一种新型生物医用Ti-20Zr-10Nb合金的腐蚀、磨损及腐蚀磨损行为

通过电化学腐蚀、摩擦学测试以及扫描电镜（SEM）观察等方法，研究了新型生物医用Ti-20Zr-10Nb合金的腐蚀、磨损以及腐蚀磨损行为。动电位极化实验结果表明，与静态腐蚀相比，腐蚀电位（E_corr）向负值偏移，腐蚀电流密度（i_corr）增加了2个数量级。磨损和腐蚀磨损结果显示，Ti-20Zr-10Nb合金的磨损体积随载荷的增加而增大。研究结果表明，机械磨损在腐蚀磨损中对材料的流失贡献大于腐蚀的贡献。电化学腐蚀条件下的摩擦系数均低于纯磨损条件下获得的摩擦系数。通过观察腐蚀磨损后的形貌可知，磨粒磨损为腐蚀磨损中的主要磨损机制。此外还验证了磨粒的添加对磨损和腐蚀磨损行为的影响，发现磨粒的添加会增加材料的流失。     

Ennoblement of stainless steel in natural seawater – A new explanation

The ennoblement of corrosion potential (E_corr) of passive metal immersed in seawater was investigated with electrochemical technology and epifluorescence microscopy. The in situ observation showed that the bacteria number increased on the metal surface according to an exponential law which was in the same way with the ennoblement of E_corr. At the same time, the anodic polarization current of high‐Mo stainless steel decreased in the initial days. According to the mix‐potential theory and the characteristics of polarization curves of high‐Mo steel in natural seawater, the ennoblement of corrosion potential may be induced by the decrease of the passive current density.     

Electrochemical corrosion and impedance study of SAE1045 steel under gel-like environment

To present simulative study on corrosion of metal by sewage sludge, three kinds of gel-like systems based on SiO₂ gel and polyacrylamide gel are proposed. Comparative results of electrochemical polarization and impedance studies together with coupon test of SAE1045 steel under these gel-like surroundings and deionized water are investigated. Obvious pitting corrosion characteristic of the steel can be seen in gel-like systems with decreasing I_corr and more negative value of E_corr. It is considered to be caused by electric field concentration effect at defected sites in covering layer on the surface of the steel formed by gel particles.     

20SiMn在单相液流和液固双相流中的空蚀行为

利用超声振动空蚀实验机研究了20SiMn在蒸馏水、3％NaCl单相液流和含有3kg／m^3石英砂液固双相流中的空蚀行为,探讨了腐蚀因素对单相液和液固双相流中金属材料空蚀的影响。结果表明：在液固双相流空蚀中,存在电化学腐蚀、固相颗粒的冲蚀员以及空蚀力学破坏三者的交 用。受到固相颗粒的冲蚀磨损后,金属材料表面平缓,腐蚀因素促进在单相液流和液固双相流中金属材料的空蚀破坏,但腐蚀因素引起液固双相流中空蚀失重相对增加理小于其引起单相液流中空蚀失重相对增加量。     

Influence of biofilms growth on corrosion potential of metals immersed in seawater

The changes of corrosion potential (E_corr) of metals immersed in seawater were investigated with electrochemical technology and epifluoresence microscopy. In natural seawater, changes of E_corr were determined by the surface corrosion state of the metal. E_corr of passive metals exposed to natural seawater shifted to noble direction for about 150 mV in one day and it didn't change in sterile seawater. The in‐situ observation showed that biofilms settled on the surfaces of passive metals when E_corr moved in noble direction. The bacteria number increased on the metal surface according to exponential law and it was in the same way with the ennoblement of E_corr. The attachment of bacteria during the initial period played an important role in the ennoblement of E_corr and it is believed that the carbohydrate and protein in the biofilm are reasons for this phenomenon. The double layer capacitance (C_dl) of passive metals decreased with time when immersed in natural seawater, while remained almost unchanged in sterile seawater. The increased thickness and reduced dielectric constant of C_dl may be reasons.     

Characterization of Corrosion Product Layers from CO2 Corrosion of 13Cr Stainless Steel in Simulated Oilfield Solution

The influence of temperature and flow rate on the characterization and mechanisms of corrosion product layers from CO₂ corrosion of 13Cr stainless steel was carried out in simulated oilfield solution. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization method as well as weight loss tests in autoclave were utilized to investigate pitting corrosion behavior at various temperatures. Weight loss tests were performed at 100 and 160 °C under dynamic and static flow conditions. At the same time, the significant pitting parameters such as E _corr, E _pit, E _pp, ∆E, and I _pass in cyclic polarization curves at various temperatures were analyzed and compared for revealing the pitting behavior of 13Cr stainless steel. The surface measurement techniques such as SEM, XRD, and XPS were used to detect the corrosion product layers. The results showed that both temperature and flow rate had significant effects on characterization of corrosion product layers or passive films formed on 13Cr stainless steel in CO₂ corrosion system. At high temperature, lots of pits were formed at the localized corrosion areas of metal surfaces. Corrosion rates under the condition of 5 m/s were higher than those under the static condition regardless of the test temperatures.     

