一种变频率约束限的结构拓扑优化方法

针对仅频率约束和重量最小的结构拓扑优化问题,基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法和渐进结构优化方法的思路,提出了一种变频率约束限的结构拓扑优化方法.在优化迭代循环的每一轮子循环迭代求解开始时,为了控制拓扑设计变量的变化量,依据结构频率和其约束限,形成和引进了新的频率约束限.另外,建立了单元删除阈值和几轮迭代循环的单元删除策略.为了确保优化迭代中结构非奇异和方法具有增添单元的功能,在结构孔洞和边界周围引入了一层人工材料单元.结合拉格朗日乘子法,形成了一种新的连续体结构的拓扑优化方法.给出的算例表明该方法没有目标函数的振荡现象,且验证了该方法的正确性和有效性.     

不确定性简谐激励下连续体结构可靠性拓扑优化

针对不确定性简谐激励下连续体结构设计问题,提出了一种有效的考虑载荷振幅和频率不确定性的谐响应可靠性拓扑优化方法。建立了概率可靠性约束下结构体积比最小化的可靠性设计优化模型,其中极限状态函数定义为所关注自由度振幅平方和。利用伴随变量法推导了极限状态函数关于设计变量和随机变量的解析灵敏度列式,采用功能度量法实现结构可靠性分析,并基于移动渐进线方法实现设计变量的更新。最后,通过3个数值算例及蒙特卡罗仿真,验证了所提方法对不确定性简谐激励下连续体结构设计问题的有效性和稳定性,并讨论了简谐激励的振幅大小和频率不确定性、可靠度指标及变异系数对优化结果的影响。     

追究根基的结构拓扑优化方法

结合作者在结构拓扑优化方面的研究工作,围绕了ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法涉及的基本概念上的突破,叙述了将本质上为0-1离散变量的拓扑优化问题转化为连续变量优化问题的具体做法,其中介绍了若干要点:以阶跃函数把离散问题化为连续问题即完成关键的等价性转换是第一步;定义磨光函数逼近阶跃函数的可操作的近似是第二步;引入作为磨光函数反函数的过滤函数实现映射性建模是第三步;采用某些光滑算法求解连续变量模型则是第四步。通过连续体结构的典型数值算例说明了将结构拓扑优化的模型转化为独立层次的拓扑优化过程。该方法对于纯数学的0-1离散变量优化的求解也适用,方法与数值都表明了这一点。     

拓扑优化方法及其在微型柔性结构设计中的应用

介绍了连续体结构拓扑优化设计中常用的均匀化方法和渐进结构优化法的原理，对拓扑优化中出现的数值不稳定现象——棋盘格式、网格依赖性和局部极值——进行了分析，通过典型实例和笔者最近的研究工作说明了拓扑优化在微型柔性机构设计中的应用，最后对拓扑优化技术的发展进行了展望。     

三杆类桁架材料模型多工况最小柔度优化

研究了多工况结构柔度最小化方法。提出了3杆类桁架连续体材料模型。推导了该材料的刚度矩阵及其导数。通过优化杆件分布场得到优化的类桁架连续体。克服了目前普遍采用单元的"有"和"无"表示结构拓扑的轮廓粗糙、锯齿状边界问题。结点位置的杆件密度和方向作为设计变量,杆件在单元内的密度和方向通过结点位置的数值插值得到,并且在单元内连续变化。由于没有抑制中间密度,完全不存在数值不稳定问题。类桁架连续体由于与杆系结构有明确的对应关系,可以合理地转化杆系结构。选择杆件分布场中的部分杆件可以形成杆系结构。如果再进一步作尺寸和形状优化就可以得到最终的拓扑优化结构。     

结构拓扑优化中敏度过滤技术研究

为了抑制连续体结构拓扑优化结果中的棋盘格和灰度单元问题,借鉴粒子群优化算法中粒子状态的更新方法,提出一种改进的敏度更新技术.以结构的柔度最小为优化目标,构建了基于固体各项同性微惩罚结构的结构拓扑优化模型,根据结构的力学响应分析,采用优化准则法进行设计变量更新,进行载荷作用下二维连续体结构的拓扑优化设计,得到了材料在设计域内的最优分布.通过与已有敏度过滤技术的对比分析,验证了文中方法的正确性和有效性．     

