高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料的微观力学设计、性能及发展趋势

高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)是近20年发展起来的一种新型纤维增强水泥基复合材料。ECC在受力过程中,由于开裂处纤维的桥联作用以及纤维与基体间传递应力时裂缝能够稳定扩展,使得ECC表现出明显的多缝开裂特性和应变硬化行为。因此,ECC相对于传统的纤维增强水泥基复合材料具有更好的力学性能和耐久性。本文对ECC的微观力学设计理论、基本力学性能、耐久性以及工程应用进行了综述,介绍了4种具有特殊性能的新型ECC,最后就ECC所存在的材料选取、制备工艺和测试方法等方面的不足进行了评述和展望。     

搅拌过程和流变性对水泥基材料中纤维分布及力学性能影响

纤维增强水泥基设计复合材料( ECC)具有高延性特征,而成型过程影响纤维在水泥基体内分布状态,进而影响ECC获得高延性性能的稳定性。本文综述了ECC搅拌过程和拌合状态下的流变性能对纤维分布的影响,重点分析了塑性黏度和屈服应力对纤维分布及力学性能的影响。结果表明：后加纤维的搅拌过程是ECC成型过程中纤维分布的最优方式;良好的塑性黏度是保证纤维均匀分布的关键,屈服应力影响纤维分布及取向分布;综合调整ECC的流变性可以保证纤维均匀分布,使硬化后ECC获得稳定的高延性。     

工程水泥基复合材料动态力学性能及抗爆抗冲击能力研究进展

工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)是一种基于微观力学设计的新型纤维增强水泥基材料,它通过连续稳态开裂过程表现出超高延性和韧性,从而克服了普通水泥基材料抗拉能力弱、易开裂的缺点。本文综述了ECC设计机理、动态力学性能及其在抗爆抗冲击方面的研究现状,分析了材料组分设计、高应变率和高温环境对ECC性能的影响,对ECC材料在抗爆抗冲击领域的进一步研究和发展提出了建议。     

改性PVA纤维对ECC静力学特性及破坏形态的影响试验研究

为研究表面改性聚乙烯醇（PVA）纤维对ECC静力学特性及破坏形态的影响,对不同纤维掺量的ECC进行了抗折强度、抗压强度及劈裂抗拉强度试验。结果表明：在标准条件下养护28天后,纤维的加入能显著改善水泥基复合材料的力学特性指标,试件的抗折强度、抗压强度及劈裂抗拉强度均与纤维掺量呈正相关,相较之下,纤维掺量对抗压强度的影响最小。改性PVA纤维能显著减轻水泥基复合材料的破坏程度,极大地改善水泥基复合材料的脆性,相较于基体材料,ECC具有较好的延展性和韧性,吸能效果较好。     

碳系水泥基复合材料的研究进展

本文介绍了国内外水泥基复合材料的研究进展,重点对水泥基导电复合材料、水泥基电磁屏蔽复合材料和水泥基压电机敏复合材料,如导电性能、磁性能、屏蔽性能、压电性能等材料的组成、特性及发展状况进行了综述.     

3D打印高延性水泥基复合材料的单轴受拉和受压行为

为探究不同成型方式对聚乙烯(PE)高延性水泥基复合材料(ECC)单轴受拉及受压力学性能的影响,基于现浇和3D打印2种成型方式,测试了现浇ECC及打印ECC的轴心受拉及轴心抗压应力-应变关系曲线.结果 表明:3D打印成型方式使得试件的极限拉伸强度略有降低,拉伸延性却有大幅提升.纤维体积掺量不变的条件下,6 mm和12mm...     

纳米粒子和PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料抗裂性能研究

采用两种纳米粒子(纳米SiO2和纳米CaCO3),通过水泥基复合材料抗裂性能试验,探讨了PVA纤维和纳米粒子单掺和复掺两种情况下PVA纤维用量、纳米材料种类和用量对水泥基复合材料抗裂性能的影响.研究结果表明,在PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料中掺入纳米SiO2,可以显著提高水泥基复合材料抗裂性能,而且在本文试验纳米粒子掺量范围内,水泥基复合材料抗裂性能随着纳米SiO2掺量的增加不断增强;在纳米SiO2水泥基复合材料中掺入PVA纤维,可以提高水泥基复合材料的抗裂性能,当纤维体积掺量不大于1.2%时,PVA纤维体积掺量较大的纳米水泥基复合材料具有较高的抗裂性能;纳米CaCO3与纳米SiO2均能增强水泥基复合材料的抗裂性能,纳米SiO2的增强效果略优于纳米CaCO3.     