Electrochemical behavior of some copper alloys in sulfuric acid solutions

In this article, the corrosion behavior of Cu? Fe and Cu? Al? Fe was studied in H₂SO₄ solutions in the absence and presence of different concentrations of some inorganic additives, Na₂MoO₄, K₂Cr₂O₇, KIO₃, and Na₂B₄O₇. The techniques of measurements used were open‐circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The polarization measurements indicated that the corrosion current, I_corr, of Cu? Fe is less than that of Cu? Al? Fe. The investigated additives in H₂SO₄ shifted E_corr to more positive values and increases I_corr. Impedance measurements indicated that Nyquist plots for Cu? Fe may be regarded as a semi‐circle in early stages of immersion and tends to be a part of semi‐circle with elapse of time and a well‐defined inductive loop appears. In case of Cu? Al? Fe, the Nyquist plots tends to be semi‐circle or depressed semi‐circle. The values of R_p for Cu? Fe are higher than those for Cu? Al? Fe. On the other hand, the values of C_dl for Cu? Fe are lower than those obtained for Cu? Al? Fe. The presence of these additives in H₂SO₄ solutions decreases the values of polarization resistance (R_p) and increases the values of corrosion current density (I_corr) and capacitance of double layer (C_dl).     

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies of titanium and its alloys in saline medium

The influence of potential on electrochemical behaviour of pure Ti, Ti‐6Al‐7Nb, and Ti‐6Al‐4V ELI alloy under saline conditions were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). All measurements were carried out in saline solution (0.9% NaCl) at different impressed potentials (corrosion potential (E_corr), 0 mV (SCE) and + 500 mV (SCE)) for 1 h. The experimental results were compared with those obtained by potentiodynamic polarization curves. The corrosion current densities obtained for the titanium alloys showed lower values than for pure Ti, indicating the formation of a stable passive film with time. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies indicated that the resistance of the passive film increased with the impressed potential. The impedance spectra were fitted using a non‐linear least square (NLLS) fitting procedure. The magnitude of the corrosion resistance of titanium alloys under saline solution was compared and results are presented.     

镍铝青铜9442#合金及其冷喷涂涂层磨蚀行为

采用冷喷涂技术在镍铝青铜9442合金上制备了较为致密,厚度约300μm的镍铝青铜涂层,使用SEM、XRD、XPS、电化学工作站、磨蚀试验机观察并测试了镍铝青铜合金与涂层的组织形貌、电化学行为与磨蚀性能。结果表明：电化学腐蚀后基体发生了晶间腐蚀和选相腐蚀,涂层被腐蚀后颗粒上出现微孔和裂纹;磨蚀过程中存在着摩擦与钝化的协同作用以及摩擦促进阳极溶解的过程;相比于静态条件下,涂层与基体在磨蚀条件下测得的自腐蚀电位有大幅度下降,自腐蚀电流均提高了一个数量级,涂层与基体耐腐蚀性能变差;相比于干摩擦过程,磨蚀过程中涂层与基体的摩擦系数均有较大提高,减磨性能变差。     

Electrochemical behavior of anodized Mg alloy AZ91D in chloride containing aqueous solution

Electrochemical behavior in aerated 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution of Mg alloy AZ91D anodized or not has been investigated by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization and E_corr-t curve. Their microstructures before and after corrosion have been examined under scanning electron microscope. Testing results from E_corr-t and polarization curves indicate that the corrosion behavior of Mg alloy makes significant, characteristic changes due to anodization. Impedance spectra obtained show a regular evolution with exposure time revealing the development of corrosion damage. SEM micrographs confirm that there are pores, defects and microcracks in anodic film which determine the existence of film-vulnerable regions. Electrochemical data are combined with micrographs to explain protection mechanism of anodic film and corrosion mechanism of Mg alloy.     