宏观结构性能约束下的材料微结构拓扑优化

为了设计周期性多孔钢或钢/铝复合材料优化微结构,基于独立连续映射法,建立了以结构总质量最小化为目标,节点位移为约束的拓扑优化模型。假设宏观结构由多孔材料或复合材料组成,其等效特性采用均匀化理论计算得到。定义了微观材料拓扑变量,节点位移约束采用一阶泰勒展开近似。各种材料设计要求作为约束条件纳入到优化模型中。推导了节点位移和总质量的敏度表达式。采用基于求解偏微分的过滤方法消除了数值不稳定性。在二维数值算例中获得了各种满足设计要求的优化材料微结构。结果表明:提出的方法在材料微结构拓扑优化设计中具有可行性和有效性。      

模糊参数平面连续体结构的拓扑优化设计

研究了具有模糊参数的连续体结构在模糊载荷作用下的拓扑优化设计问题。利用信息熵将模糊变量转换为随机变量,构建了随机载荷作用下的随机参数的连续体结构的拓扑优化设计数学模型,以结构的形状拓扑信息为设计变量,结构总质量均值极小化为目标函数,满足单元应力可靠性为约束条件,利用分布函数法对应力可靠性约束进行了等价显式化处理。基于随机因子法,利用代数综合法导出了应力响应的数字特征的计算表达式。采用双方向渐进结构优化(BESO)方法求解。通过两个算例验证了该文模型及求解方法的合理性和有效性。     

屈曲与应力约束下连续体结构的拓扑优化

基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法建立了以结构重量最小为目标,以屈曲临界力、应力同时为约束的连续体拓扑优化模型:采用独立的连续拓扑变量,借助泰勒展式、过滤函数将目标函数作二阶近似展开;借助瑞利商、泰勒展式、过滤函数将屈曲约束化为近似显函数;将应力这种局部性约束采用全局化策略进行处理,即借助第四强度理论、过滤函数将应力局部性约束转化为应变能约束,大大减少了灵敏度分析的计算量;将优化模型转化为对偶规划,减少了设计变量的数目,并利用序列二次规划求解,缩小了模型的求解规模。数值算例表明:该方法可以有效地解决屈曲与应力约束共同作用的连续体拓扑优化问题,能够得到合理的拓扑结构,并有较高的计算效率。     

结构畸变比能处理的应力约束全局化的连续体结构拓扑优化

该文根据von Mises强度准则的畸变比能本质,计算单元畸变比能替代应力约束;依照应力全局化策略,定义结构畸变比能约束概念,求解应力约束下重量最小的连续体结构拓扑优化问题,急剧地减少了应力约束。构造许用应力和结构最大应力的比值含参数幂函数,对约束限进行动态修正。基于ICM(Independent Continuous and Mapping,独立、连续、映射)方法,采用指数型快滤函数建立了结构在畸变比能约束下的结构拓扑优化模型,并选取精确映射下的序列二次规划进行求解。数值算例表明:采用修正的结构畸变比能的应力全局化策略,对于结构拓扑优化问题的求解是有用和高效的。该文提出的方法对解决工况间存在病态载荷的问题也是有益的。     

连续体结构的变密度拓扑优化方法研究

为了实现使连续体结构的体积约束和柔顺度最小的拓扑优化及解决采用经典变密度法引起的结构优化结果存在如灰度单元、棋盘格等数值不稳定问题，提出了一种新的拓扑优化方法。首先，采用改进的固体各向同性材料惩罚法作为材料插值方案，建立结构拓扑优化模型；其次，通过引入基于高斯权重函数的敏度过滤法和设计新灰度单元抑制算子来解决数值不稳定问题；最后，借助优化准则法求解优化模型。通过算例分析可知：新策略可以改进拓扑优化方法；新的拓扑优化方法具有收敛速度较快、能更好地获取柔顺度小且拓扑构型好的优化结构和抑制灰度单元产生等优势。研究结果为其他连续体结构的拓扑优化研究提供了新思路。     