ECC的材料组成与性能关系分析

通过设计10组配合比研究了不同PVA纤维掺量、水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)强度(压缩、拉伸和弯曲)和韧性性能的影响,并进行了材料组成与性能关系分析.其中使用四点弯曲薄板来研究ECC的弯曲韧性,使用ASTM-C1018和DBV中提出的韧性指标来量化ECC的韧性特征.结果表明:ECC的抗压强度主要取决于粉煤灰置换率和水胶比,而抗拉强度和弯曲强度则主要依赖于PVA纤维体积掺量,且纤维掺量控制ECC的应变硬化和软化行为.虽然PVA纤维掺量的提高可以略微提高ECC的弹性模量,但主要还是受粉煤灰掺量控制.     

碳纳米管水泥基复合材料的力学性能和抗冻性能研究

作为新型纳米材料,碳纳米管(MWCNTs)已经应用于水泥基材料中用以改善水泥基材料性能.本文采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵作为分散剂将碳纳米管均匀分散于水泥材料中制备成碳纳米管水泥基复合材料,并细致研究了其力学性能和抗冻性能.结果表明碳纳米管的加入能够有效的增加水泥基材料的力学性能和抗冻性能.当碳纳米管的掺量为0.1％时,碳纳米管水泥基复合材料的力学性能达到最大,其抗折强度和抗压强度分别为17.5MPa和92.3 MPa.在300次冻融循环过程中,碳纳米管水泥基复合材料的质量损失率和动弹模量变化率偏低,表明碳纳米管水泥基复合材料的抗冻性得到了增强.SEM微观分析表明,碳纳米管在水泥基材料中起到了桥联和拔出效应,能够有效的延缓和阻止水泥基材料受到外界的破坏.     

乌兰布和沙漠砂制备高延性水泥基复合材料的力学性能

使用内蒙古乌兰布和沙漠砂完全代替微石英砂配置了高延性水泥基复合材料(ECC),并以砂胶比为变量,对其抗压强度、抗拉强度、抗剪强度以及抗弯强度四个方面的力学性能展开了全面的研究。抗拉试验后进一步对纤维断面使用扫描电镜(SEM)进行了观测,并采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)方法研究了沙漠砂的物质组成。结果表明,以沙漠砂配置的ECC,在相同骨料含量的条件下,其抗压强度、抗拉强度、抗剪强度以及抗弯强度均与微石英砂配置的ECC接近,延性约为微石英砂ECC的一半。除抗剪强度外,沙漠砂ECC其他各项性能均随砂胶比增大而提高,优化配比设计的沙漠砂ECC延性能够达到微石英砂ECC的水平。     

基于ECC自愈能力的耐久性研究*

ECC是一种新型的高延性水泥基复合材料。与普通混凝土材料相比,ECC具有独特的微裂纹和应变硬化行为,具有较高的自愈合能力。因此,ECC在各种环境下比普通混凝土拥有更高的耐久性。为了研究ECC自愈能力与耐久性的关系,我们首先总结了ECC自愈能力的原因;然后,介绍了微生物法、玻璃胶囊填充愈合剂法、膨胀剂与其他外加剂等诱导ECC自愈的方法;最后,详细探讨了在冻融循环、酸腐蚀和疲劳条件下ECC自愈能力对其耐久性的影响。根据目前对于诱导自愈的研究现状,我们提出了要根据实际情况合理运用愈合剂来诱导ECC自愈的建议。     