空蚀对20SiMn在3%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为的影响

利用带电化学测试系统的磁致伸缩空蚀试验机研究了 20SiMn低合金钢在3%NaCl水溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为，通过空蚀和静态条件下的自腐蚀电位变化以及交流阻抗谱和动电位极化曲线的比较，分析了空蚀加速20SiMn低合金钢电化学腐蚀的机理.结果表明，空蚀使20SiMn低合金钢的自腐蚀电位正移200 mV，并显著降低电荷转移电阻和线性极化电阻，使电化学腐蚀速率增大约54倍；随着空蚀的进行，电荷转移电阻和线性极化电阻减小，空蚀3 h后逐渐趋于稳定.     

Selective corrosion of 550 °C aged Cu10Ni–3Al–1.3Fe alloy in NaCl aqueous solution

This work studied the electrochemical behavior of a solution treated or 550 °C aged Cu10Ni–3Al–1.3Fe alloy, in 0.01 M NaCl aqueous solution, through potentiodynamic polarization in both stagnant condition or under erosion process. Results showed the occurrence of a passivity break potential (E_pb), related to the beginning of the denickelification process, which occurred as a localized attack under stagnant electrolyte. Under erosion conditions localized denickelification was not observed, despite of the presence of E_pb. This could indicate that selective corrosion of Ni, which caused the observed E_pb, occurred as a dissolution–redeposition process, with removal of the Cu deposits during erosion process.     

Effect of dissolved hydrogen on the electrochemical behaviour of Alloy 600 in simulated PWR primary water at 290 °C

With an increase in dissolved hydrogen (DH) content from 0 to 5 cm³ STP H₂/kg H₂O the electrochemical behaviour of Alloy 600 in deaerated PWR primary water at 290 °C was investigated, using corrosion potential (E_corr) monitoring, potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). DH content controls the E_corr of Alloy 600. Raising DH content directly promotes the cathodic process and reduces the passivity of Alloy 600 significantly. EIS results show that increasing DH content results in a thinner inner-layer oxide film and ions diffusion becomes easier. The mechanism of these DH effects is discussed.     

Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Dental/Implant Alloys in Artificial Saliva

The corrosion behavior and passive film characteristics of various dental alloys such as Co-Cr, Ni-Cr, Cu-Ni-Al, and commercially pure Ti (c.p. Ti) were evaluated in artificial saliva medium by utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Tafel polarization, and cyclic polarization studies. EIS studies were carried out for various durations viz. 1 h, 1 day, and 7 days to evaluate the stability of passive film and change in corrosion characteristics with respect to time. Electrochemical parameters such as E_corr, i_corr, corrosion rate, passive film characteristics with respect to time were obtained from various studies mentioned above. The corrosion resistance decreased in the order Cu-Ni-Al > cp Ti > Co-Cr (Commercial) > Ni-Cr > Co-Cr (DRDO developed) in artificial saliva solution.     

Electrochemical study of stainless steels used in an oil company by electrochemical impedance

Localized corrosion is a serious problem for stainless steel exposed in a chloride solution. In this context, the present work concerns the study of electrochemical behavior of 316 (A and B) and 430 (C and D) stainless steels, where A and C are laboratory steels, while steels B and D were taken from heat exchangers tubes (after 10 years of operation). This study has addressed three different aqueous environments: (1) monoethanolamine (MEA) 15%, (2) natural seawater (NSW), and (3) NaCl 3%, using the technique of potentiodynamic polarization curve complemented by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The obtained experimental electrochemical parameters (E_corr, J_corr, E_r, C_d, R_tc, and constant phase element) were used to compare the corrosion resistance of the tested steels. As a result, the nobility of these steels in NaCl 3% and in MEA 15% solutions is established in the following order: 316 (A) > 316 (B) > 430 (C) > 430 (D), where E_r moves increasingly toward the positive direction, indicating a good protection against corrosion. In addition, the results show that the effect of the electrolyte (aggression) is characterized by increased corrosion potential and a decrease in the passivity domain for all samples. The hierarchy of the nobility of steels A and C in these electrolytes can be determined as follows: MEA 15% > NSW > NaCl 3%.     

溶解氧对X80管线钢在NS4溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化和交流阻抗技术研究了NS4溶液中的溶解氧对X80管线钢在该溶液中耐蚀性的影响,通过SEM、XRD等对X80管线钢的腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物进行了分析.结果表明, 随着NS4溶液中溶解氧含量的减少,X80钢的腐蚀电位升高,腐蚀电流密度降低,腐蚀产物的致密性逐渐提高,X80钢的耐蚀性增加;氧含量较高时,腐蚀产物表面高低不平,表面存在大量裂缝、孔洞等缺陷,表面致密性较差,氧含量减少后,腐蚀产物平整致密;随着溶解氧含量的不同,腐蚀后生成了不同的腐蚀产物.     

