚循环系统计算机模拟

对聚变实验增殖堆工程概要设计(FEB-E)的氚燃料循环构造了一个动态子系统模型,研制了模拟氚燃料循环系统的计算机程序SWITRIMcode。计算了10个子系统中运行一年后的氚投料量和整个堆系统总的氚投料。     

固态陶瓷氚增殖剂释氚实验研究综述

氚自持是氘氚聚变能实现工程应用和稳态运行必须解决的关键问题之一,氚增殖剂是实现氚自持的关键功能材料.锂基陶瓷固有的热稳定性和化学惰性使其在安全性能方面具有独特的优势,被视为非常具有发展前景的氚增殖剂材料.氚增殖剂不仅要求产氚率高,还要将氚尽可能多地从陶瓷增殖剂中释放出来.本文初步梳理了国内外关于固态氚增殖剂主要释氚实验...     

我国聚变堆结构材料表面阻氚涂层的研究进展

阻氚涂层是聚变堆实现氚自持及氚安全的关键科学与技术问题之一。我国通过国家磁约束聚变能发展研究专项依托国内优势单位部署了阻氚涂层基础问题及工程化技术研发工作。本文介绍了国内外聚变堆结构材料表面阻氚涂层研究进展,重点评述了近几年我国在阻氚涂层的材料选择、制备技术及阻滞氢渗透机制三个科学技术问题的研究进展,提出今后的研究方向。目前我国阻氚涂层材料类型以氧化物涂层为主,涂层制备工艺技术在不断优化和更新。Al2O3/FeAl阻氚涂层的电化学沉积铝(ECA)、粉末包埋渗铝(PC)及热浸铝(HDA)等方法的工艺处理规模及涂层阻氚性能在国际上均相对领先。发展了研究阻氚涂层阻滞氢渗透作用机理的方法,将通常基于Fick定律的表象研究方法向原子级方法前推了一步。未来需在考虑涂层制备工艺与基体材料成分、性能的关系及其在复杂形状结构件的适用性基础上,开发长寿命、高阻氚性能的阻氚涂层材料及制备工艺。     

氚老化对钯钇合金膜氢渗透性能的影响

在聚变堆燃料循环系统中,钯合金膜将被用于氢同位素与杂质气体间的渗透分离以及含氚杂质中氚的催化回收。长期连续的氚操作将使合金膜体内因氚衰变而累积3He,产生氚老化效应。本工作研究了贮氚老化对Pd8.5Y0.19Ru（原子百分数）合金膜的氕、氘渗透性能的影响。研究结果表明：对于膜内体氦浓度He/M为0.042的氚老化膜,在573～723K温度范围内,氕、氘渗透率被严重降低,膜的氕氘渗透分离系数则有所提高。     

Fuel provision for nonbreeding deuterium-tritium fusion reactors

Nontritium-breeding D-T reactors have decisive advantages in minimum size, unit cost, variety of applications, and ease of heat removal over reactors using any other fusion cycle, and significant advantages in environmental and safety characteristics over breeding D-T reactors. Considerations of relative energy production demonstrate that the most favorable source of tritium for a widely deployed system of nontritium-breeding D-T reactors is the very large (10 GW thermal) semicatalyzed-deuterium (SCD), or sub-SCD reactor, where none of the escaping³He (> 95%) or tritium (< 25%) is reinjected for burn-up. Feasibility of the ignited SCD tokamak reactor requires spatially averaged betas of 15 to 20% with a magnetic field at the TF coils of 12–13 T.On leave from Dept. of Electronic Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.     

