基于设施选址的Steiner问题的算法

在设施选址问题的基础上给出了广义Steiner树-星问题的两个近似比分别为3．55和3．582的近似算法,并在问题转化的基础上研究了其他若干特殊情形的Steiner树问题的近似算法。     

若干情形分组和覆盖Steiner问题的算法

综合论述了理论计算机科学领域中两个密切相关的NP-困难问题:分组Steiner问题和覆盖Steiner问题的不同解决途径,并就其若干特殊情形设计了近似比更好的近似算法。     

无线Mesh网络中的骨干网络部署的优化

在满足用户需求情况下,优化无线Mesh网络中接入点(TAPs)放置以及布线线路以减小布线成本.首先,把该问题中的布线问题模型化为欧氏空间中准组Steiner树问题.解决传统的组Steiner树问题的算法在该问题上并不适用.其次,针对该问题特有的特征给出了一种近似算法.最后,为了达到最小化网络布线的成本的目的,在布线的基础上使用线性规划达到最小化TAPs数目.模拟实验的结果表明,该方法能够显著降低布线成本.优化方法对于无线Mesh网络的骨干网络的部署具有重要指导意义.     

Steiner Tree问题的研究进展

Steiner树问题是经典的NP难解问题,在计算机网络布局、电路设计以及生物网络等领域都有很多应用。随着参数计算理论的发展,已经证明了无向图和有向图中的Steiner树问题都是固定参数可解的(FPT)。介绍了无向图和有向图中Steiner树问题的近似算法和参数算法,分析了一些特殊Steiner树问题的研究现状,还讨论了顶点加权Steiner树问题的研究进展。最后,提出了该问题的进一步研究方向。     

Steiner Tree问题的研究进展

Steiner树问题是经典的NP难解问题,在计算机网络布局、电路设计以及生物网络等领域都有很多应用.随着参数计算理论的发展,已经证明了无向图和有向图中的Steiner树问题都是固定参数可解的(FPT).介绍了无向图和有向图中Steiner树问题的近似算法和参数算法,分析了一些特殊Steiner树问题的研究现状,还讨论了顶点加权Steiner树问题的研究进展.最后,提出了该问题的进一步研究方向.     

关于Steiner网络设计问题的近似算法综述

随着因特网中应用的爆炸性增长与网络通讯技术的发展,无论在国防、财政和电源产业等传统领域,还是在新兴的可信计算和网络、云计算系统和下一代互联网等领域,网络的可靠性都得到越来越多的重视.如何在最小化占用网络资源的同时,通过网络的拓扑结构提高网络的可靠性,吸引了广大研究者的兴趣.著名的最小Steiner网络问题就是这个课题中最为引人关注的问题之一.在过去的十年里,作为可靠网络领域的基础问题之一,Steiner网络设计问题得到很好的研究.我们总结了关于Steiner网络设计问题当前最好的近似算法的近似比与时间复杂度,并简明的概述了这些算法的主要思想.     

近乎最佳的Manhattan型Steiner树近似算法

求解最佳的Manhattan型Steiner树问题(minimum rectilinear Steiner tree,简记为MRST问题)是在VLSI布线、网络通信中所遇到的组合优化问题,同时也是一个NP-难解问题.该文给出对该问题的O(n²)时间复杂性的近似算法.该算法在最坏情况下的近似比严格小于3/2.计算机实验结果表明,所求得的支撑树的平均费用与最佳算法的平均费用仅相差0.8%.该算法稍加修改,可应用到三维或多维的Manhattan空间对Steiner问题求解,且易于在并行与分布式环境下编程实现     

欧式平面上瓶颈Steiner树问题的一个近似算法

近些年来，Steiner树问题在理论和应用上都引起了极大的关注，尤其在日渐成熟的近似算法设计理论方面，该问题占有一定的中心地位。给定赋权连通图G=(V，E，W)及顶点子集S包含V(S中顶点称为terminals)，传统的Steiner树问题要求寻找一棵最小的树联接5中的所有顶点，该树可能包含V-S中的顶点(称为Steiner点)。即使图中每条边的权值仅限制为1或2时，传统的Steiner树问题仍然是MAX—SNP Hard。     

基因组断点Median问题的算法研究

为有效解决生物信息学中的基因组断点median问题,针对4个以上环形基因组的一般情形,建立了该问题的图模型.鉴于基因组断点median问题自身的NP-困难性,从问题转化的角度,将其等价地化为图上的旅行商问题(TSP),找出二者之间最优解的关系,进而给出了其p-近似算法,其中p为用于求解TSP问题的近似算法的近似比.对算法的复杂度和近似比进行了分析,基于LINGO软件的算例表明了该算法的可行性和有效性.     

