Comparison of statistical methods of radiation monitoring

The results of a Monte-Carlo simulation of algorithms for statistical analysis of information from detectors in radiation monitors, recording the presence of random, short-time, weak radioactive radiation, are presented. The Neyman–Pearson test and likelihood ratio, moving average, digital recursive filter, a priori probability, half-sums, and relative dispersion methods are examined. The results of a comparative analysis of the algorithms and the investigation of the possibilities and conditions for realizing their maximum possibilities are presented. The analysis has shown that the moving average method has advantages. It can be replaced by the similarity ratio method in the event of a Poisson distribution and the a priori probability method in the event of a Gaussian distribution. For an average background of not more than 5 with a large separation the moving average and similarity ratio methods are best. Otherwise the digital recursive filter method is best. The best results are obtained by combining the detection method with the moving average method together with likelihood ratio and a priori probability methods.     

剂量仪中数字滤波器设计

单探测器宽量程剂量仪测量范围能超过8个数量级,远大于常规脉冲计数法的剂量仪。在单探测器宽量程剂量仪中,平均等待时间的计算误差直接关系到最终辐射强度或剂量率的计算精度。平均时间求取的实质是采用低通滤波器处理等待时间。信号处理领域中成熟的数字滤波器设计的基础是信号频谱分析,没有考虑核探测中的随机因素,由其设计的滤波器不能同时提高响应速度与测量精度这两个指标。针对单探测器宽量程剂量仪测量等待时间与数字滤波器设计方法的特点,本文提出了基于多目标粒子群优化的滤波器设计方法。理论分析与实验结果均表明：与传统方法所设计的滤波器相比,本文方法所设计的滤波器在相同测量精度条件下具有最快的响应速度;在相同响应速度条件下,具有最高的测量精度。本方法适用于设计宽量程剂量仪或其他类型辐射测量装置的数字滤波器。     

放射源跌落冲击响应谱仿真与分析

采用冲击响应谱改进的递归数字滤波法,基于有限元模拟仿真,对密封放射源跌落冲击响应谱(SPS)进行研究。分析放射源包壳不同测点位置、跌落姿态以及跌落高度的最大加速度冲击响应谱特点及规律。结果表明,跌落冲击响应谱能够确定放射源结构在跌落冲击中存在的共振响应,准确计算共振产生放大效应的损伤势,可为放射源结构的抗冲击设计及优化提供依据。     

Linear Dose–Effect Relation for Radiation and Chemical Carcinogenic Risk

It is often asserted in the literature that a linear dose–effect relation at low ionizing radiation doses overestimates the radiation risk. It is shown by means of a simple mathematical analysis that this assertion is incorrect with respect to an individual source of radiation or chemical action, acting against the background of other endogenic (internal) and exogenic factors giving rise to cancer. In reality, the risk can be underestimated: if a sublinear relation is valid for the total carcinogenic risk, then an epidemiological study of an individual source of ionizing radiation or chemical action can yield a superlinear relation. For a sublinear total dose–effect relation, a specific source of carcinogenic action cannot be estimated separately. The sum of all endogenic and exogenic sources of such action moves the effect out of the low dose range. Consequently, it is recommended that a linear relation be applied to a specific source of carcinogenesis. In so doing such an estimate should not be viewed as too high (upper limit). The same considerations are also valid for the dose rate dependence.When analyzing the risk for the Russian population or individual regions in Russia, it is not completely correct to use average risk coefficients obtained for other countries. The risk depends strongly on the medical-demographic indicators of a country or territory for which the risk assessment is being made.     