Georgia Tech Studies of Sub-Critical Advanced Burner Reactors with a D-T Fusion Tokamak Neutron Source for the Transmutation of Spent Nuclear Fuel

The possibility that a tokamak D-T fusion neutron source, based on ITER physics and technology, could be used to drive sub-critical, fast-spectrum nuclear reactors fueled with the transuranics (TRU) in spent nuclear fuel discharged from conventional nuclear reactors has been investigated at Georgia Tech in a series of studies which are summarized in this paper. It is found that sub-critical operation of such fast transmutation reactors is advantageous in allowing longer fuel residence time, hence greater TRU burnup between fuel reprocessing stages, and in allowing higher TRU loading without compromising safety, relative to what could be achieved in a similar critical transmutation reactor. The required plasma and fusion technology operating parameter range of the fusion neutron source is generally within the anticipated operational range of ITER. The implications of these results for fusion development policy, if they hold up under more extensive and detailed analysis, is that a D-T fusion tokamak neutron source for a sub-critical transmutation reactor, built on the basis of the ITER operating experience, could possibly be a logical next step after ITER on the path to fusion electrical power reactors. At the same time, such an application would allow fusion to contribute to meeting the nation’s energy needs at an earlier stage by helping to close the fission reactor nuclear fuel cycle.     

Could Advanced Fusion Fuels Be Used with Today's Technology?

Could today's technology suffice for engineering advanced-fuel, magnetic-fusion power plants, thus making fusion development primarily a physics problem? Such a path would almost certainly cost far less than the present D-T development program, which is driven by daunting engineering challenges as well as physics questions. Advanced fusion fuels, in contrast to D-T fuel, produce a smaller fraction of the fusion power as neutrons but have lower fusion reactivity, leading to a trade-off between engineering and physics. This paper examines the critical fusion engineering issues and related technologies with an eye to their application in tokamak and alternate-concept D-³He power plants. These issues include plasma power balance, magnets, surface heat flux, input power, fuel source, radiation damage, radioactive waste disposal, and nuclear proliferation.     

堆内辐照氚增殖剂球床有效热导率分析

氘-氚聚变反应堆中,固态氚增殖剂包层能不断为聚变反应提供氚核素,是实现聚变反应堆商用的关键技术之一。由锂陶瓷小球堆积形成的球床形式的固态氚增殖剂包层具有比表面积大、产氚效率高等优点,是我国重点发展的氚增殖剂包层形式。氚增殖剂球床须能支撑在堆内辐照时的高温环境,这就要求氚增殖剂球床有较好的导热特性。球床的有效热导率在球床设计和辐照过程中的安全分析十分重要,因此在中国先进研究堆（CARR）开展了氚增殖剂球床在堆内辐照环境下的有效热导率测量实验。根据MCNP计算得出的球床发热功率,结合实验测量的球床温度分布反推得到氚增殖剂球床的有效热导率,并与广泛应用于球床有效热导率计算的改进型ZBS模型计算结果以及堆外实验结果进行对比分析,理论值与实验值能较好吻合。     

Tritium issues to be solved for establishment of a fusion reactor

In order to establish a D–T fusion reactor as an energy source, economical conversion of fusion energy to electricity and/or heat, attaining enough margins in tritium breeding, and insuring tritium safety must be simultaneously achieved. Scientists and researchers working on Tritium in Japan are now tackling with T related problems. Their research subjects can be categorized into two, i.e. researches on “Science and technology” to establish safe and economic Tritium fuel cycle for fusion reactors and “Tritium safety”. Many researchers from various universities, and institutes such as NIFS, JAEA and IEA (Inst. Environmental Science) in Japan are involved in various research programs. In this report, after brief introduction on Tritium related researches in Japan, important T issues to be solved for establishment of a fusion reactor will be summarized considering the handling of large amount of tritium, i.e. fuelling, D–T burning, T inventory, exhausting, refinement, confinement, permeation, leakage, contamination, regulation and tritium accountancy.     

Nuclear Performance of Two-Phase Flow Cooling D-T Fusion Reactor Blankets

The aim of the present paper is to analyze the nuclear performance of a typical D-T fusion reactor blanket cooled by two-phase flow, and, in particular, the dependence of tritium breeding ratio (TBR), nuclear heating and neutron (energy) leakage on design variations such as the volume fraction γ occupied by coolant materials.

