低碳马氏体形成时碳的扩散

低碳马氏体形成时,碳由马氏体扩散到周围奥氏体。使奥氏体由0.27%富碳至1.04%所需的时间,经计算仅为10~(-7)s数量级,证明碳原子的扩散跟得上条状马氏体的形成。由热力学计算,可以合理地认为碳由马氏体脱溶使奥氏体富碳。经过透射电镜观察,0.12C-低Ni-Cr钢的淬火组织主要为条状马氏体及条间残余奥氏体,也存在挛晶马氏体。后者进一步证明,在低碳马氏体形成时碳的扩散使奥氏体富碳,在有些富碳不太高的母相区域就形成这类组织。奥氏体和马氏体之间的界面为较平直的界面。同一钢的贝氏体组织具有正常上贝氏体(B_Ⅱ)、B_Ⅲ型贝氏体和无碳化物贝氏体(B_Ⅰ)。奥氏体和贝氏体铁素体之间的界面上存在巨型台阶,与奥氏体和马氏体之间的界面具有很大的差别。又从动力学观点考虑,低碳马氏体的长大速率与上贝氏体的伸长速率相差达3—4个数量级,因此认为低碳马氏体的形成和贝氏体具有不同的机制。     

DIFFUSION OF CARBON DURING THE FORMATION OF LOW-CARBON MARTENSITE

低碳马氏体形成时,碳由马氏体扩散到周围奥氏体。使奥氏体由0.27％富碳至1.04％所需的时间,经计算仅为10~(-7)s数量级,证明碳原子的扩散跟得上条状马氏体的形成。由热力学计算,可以合理地认为碳由马氏体脱溶使奥氏体富碳。经过透射电镜观察,0.12C-低Ni-Cr钢的淬火组织主要为条状马氏体及条间残余奥氏体,也存在挛晶马氏体。后者进一步证明,在低碳马氏体形成时碳的扩散使奥氏体富碳,在有些富碳不太高的母相区域就形成这类组织。奥氏体和马氏体之间的界面为较平直的界面。同一钢的贝氏体组织具有正常上贝氏体(B_Ⅱ)、B_Ⅲ型贝氏体和无碳化物贝氏体(B_Ⅰ)。奥氏体和贝氏体铁素体之间的界面上存在巨型台阶,与奥氏体和马氏体之间的界面具有很大的差别。又从动力学观点考虑,低碳马氏体的长大速率与上贝氏体的伸长速率相差达3—4个数量级,因此认为低碳马氏体的形成和贝氏体具有不同的机制。     

退火温度对车轻量化用热轧高锰钢组织和拉伸性能的影响

采用EBSD、TEM等试验测试方法分析了退火温度对车轻量化用热轧高锰钢组织和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:经过热轧退火处理得到的铁素体与奥氏体晶粒都表现为等轴状的外形特征。当退火温度上升后,奥氏体晶粒尺寸增大,铁素体晶粒尺寸降低。高锰钢试样组织中未出现再结晶现象,在铁素体晶粒中存在很低的位错密度。拉伸过程中,高锰钢试样中的奥氏体稳定性对马氏体转变过程造成了显著影响,奥氏体的稳定性越小,其转变为马氏体的速率就越快。当真应变为0.01时,在奥氏体晶粒中形成了许多层错,未生成马氏体组织。随着应变量增大到0.1时,很多奥氏体组织转变成了马氏体。     

高钒高速钢/35CrMo复合轧辊界面组织和性能研究

采用电磁半连续复合铸造法制成高钒高速钢35CrMo复合轧辊，研究了复合界面组织形貌特征和微区成分分布，测试了结合界面的力学性能。结果表明：界面上有厚度为40μm左右扩散层，层内显微组织为珠光体；邻接扩散层的合金钢侧组织为铁素体和珠光体，高速钢侧为马氏体基体上分布着VC颗粒。高速钢和舍金钢的显微硬度值分别为700HV和250HV，扩散层介于两者之间硬度值为350HV；冲击韧度值可达到100J／cm^2。该方法制备的复合轧辊界面具有良好的组织特征和力学性能，是冶金结合和扩散结合共同作用的结果。高钒高速钢35CrMo复合界面存在明显扩散层，且界面两侧发生成分扩散。结合区两侧显微硬度差别很大，但在界面处无突变。界面冲击韧度随高钒高速钢面积比的增加快速下降。     

