合成气一步法制二甲醚工艺条件研究

研究了三相床反应器中合成气一步法制二甲醚的工艺条件,催化剂是由甲醇合成催化剂与甲醇脱水催化剂均匀混合组成的双功能催化剂.在温度220～265℃、压力4～5MPa、空速1～2 L/(g·h)的条件下,分别考察了温度、压力和空速对二甲醚合成反应中CO转化率及二甲醚选择性的影响.结果表明,在上述各因素相应的范围内,,随着反应温度的升高,CO转化率、DME选择性逐渐增加;随着压力的升高,CO转化率、DME选择性逐渐增加;CO转化率、DME选择性随空速的提高而逐渐减小.与固定床实验结果相比,三相床反应器中CO转化率略低于固定床反应器.     

工业大尺寸催化剂的制备及催化燃烧VOCs性能研究

在实验室微量级催化剂制备与测试基础上,进行了工业大尺寸催化剂的制备与催化燃烧VOCs性能研究。搭建了处理规模为100 m3/h的VOCs催化燃烧反应装置,以化工企业典型的工业有机废气苯、二甲苯和氯代苯为处理对象,设计空速10 000~20 000 h-1,反应温度为100~350℃。研究发现,催化剂催化燃烧效率与蜂窝陶瓷孔道数呈正比,与VOCs质量浓度和反应空速呈反比,且催化剂抗卤和水蒸汽能力较佳。贵金属减量化的Pd/Mn Ce Ox/堇青石催化剂抗硫中毒能力显著增强,稳定性良好,催化转化率95%。     

MK-101催化剂作用下操作条件对甲醇合成的影响研究

实验模拟低压甲醇合成工艺流程,在压力4～7MPa,温度210～270℃,空速6000～15000h-1,CO2浓度4.5%～14.3%的实验条件下,选用MK-101催化剂,考察了温度、压力、空速和CO2浓度对甲醇合成反应的CO、CO2的单程转化率和甲醇时空收率的影响。     

MK-101催化剂作用下操作条件对甲醇合成的影响研究

实验模拟Lurgi低压等温甲醇合成工艺流程,在压力4～7 MPa,温度210～270 ℃,空速6000～15000 h-1,CO2浓度10.5%～13.7%的实验条件下,选用MK-101催化剂,考察了温度、压力、空速和CO2浓度对甲醇合成反应的CO、CO2的单程转化率和甲醇时空收率的影响,并通过正交实验设计进行了操作条件对甲醇时空收率的敏感性分析.     

密闭空间CO消除的Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂合成及其催化性能研究

采用浸渍法制备不同PdCl_2含量的贵金属催化剂,并对反应前后催化剂进行傅里叶红外和物理结构表征。结果表明,PdCl_2质量分数为3%的催化剂活性最高,可在70℃实现低浓度CO的完全转化。反应后,催化剂表面没有明显变化,催化剂比表面积增大,孔容及平均孔径呈减小趋势。研究进口CO浓度和空速对CO转化率的影响,结果表明,在一定浓度范围,提高进口CO浓度对CO转化率没有影响,浓度超过1 000×10~(-6)时,CO转化率下降;空速升高,CO转化率下降,温度越低,空速对CO转化率影响越大。     

整体式Fe-β分子筛成型方法及其催化N_2O分解反应性能

为了降低催化剂床层压降,提高Fe-β分子筛催化剂用于N_2O催化分解的能力,通过研究整体式分子筛催化剂制备方法,优化出最优原料配比为ω(拟薄水铝石)=40%,ω(硝酸)=8%,水粉比为0.6 m L·g~(-1)。研究了成型过程对分子筛催化剂结构及性能的影响,并在不同孔密度分子筛催化剂、N_2O浓度和空速条件下考察N_2O分解反应性能。结果表明,在相同温度、空速和N_2O浓度下,分子筛催化剂的孔密度越高,催化活性呈增强趋势;对于相同孔密度的分子筛催化剂,随着空速的增加,相同温度下的N_2O转化率逐渐下降;对于相同孔密度的分子筛催化剂,在相同反应空速和温度下,随着N_2O浓度的增大,N_2O转化率呈上升趋势。     

整体式催化氧化催化剂用于VOCs废气处理的研究

介绍了整体式WSH-5催化剂对挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的催化氧化活性和工业应用。实验室条件下催化剂活性评价实验表明,WSH-5催化剂对苯等VOCs的高效转化温度(转化率>98%)在210～300℃之间,较WSH-2催化剂降低了5～40℃。工业废气治理应用表明,WSH-5催化剂对橡胶废气和炼化污水场挥发性废气的VOCs去除效果良好,净化率可达97%以上,净化后废气污染物浓度满足国家和地方排放标准。     

生物质气一步法合成二甲醚中试实验

在列管式连续固定床中试系统上,采用自制二甲醚(DME)合成催化剂,以玉米芯经两段式固定床富氧气化合成气为气源,进行一步法合成DME实验研究.考察了催化剂反应温度(210-295℃)、空速(650-3 000 h-1)对合成过程的影响.并对合成DME催化剂反应前后进行XRD表征.实验结果表明:反应空速为1 200 h-1时,最佳反应温度为270℃时.此时CO转化率最高为73.55%;空速在650-3 000 h-1时,CO转化率为82.00%～67.74%,时空产率为124.28～281.24 kg/(m3·h).     

Pd/Ce基催化剂催化氧化氯苯的性能

采用等体积浸渍法制备Pd/Al₂O₃系列催化剂,考察不同Pd负载量对催化剂催化氯苯活性的影响,结果表明0.75%Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂活性最优,采用BET、H₂-TPR、SEM等对催化剂进行表征分析,表明添加Ce后氧化能力增强,催化氧化效率提高。对催化产物进行分析,使用离子色谱分析了无机Cl^-生成情况及其选择性,使用GC-MS定性分析了有机副产物,发现350℃时有少量苯生成。同时考察了焙烧温度、氯苯浓度、空速对催化活性的影响,结果表明焙烧温度过高或过低都会影响催化剂的活性,在550℃焙烧的催化剂活性更优,400℃时氯苯转化率为96%;氯苯入口处质量浓度在1500～6000mg/m³时,浓度升高,催化氯苯活性降低;空速在15000～30000h^-1时,空速对氯苯催化活性影响不大,但继续提高空速会明显降低催化活性。     

合成甲醇铜基催化剂反应条件的研究

本文叙述了反应条件对合成甲醇铜基催化剂活性(时空收率和 CO 转化率)的影响.时空收率和 CO 转化率均随反应压力的升高而增加;在一定空速范围内,时空收率随空速增大而增加,而CO 转化率随空速的增大而降低;反应温度为250℃时,时空收率和 CO 转化率均达最高值.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。