The value of γ plays a central role in determining the nuclear performance of the blanket considered. The TBR and nuclear heating decrease with decreasing γ while the inverse trend is found for the leakage from the blanket. To obtain the TBR greater than unity would require γ at least 30%. The feasibility of the two-phase flow cooling concept for D-T reactor blankets is contigent upon finding the way of taking advantage of the many good features associated with the flow, even at such γ.     

D-~3He聚变堆MOONCITY的放射性及核废物处置问题

研究了D-~3He聚变堆设计MOONCITY的放射性及核废物处置问题。计算了在停堆时刻的放射性,衰变功率,BHP以及核废物处置指标WDR,给出了有关的计算结果和停堆后的衰减曲线。结果表明,MOONCITY的放射性及有关危害比D-T纯聚变堆低1个量级,比裂变堆或聚变一裂变混合堆低60倍左右。     

Fusion reactors blanket nucleonics

Nucleonic considerations of fusion reactor blankets design are reviewed, and blanket design approaches are illustrated. Non-nuclear blanket design considerations are only briefly reviewed. The review concentrates on blankets for D-T fusion power reactors but considers also blankets for fusion power reactors based on D-D fusion, as well as blankets for high temperature heat source and for non-electrical applications of fusion.     

托卡马克聚变中子源的数值模型研究

托卡马克(Tokamak)聚变装置中子学分析中,聚变中子源描述是重要的输入参数,其准确性直接影响分析结果的可靠性。通过分析ITER和欧洲聚变示范堆(EU DEMO)中子学分析中所采用的聚变中子源模型,提出了一种完整描述Tokamak中L-mode、H-mode等离子体的D-D、D-T聚变中子源的数值模型。在中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)的工程集成设计平台上,编写了基于蒙特卡罗算法的程序SCG求解该数值模型,实现了读取(零维)等离子体参数、输出可供典型中子学软件MCNP直接读取的中子源定义文件的功能。以CFETR氦冷球床包层的中子学分析模型为基准,在相同的L-mode等离子体D-T聚变工况下,相较于采用EU DEMO源子程序,采用本模型计算得到的中子壁负载差异最大值为2.02%,包层氚增殖率差异为0.18%,全堆能量增益因子的差异为0.23%。结果表明,本模型与其他源描述的差异较小,可应用于CFETR的中子学分析。     

Feasibility study of a magnetic fusion production reactor

A magnetic fusion reactor can produce 10.8 kg of tritium at a fusion power of only 400 MW —an order of magnitude lower power than that of a fission production reactor. Alternatively, the same fusion reactor can produce 995 kg of plutonium. Either a tokamak or a tandem mirror production plant can be used for this purpose; the cost is estimated at about $1.4 billion (1982 dollars) in either case. (The direct costs are estimated at $1.1 billion.) The production cost is calculated to be $22,000/g for tritium and $260/g for plutonium of quite high purity (1%²⁴⁰Pu). Because of the lack of demonstrated technology, such a plant could not be constructed today without significant risk. However, good progress is being made in fusion technology and, although success in magnetic fusion science and engineering is hard to predict with assurance, it seems possible that the physics basis and much of the needed technology could be demonstrated in facilities now under construction. Most of the remaining technology could be demonstrated in the early 1990s in a fusion test reactor of a few tens of megawatts. If the Magnetic Fusion Energy Program constructs a fusion test reactor of approximately 400 MW of fusion power as a next step in fusion power development, such a facility could be used later as a production reactor in a spinoff application. A construction decision in the late 1980s could result in an operating production reactor in the late 1990s. A magnetic fusion production reactor (MFPR) has four potential advantages over a fission production reactor: (1) no fissile material input is needed; (2) no fissioning exists in the tritium mode and very low fissioning exists in the plutonium mode thus avoiding the meltdown hazard; (3) the cost will probably be lower because of the smaller thermal power required; (4) and no reprocessing plant is needed in the tritium mode. The MFPR also has two disadvantages: (1) it will be more costly to operate because it consumes rather than sells electricity, and (2) there is a risk of not meeting the design goals.This paper represents work carried out from 1980 to 1982 and was in draft form in 1982. It was received for publication with only minor editing of its 1982 version, explaining the fact that some of the material is dated.