Robust topology optimization under load position uncertainty

The topology optimization problem of a continuum structure on the compliance minimization objective is investigated under consideration of the external load uncertainty in its application position with a nonprobabilistic approach. The load position is defined as the uncertain-but-bounded parameter and is represented by an interval variable with a nominal application point. The structural compliance due to the load position deviation is formulated with the quadratic Taylor series expansion. As a result, the objective gradient information to the topological variables can be evaluated efficiently in a quadratic expression. Based on the maximum design sensitivity value, which corresponds to the most sensitive compliance to the uncertain loading position, a single-level optimization approach is suggested by using a popular gradient-based optimality criteria method. The proposed optimization scheme is performed to gain the robust topology optimizations of three benchmark examples, and the final configuration designs are compared comprehensively with the conventional topology optimizations under the loading point fixation. It can be observed that the present method can provide remarkably different material layouts with auxiliary components to accommodate the load position disturbances. The numerical results of the representative examples also show that the structural performances of the robust topology optimizations appear less sensitive to the load position perturbations than the traditional designs.     

Topology optimization of continuum structures with displacement constraints based on meshless method

In this paper, the element free Galerkin method (EFG) is applied to carry out the topology optimization of continuum structures with displacement constraints. In the EFG method, the matrices in the discretized system equations are assembled based on the quadrature points. In the sense, the relative density at Gauss quadrature point is employed as design variable. Considering the minimization of weight as an objective function, the mathematical formulation of the topology optimization subjected to displacement constraints is developed using the solid isotropic microstructures with penalization interpolation scheme. Moreover, the approximate explicit function expression between topological variables and displacement constraints are derived. Sensitivity of the objective function is derived based on the adjoint method. Three numerical examples are used to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Topology optimization of continuum structures for natural frequencies considering casting constraints

A method for the topology optimization on the natural frequency of continuum structures with casting constraints is proposed. The objective is to maximize the natural frequency of vibrating continuum structures subject to casting constraints. When the natural frequencies of the considered structures are maximized using the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) model, artificial localized modes may occur in areas where elements are assigned with lower density values. In this article, the topology optimization is performed by the bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method. The effects of different locations of concentrated lump mass, different volume fractions and meshing sizes on the final topologies are compared. Both two and four parting directions are investigated. Several two- and three-dimensional numerical examples show that the proposed BESO method is effective in achieving convergent solid–void optimal solutions for a variety of frequency optimization problems of continuum structures.     

Topology optimization of multi-material for the heat conduction problem based on the level set method

This article presents a numerical approach of topology optimization with multiple materials for the heat conduction problem. The multiphase level set model is used to implicitly describe the geometric boundaries of material regions with different conductivities. The model of multi-material representation has no emergence of the intermediate density. The optimization objective is to construct the optimal heat conductive paths which improve the efficiency of heat transfer. The dissipation of thermal transport potential capacity is taken as the objective function. The sensitivity analysis is implemented by the adjoint variable method, which is the foundation of constructing the velocity field of the level set equation. The optimal result is gradually realized by the evolution of multi-material boundaries, and the topological changes are naturally handled during the optimization process. Finally, the numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method for topology optimization of the heat conduction problem.     