Effect of plasma nitriding of electroplated chromium coatings on the corrosion protection C45 mild steel

Plasma nitriding is a promising posttreatment technique to create a nitride layer on electroplated chromium coatings for improving their corrosion resistance. In the present study, the effects of plasma nitriding on the corrosion properties of electroplated chromium/C45 mild steel were investigated using electrochemical characterization. The chromium plated samples were nitrided using a pulsed direct current glow discharge in an NH₃ atmosphere. The polarization curve measurement results showed that the plasma nitrided samples exhibited more positive corrosion potentials (E_corr), smaller corrosion currents (I_corr), and evident passivation when compared with unnitrided chromium plating/substrate system. The high value of E_corr and low value of I_corr imply an improvement of the corrosion resistance of the coating/substrate system after plasma nitriding.     

Cavitation erosion behaviour of 20SiMn low alloy steel in Na2SO4 and NaHCO3 solutions

Most of the former studies on cavitation erosion (CE) in corrosive media were carried out in NaCl solutions. In contrast, the effects of and ions, which are dominant anions in most rivers of China, on cavitation erosion have not been investigated systematically. In this paper, the cavitation erosion behaviour of 20SiMn low alloy steel in Na₂SO₄ and NaHCO₃ solutions was investigated by using a magnetostrictive-induced CE facility. The micrographs of damaged surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the CE rate of 20SiMn low alloy steel in 0.003% Na₂SO₄ solution was higher than that in 0.003% NaCl solution, but in 0.03%, 0.3%, and 3% solutions their CE rate was almost the same. The CE rate of 20SiMn low alloy steel in 0.003-3% NaHCO₃ solutions was higher than that in the equivalent 0.003-3% Na₂SO₄ and 0.003-3% NaCl solutions, which may be related to stress corrosion cracking or corrosion fatigue mechanism in NaHCO₃ solutions. The role of corrosion was analyzed by using polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance and the corrosion potential with or without cavitation. Independent of the test media, cavitation shifted the corrosion potential in the positive direction and strongly enhanced the cathodic current density in the polarization curves. In the interaction of cavitation erosion and corrosion, the corrosion-induced erosion component was predominant. Cavitation also greatly reduced the magnitude of impedance though the initial impedance under cavitation conditions in 3% NaHCO₃ solution was almost one order larger than that in 3% Na₂SO₄ solution.     

电弧喷涂Al-Zn-Si-RE合金涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为(英文)

采用电弧喷涂方法在低碳钢表面获得高铝含量的Al-Zn-Si-RE涂层。通过测量Al-Zn-Si-RE涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的动电位极化曲线,腐蚀电位-时间曲线和电化学阻抗谱,系统地研究涂层的电化学腐蚀行为。通过将测量电化学阻抗谱拟合成等效电路图,研究涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中浸泡不同时间的阻抗行为。结果表明:Al-Zn-Si-RE涂层与Zn-15Al涂层具有相似的极化行为,阳极极化曲线均无钝化特征,仅呈现出活性溶解,但其腐蚀性能优于Zn-15Al涂层。Al-Zn-Si-RE涂层可以给钢基体提供有效的牺牲阳极保护作用,且牺牲阳极保护作用在涂层腐蚀过程中占主导地位。此外,腐蚀电位-时间曲线和电化学阻抗谱结果表明:在浸泡过程中存在点蚀-溶解-再沉积、活化溶解、阴极保护、腐蚀产物引起的物理屏蔽和涂层失效五个腐蚀阶段。     

The use of electrochemical techniques for the investigation and monitoring of microbiologically influenced corrosion and its inhibition – a review

The background of several electrochemical techniques – recording of the corrosion potential E_corr, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical noise analysis (ENA) and recording of potentiodynamic polarization curves – has been discussed and examples of the use of these techniques in studies of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and MIC inhibition have been presented. These examples range from the use of the polarization resistance R_p and the noise resistance R_n in corrosion monitoring in a sewer environment and a gas production field, respectively, to the application of EIS and ENA in the evaluation of the interaction of bacteria with protective coatings on steel exposed to natural seawater (NS). A more detailed analysis based on EIS and ENA of Corrosion protection of Al 2024, mild steel and brass in artificial seawater (AS) by bacteria such as B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, E. coli and Shewanella has been presented. Determination of the changes of R_p and R_n as well as E_corr allows to propose appropriate mechanisms of MIC inhibition. These mechanisms have been confirmed in the case of S. algae by recording of anodic and cathodic potentiodynamic polarization curves after exposure to AS containing the bacteria for extended time periods.