基于ECC自愈能力的耐久性研究*

ECC是一种新型的高延性水泥基复合材料。与普通混凝土材料相比，ECC具有独特的微裂纹和应变硬化行为，具有较高的自愈合能力。因此，ECC在各种环境下比普通混凝土拥有更高的耐久性。为了研究ECC自愈能力与耐久性的关系，我们首先总结了ECC自愈能力的原因；然后，介绍了微生物法、玻璃胶囊填充愈合剂法、膨胀剂与其他外加剂等诱导ECC自愈的方法；最后，详细探讨了在冻融循环、酸腐蚀和疲劳条件下ECC自愈能力对其耐久性的影响。根据目前对于诱导自愈的研究现状，我们提出了要根据实际情况合理运用愈合剂来诱导ECC自愈的建议。     

Monotonic and fatigue performance in bending of fiber-reinforced engineered cementitious composite in overlay system

This paper presents an experimental study and theoretical analyses on the monotonic and fatigue performance in bending of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber-reinforced engineered cementitious composite (ECC) overlay system. The influence of the interfacial characteristics between overlay and old concrete substrate on the overall bending performance is investigated. The experimental results show that when ECC is used as overlay material, both load carrying capacity and deformability represented by deflection at peak load of the overlaid beams in flexure are significantly increased compared to those of plain concrete (PC) overlaid beams. The fatigue life of ECC overlaid beams in flexure is not influenced by the layer/base interfacial characteristics, such as smooth cutting surface or sand-blasted rough surface. However, the deformation ability of the overlaid beams, such as deflection at midpoint of beam, in both static and cyclic loading cases are influenced by the interfacial property. The smooth casting surface leads to larger deformation at peak load under monotonic loading and at failure under fatigue loading than the corresponding values for beams with a rough casting surface. The present study demonstrates that reflective cracking failure in pavement overlays can be eliminated by the use of a ductile material such as ECC.     

Engineered cementitious composite with characteristic of low drying shrinkage

This paper reports a new class of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) with characteristics of low drying shrinkage, tight crack opening and high tensile strain capacity. Research emphasis is placed on the influence of different cementitious matrix on drying shrinkage, tensile property and early age cracking behavior of the composites. Experimental results show that drying shrinkage of the composite is greatly reduced as using the low shrinkage cementitious material in matrix, while the composite remains strain-hardening and multiple cracking characteristics. The measured drying shrinkage strain at 28 days is only 109 × 10^− 6 to 242 × 10^− 6 for low shrinkage ECCs. For traditional ECC, the shrinkage strain at 28 days is nearly 1200 × 10^− 6. The average tensile strain capacity after 28 days curing is 2.5% of the low shrinkage ECC with tensile strength of 4-5 MPa. Further, in the strain-hardening and multiple cracking stage, cracks with much smaller width compared to the traditional ECC are formed in the low shrinkage ECC.     

Effect of Fiber Volume Fraction on the Off-Crack-Plane Fracture Energy in Strain -Hardening Engineered Cementitious Composites

In this paper, the results of an experimental study on the effect of fiber volume fraction on the off-crack-plane fracture energy in a strain-hardening engineered cementitious composite (ECC) are presented. Unlike the well-known quasi-brittle behavior of fiber reinforced concrete, ECC exhibits quasi-ductile response by developing a large damage zone prior to fracture localization. In the damage zone, the material is microcracked but continues to strain-harden locally. The areal dimension of the damage zone has been observed to be on the order of 1000 cm² in double cantilever beam specimens. The energy absorption of the off-crack-plane inelastic deformation process has been measured to be more than 50% of the total fracture energy of up to 34 kJ/m². This magnitude of fracture energy is the highest ever reported for a fiber cementitious composite.     