具有数目约束的负载均衡问题

考虑了具有数目约束的负载平衡问题的一种特殊情形,称之为2-半匹配问题。分析了此问题在3种目标函数下的计算复杂性,并设计了相应的近似算法。     

On approximation algorithms for the terminal Steiner tree problem

The terminal Steiner tree problem is a special version of the Steiner tree problem, where a Steiner minimum tree has to be found in which all terminals are leaves. We prove that no polynomial time approximation algorithm for the terminal Steiner tree problem can achieve an approximation ratio less than (1−o(1))lnn unless NP has slightly superpolynomial time algorithms. Moreover, we present a polynomial time approximation algorithm for the metric version of this problem with a performance ratio of 2ρ, where ρ denotes the best known approximation ratio for the Steiner tree problem. This improves the previously best known approximation ratio for the metric terminal Steiner tree problem of ρ+2.     

Improved Approximation Algorithms for the Quality of Service Multicast Tree Problem

The Quality of Service Multicast Tree Problem is a generalization of the Steiner tree problem which appears in the context of multimedia multicast and network design. In this generalization, each node possesses a rate and the cost of an edge with length l in a Steiner tree T connecting the source to non-zero rate nodes is l · r_e, where r_e is the maximum node rate in the component of T-{e} that does not contain the source. The best previously known approximation ratios for this problem (based on the best known approximation factor of 1.549 for the Steiner tree problem in networks) are 2.066 for the case of two non-zero rates and 4.212 for the case of an unbounded number of rates. In this paper we give improved approximation algorithms with ratios of 1.960 and 3.802, respectively. When the minimum spanning tree heuristic is used for finding approximate Steiner trees, then the previously best known approximation ratios of 2.667 for two non-zero rates and 5.542 for an unbounded number of rates are reduced to 2.414 and 4.311, respectively.     

Using structured steiner trees for hierarchical global routing

The Steiner problem in a hierarchical graph model, the structured graph, is defined. The problem finds applications to hierarchical global routing. Properties of minimum-cost Steiner trees in structured graphs are investigated. A “top-down” approximate solution to the Steiner problem in structured graphs, called a top-down Steiner tree, is defined, and an algorithm is given to compute such solution. The top-down Steiner tree provides also an approximate solution to the Steiner problem in graphs admitting a structured representation. The properties of such solution are discussed and some experimental results on the quality of the approximation are presented. A reduction in time complexity is demonstrated with respect to both exact and heuristic algorithms applied to such graphs.     

The General Steiner Tree-Star problem

The Steiner tree problem is defined as follows—given a graph G=(V,E) and a subset X⊂V of terminals, compute a minimum cost tree that includes all nodes in X. Furthermore, it is reasonable to assume that the edge costs form a metric. This problem is NP-hard and has been the study of many heuristics and algorithms. We study a generalization of this problem, where there is a “switch” cost in addition to the cost of the edges. Switches are placed at internal nodes of the tree (essentially, we may assume that all non-leaf nodes of the Steiner tree have a switch). The cost for placing a switch may vary from node to node. A restricted version of this problem, where the terminal set X cannot be connected to each other directly but only via the Steiner nodes V?X, is referred to as the Steiner Tree-Star problem. The General Steiner Tree-Star problem does not require the terminal set and Steiner node set to be disjoint. This generalized problem can be reduced to the node weighted Steiner tree problem, for which algorithms with performance guarantees of Θ(lnn) are known. However, such approach does not make use of the fact that the edge costs form a metric. In this paper we derive approximation algorithms with small constant factors for this problem. We show two different polynomial time algorithms with approximation factors of 5.16 and 5.     