General topology optimization method with continuous and discrete orientation design using isoparametric projection

A general topology optimization method, which is capable of simultaneous design of density and orientation of anisotropic material, is proposed by introducing orientation design variables in addition to the density design variable. In this work, the Cartesian components of the orientation vector are utilized as the orientation design variables. The proposed method supports continuous orientation design, which is out of the scope of discrete material optimization approaches, as well as design using discrete angle sets. The advantage of this approach is that vector element representation is less likely to fail into local optima because it depends less on designs of former steps, especially compared with using the angle as a design variable (Continuous Fiber Angle Optimization) by providing a flexible path from one angle to another with relaxation of orientation design space. An additional advantage is that it is compatible with various projection or filtering methods such as sensitivity filters and density filters because it is free from unphysical bound or discontinuity such as the one at θ = 2π and θ = 0 seen with direct angle representation. One complication of Cartesian component representation is the point‐wise quadratic bound of the design variables; that is, each pair of element values has to reside in a given circular bound. To overcome this issue, we propose an isoparametric projection method, which transforms box bounds into circular bounds by a coordinate transformation with isoparametric shape functions without having the singular point that is seen at the origin with polar coordinate representation. A new topology optimization method is built by taking advantage of the aforementioned features and modern topology optimization techniques. Several numerical examples are provided to demonstrate its capability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Robust compliance topology optimization based on the topological derivative concept

In this paper, we present an approach for robust compliance topology optimization under volume constraint. The compliance is evaluated considering a point‐wise worst‐case scenario. Analogously to sequential optimization and reliability assessment, the resulting robust optimization problem can be decoupled into a deterministic topology optimization step and a reliability analysis step. This procedure allows us to use topology optimization algorithms already developed with only small modifications. Here, the deterministic topology optimization problem is addressed with an efficient algorithm based on the topological derivative concept and a level‐set domain representation method. The reliability analysis step is handled as in the performance measure approach. Several numerical examples are presented showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Isogeometric topology optimization for continuum structures using density distribution function

This paper will propose a more effective and efficient topology optimization method based on isogeometric analysis, termed as isogeometric topology optimization (ITO), for continuum structures using an enhanced density distribution function (DDF). The construction of the DDF involves two steps. (1)  Smoothness: the Shepard function is firstly utilized to improve the overall smoothness of nodal densities. Each nodal density is assigned to a control point of the geometry. (2) Continuity: the high-order NURBS basis functions are linearly combined with the smoothed nodal densities to construct the DDF for the design domain. The nonnegativity, partition of unity, and restricted bounds [0, 1] of both the Shepard function and NURBS basis functions can guarantee the physical meaning of material densities in the design. A topology optimization formulation to minimize the structural mean compliance is developed based on the DDF and isogeometric analysis to solve structural responses. An integration of the geometry parameterization and numerical analysis can offer the unique benefits for the optimization. Several 2D and 3D numerical examples are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed ITO method, and the optimized 3D designs are prototyped using the Selective Laser Sintering technique.     

三维连续体结构仿生拓扑优化新方法

Wolff法则是指骨骼通过重建/生长,保证骨小梁方向趋于与主应力方向一致以不断地适应它的力学环境。根据Wolff法则,建立了一种新的拓扑优化的准则法。该方法的基本思想是:(1)将待优化的结构看作是一块遵从Wolff法则生长的骨骼,骨骼的重建过程作为三维连续体结构寻找最优拓扑的过程;(2)用构造张量描述正交各向异性材料的弹性本构;(3)重建规律为结构中材料的更新规律。通过引入参考应变区间,材料更新规律可解释为:设计域内一点处主应变的绝对值不在该区间时,该点处构造张量出现变化;否则,构造张量不变化,该点处于生长平衡状态。(4)当设计域内所有点都处于生长平衡状态时,结构拓扑优化结束。采用各向同性本构模型,即令二阶构造张量与二阶单位张量成比例,分析三维结构拓扑优化。实例进一步验证基于Wolf法则的连续体结构优化方法的正确性和可行性。     

Topology optimization using bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization based on the element-free Galerkin method

In this article, the bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method based on the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method is presented for topology optimization of continuum structures. The mathematical formulation of the topology optimization is developed considering the nodal strain energy as the design variable and the minimization of compliance as the objective function. The EFG method is used to derive the shape functions using the moving least squares approximation. The essential boundary conditions are enforced by the method of Lagrange multipliers. Several topology optimization problems are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Many issues related to topology optimization of continuum structures, such as chequerboard patterns and mesh dependency, are studied in the examples.