Low-energy impact behavior of ambient cured engineered geopolymer composites

Engineered geopolymer composite (EGC) is a new kind of fiber reinforced geopolymer composite with tensile strain-hardening behaviors. This paper was intended to investigate the low-energy impact behaviors of EGC. To further reduce the carbon footprint and material cost of EGC, the feasibility of developing ambient cured EGC with cheap local PVA fiber was discussed according to the micromechanics-based analytical models. The compressive, tensile and impact tests of EGC, engineered cementitious composites (ECC), pure geopolymeric matrix and cementitious matrix were conducted and compared. It was found that the EGC specimens have similar tensile behaviors with ECC and the ultimate tensile strain of EGC can be as high as 7.5%. Under impact load, it was found that the PVA fibers could effectively restrict the crushing and spalling of geopolymeric matrix. Also, the dissipated energy of pure geopolymeric matrix is 3.8 times higher than that of cementitious matrix, indicating that it is recommendable to develop impact-resistant material based on geopolymeric matrix. The influences of NaOH molarity on the impact behaviors of EGC and geopolymeric matrix were discussed. It was found that the impact-resistance of EGC improved with the increase of NaOH molarity, while the threshold of NaOH molarity for geopolymeric matrix was recommended as 12 mol/L. Even though the compressive strength of EGC is lower than ECC, it can be concluded that EGC could have comparable or even higher impact-resistance than ECC under different low-velocity impact conditions.     

Durability properties of micro-cracked ECC containing high volumes fly ash

This paper presents the durability of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) that contain high percentages of Class-F fly ash (FA). ECC is a newly developed high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composite with substantial benefit in both high ductility in excess of 3% under uniaxial tensile loading and improved durability due to intrinsically tight crack width. Composites containing two different contents of FA as a replacement of cement (55 and 70% by weight of total cementitious material) are examined after 28 days of curing. Accelerated aging (exposure to continuous sodium hydroxide at 38 °C and sodium chloride solutions at room temperature) and tests of transport properties (salt ponding, rapid chloride permeability and sorptivity tests) are used to study the effect of FA on the durability of the ECC. After accelerated aging, direct tensile tests are performed to evaluate the effect of deterioration on the tensile strength, tensile strain capacity and crack width of ECCs. In addition to virgin specimens, the durability performances of mechanically loaded specimens are also tested. Test results show that both mechanically pre-loaded and virgin (without pre-loading) ECC mixtures with high volumes of FA remain durable in terms of mechanical performances after accelerated aging period, and show a tensile strain capacity of more than 2%. In terms of transport properties, micro-cracks induced by mechanical pre-loading increase the chloride transport and the sorptivity values of ECC. Moreover, increasing FA content is shown to have a negative effect especially on the transport properties of ECC tested in this study. However, the risk of water transport by capillary suction and chloride transport by diffusion in ECC, cracked or uncracked, is found to be comparable with that in normal sound concrete.     

Internal curing of engineered cementitious composites for prevention of early age autogenous shrinkage cracking

This investigation was carried out to study the effects of using a replacement percentage of saturated lightweight fine aggregate (LWA) as an internal curing agent on the shrinkage and mechanical behavior of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC). ECC is a micromechanically-based, designed high-performance, fiber-reinforced cementitious composite with high ductility and improved durability due to tight crack width. Standard ECC mixtures are typically produced with micro-silica sand (200 µm maximum aggregate size). Two replacement levels of silica sand with saturated LWA (fraction 0.59–4.76 mm) were adopted: the investigation used 10 and 20% by weight of total silica sand content, respectively. For each LWA replacement level, two different ECC mixtures with a fly ash-to-Portland cement ratio (FA/PC) of 1.2 and 2.2 were cast. In a control test series, two types of standard ECC mixtures with only silica sand were also studied. To investigate the effect of replacing a portion of the silica sand with saturated LWA on the mechanical properties of ECC, the study compared the results of uniaxial tensile, flexure and compressive strength tests, crack development, autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage. The test results showed that the autogenous shrinkage strains of the control ECCs with a low water-to-cementitious material ratio (W/CM) (0.27) and high volume FA developed rapidly, even at early ages. The results also showed that up to a 20% replacement of normal-weight silica sand with saturated LWA was very effective in reducing the autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage of ECC. On the other hand, the partial replacement of silica sand with saturated LWA with a nominal maximum aggregate size of 4.76 mm is shown to have a negative effect, especially on the ductility and strength properties of ECC. The test results also confirm that the autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage of ECC significantly decreases with increasing FA content. Moreover, increasing FA content is shown to have a positive effect on the ductility of ECC.