New primal–dual algorithms for Steiner tree problems

We present new primal–dual algorithms for several network design problems. The problems considered are the generalized Steiner tree problem (GST), the directed Steiner tree problem (DST), and the set cover problem (SC) which is a subcase of DST. All our problems are NP-hard; so we are interested in their approximation algorithms. First, we give an algorithm for DST which is based on the traditional approach of designing primal–dual approximation algorithms. We show that the approximation factor of the algorithm is k, where k is the number of terminals, in the case when the problem is restricted to quasi-bipartite graphs. We also give pathologically bad examples for the algorithm performance. To overcome the problems exposed by the bad examples, we design a new framework for primal–dual algorithms which can be applied to all of our problems. The main feature of the new approach is that, unlike the traditional primal–dual algorithms, it keeps the dual solution in the interior of the dual feasible region. The new approach allows us to avoid including too many arcs in the solution, and thus achieves a smaller-cost solution. Our computational results show that the interior-point version of the primal–dual most of the time performs better than the original primal–dual method.     

Energy efficient multicast routing in ad hoc wireless networks

In this paper, we discuss the energy efficient multicast problem in ad hoc wireless networks. Each node in the network is assumed to have a fixed level of transmission power. The problem of our concern is: given an ad hoc wireless network and a multicast request, how to find a multicast tree such that the total energy cost of the multicast tree is minimized. We first prove this problem is NP-hard and it is unlikely to have an approximation algorithm with a constant performance ratio of the number of nodes in the network. We then propose an algorithm based on the directed Steiner tree method that has a theoretically guaranteed approximation performance ratio. We also propose two efficient heuristics, node-join-tree (NJT) and tree-join-tree (TJT) algorithms. The NJT algorithm can be easily implemented in a distributed fashion. Extensive simulations have been conducted to compare with other methods and the results have shown significant improvement on energy efficiency of the proposed algorithms.     

The class Steiner minimal tree problem: a lower bound and test problem generation

The class Steiner minimal tree problem is an extension of the standard Steiner minimal tree problem in graphs, motivated by the problem of wire routing in the area of physical design of very large scale integration (VLSI). This problem is NP-hard, even if there are no Steiner nodes and the graph is a tree; moreover, there exists no polynomial time approximation algorithm with a constant bound on the relative error under the hypothesis that P NP [16]. Hence, fast and good heuristic algorithms are needed in practice. In this paper, we present an integer programming formulation of the problem. Using Lagrangean relaxation and subgradient optimization, we derive a lower bound. In order to test the lower bound, we present a procedure for generating test problems for the class Steiner minimal tree problem that have known optimal solutions. The computational experiments for the test problems demonstrate that the lower bound is very tight and differs from the optimal solutions by only a few percent on average for sparse graphs. Received: 5 July 1999 / Revised version: 14 July 2000     

A note on distributed multicast routing in point-to-point networks

The distributed algorithm for a multicast connection set-up, based on the ‘cheapest insertion’ heuristic, is reviewed. The multicast routing problem is translated into a Steiner tree problem in point-to-point networks where nodes have only a limited knowledge about the network. A solution is proposed in which the time complexity and the amount of information exchanged between network nodes are proportional to the number of members of the multicast group. The Steiner tree is constructed by means of a distributed table-passing algorithm. The analysis of the algorithm presented, backed up by simulation results, confirms its superiority over the algorithm based on ‘waving technique’.Scope and purposeMulticasting is a mechanism used in communication networks that allows distribution of information from a single source to multiple destinations. The problem of finding a multicast connection for a static group of communicating entities in connection-oriented point-to-point network can be formulated in graph theory as a minimum Steiner tree problem. Due to NP-completeness of the Steiner tree problem multicast, routing algorithms are based on heuristics. The diversity of network environments and the lack of centralised information about network topology require an effective distribution of the multicast routing algorithms among the network nodes. This article presents an alternative to the distributed algorithm proposed by Rugelj and Klavzar that implements the same heuristics for the construction of a minimum cost multicast connection in point-to-point networks. The present algorithm constitutes a substantial improvement over that previously proposed with regard to running time and the amount of the information exchanged between network nodes.