退火温度对双金属复合管界面组织的影响

用热轧穿孔的方法获得10MnVNb/12Cr双金属复合钢管,通过金相显微镜、环境扫描电镜(ESEM)、能谱仪(EDS)观察界面附近微观组织及元素在界面的分布情况,采用X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计分析界面附近物相及物相变化带来的界面两侧金属硬度起伏,研究不同扩散退火温度对10MnVNb/12Cr界面的影响。结果表明:复合管界面10MnVNb一侧组织为珠光体、马氏体和细小碳化物,12Cr一侧由铁素体、马氏体和少量碳化物组成。随扩散退火温度的升高,界面附近晶粒逐渐粗化,超过1200℃后出现明显过热;Cr元素在界面处发生明显扩散;马氏体峰强增加,碳化物类型由Cr3C2向Cr7C3过渡;退火和碳化物类型转变的综合作用下,界面两侧金属显微硬度出现先下降后上升的趋势。     

钢中贝氏体长大方式的TEM研究

利用ＴＥＭ考察了钢中贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面台阶结构及奥氏体精细结构。用ＴＥＭ温台发现在贝氏体增厚过程中新形成的贝氏体中存在奥氏体预存孪晶；在贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面存在台阶结构，但台阶阶面可对应于母相奥氏体中孪晶面或层错面，表明台阶的阶面为共格的滑移界面。因而贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面可通过界面台阶沿面缺陷进行保守滑移，贝氏体长大具有滑移切变特征。根据实验结果提出了贝氏体二次层错切变模型及组织形貌示意图。     

TiC硬质合金/碳钢爆炸焊接复合板界面微观组织

用透射电镜、扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪对TiC硬质合金/碳钢爆炸焊接复合板界面微观组织和相组成进行分析.结果表明,界面上有一断续的熔合层,层厚约10μm,层内为尺寸位于几十个～几百个纳米之间的纳米或亚微米超细晶粒,组成相为铁素体、奥氏体和少量TiC.在界面附近碳钢侧可以看到明显的流线状组织特征,铁索体具有板条状马氏体的结构特征,珠光体层片间距减小,呈流线分布.焊接过程中Ti向钢中扩散15μm左右.     

马氏体钢双相区奥氏体组织特征及形成机理

采用双相区再加热-淬火（IQ）工艺,研究了马氏体钢在双相区再加热过程中奥氏体的组织特征及形成机理。结果表明,经890 ℃奥氏体化900 s后淬火处理获得板条马氏体组织的试验钢,经随后的双相区750 ℃再加热-淬火处理,在马氏体组织的基础上获得了由亚温铁素体和块状或针状马氏体组成的双相组织。马氏体钢在双相区再加热过程中,针状奥氏体的形成过程可以分为3个阶段：以板条马氏体间碳化物（Fe₃C）为奥氏体形核点及C元素在奥氏体内的扩散控制奥氏体在板条界间生长;板条马氏体内C向奥氏体内扩散控制其沿板条方向长大;Mn向奥氏体扩散并控制铁素体-奥氏体两相达到最终的平衡状态。钢在750 ℃再加热过程中,C、Mn元素由铁素体向奥氏体相中扩散,其扩散过程控制着奥氏体的形核与长大,扩散的结果是C、Mn元素在奥氏体内富集,实现C、Mn元素在两相之间的配分。     

高品质热轧双相钢的开发

为了提高热轧双相钢的品质，研究了化学成分、轧制工艺、冷却工艺和不同季节水温等参数对热轧双相钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明，无Si成分设计显著提高了热轧双相钢的表面质量；较低的终轧温度和中间保温温度有利于获得更为细小的铁素体组织和弥散的马氏体组织；低的卷取温度（280 ℃）可以获得铁素体+马氏体双相组织；冷却水水温的降低显著提高马氏体含量并提高双相钢的强度。基于上述研究，邯钢实现了系列热轧双相钢的稳定生产，双相钢制作的汽车车轮性能良好。     

钢中贝氏体长大方式的TEM研究

利用ＴＥＭ考察了钢中贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面台阶结构及奥氏体精细结构。用ＴＥＭ温台发现在贝氏体增厚过程中新形成的贝氏体中存在奥氏体预存孪晶；在贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面存在台阶结构，但台阶阶面可对应于母相奥氏体中孪晶面或层错面，表明台阶的阶面为共格的滑移界面。因而贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面可通过界面台阶沿面缺陷进行保守滑移，贝氏体长大具有滑移切变特征。根据实验结果提出了贝氏体二次层错切变模型及组     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.