Quantitative SPECT brain imaging: effects of attenuation anddetector response

Two reconstruction methods that compensate for attenuation and detector response, a 3-D maximum-likelihood (ML) expectation-maximization (EM) method and a filtered backprojection (FB) method with Metz filter and Chang attenuation compensation, were implemented and compared in terms of quantitative accuracy and image noise. The methods were tested on simulated data for the 3D Hoffman brain phantom. The simulation incorporated attenuation and distance-dependent detector response. Bias and standard deviation of reconstructed voxel intensities were measured in the gray- and white-matter regions. The results for ML showed that, in both regions, as the number of iterations increased, bias decreased and standard deviation increased. Similar results were observed for FB as the Metz filter power increased. In both regions, ML had a smaller standard deviation than FB for a given bias. Reconstruction times for the ML method have been greatly reduced through efficient coding and limited source support, and by computing attenuation factors only along rays perpendicular to the detector     

基于LabVIEW的核信号数字滤波器的研制

本文介绍了基于LabVIEW的核信号数字滤波器的设计与测试。该数字滤波器实现了3种核信号的数字滤波成形方法--基于小波分析技术的高斯滤波成形、匹配滤波成形和梯形滤波成形。为验证该滤波器的性能,利用计算机产生的数字化核脉冲信号作为信号源,对各种滤波成形算法的效果进行了测试。测试结果表明,该数字滤波器的性能良好,参数调节方便,适用于对核信号进行数字滤波成形。     

基于90Sr源β射线的外推电离室入射窗修正因子

为实现外推电离室对β辐射吸收剂量的准确测量,对影响外推电离室入射窗修正因子k_wi的主要量进行了研究。实验测量了外推电离室不同极间距和不同源 探距（源到外推电离室入射窗表面的距离）下的k_wi。研究结果表明,在源 探距不变的条件下,k_wi随电离室极间距的增大而减小;在电离室极间距为3 mm的条件下,k_wi随源-探距的增大而减小。利用蒙特卡罗模拟计算出不带展平过滤器、源 探距为30 cm、电离室极间距为3 mm时,k_wi为1.0845,与实验测量结果比较,其相对偏差为0.11%。因此,在给出k_wi的同时,应提供相应的源-探距和电离室极间距。     

The background calculation of the filter-fluorescer method

For the measurement of X-ray energy spectrum with filter-fluorescer method,the high energy tail at the rearward of response function is the main source of background.There are,traditionally,two techniques for measuring the background contributions:the same element Z for the fluorescer and filter,or the same element Z?1 for them.Using the formula of fluorescence intensity,and the elemental combinations of cobalt and iron,the backgrounds which the two techniques provide and the real one for measuring black-body radiation at equilibrium temperature of 7×106 K,were calculated.The results show that the Co-Co combination for the filter-fluorescer spectrometer can achieve better effect.A semi-quantitative analysis for the calculation results is discussed.     

非准直点源透射法测量体源样品的线性衰减系数

体源样品的线性衰减系数是计算自吸收修正因子最重要的参数。本文针对未知体源样品的线性衰减系数测量问题,提出了非准直点源透射法。该方法直接把点源置于样品盒上方一定距离或直接放置在样品盒上方进行透射,对蒙特卡罗模拟透射率和实验测量透射率进行比较,反推待测体源样品的线性衰减系数。本文详细介绍了该方法的基本原理和计算过程,选取了5种不同密度的物质作为待测对象,采用3种不同能量的点源,对该方法进行了实验验证。研究结果表明,不同能量的γ射线下,该方法的实验结果和XCOM平台理论计算结果吻合程度好（＜8%）,能方便计算出体源样品的线性衰减系数。该方法不受准直器以及探测器和样品尺寸、形状的限制,简单易行,便于各实验室推广使用。     

大流量气溶胶滤膜标准γ体源制备技术

为制备大流量气溶胶滤膜标准γ体源,采用参数优化的专用滴源装置,将放射性标准溶液⁶⁰Co定量滴注在气溶胶取样滤膜上,晾干后对角折叠,并采用专用压样装置压制成与测量样品几何形状一致、密实的圆盘形固态物,密封保存。采用差重法对制备的滤膜标准γ源进行活度定值,制备的气溶胶滤膜标准γ体源活度值为4.4×10⁴ Bq,相对扩展不确定度U（k=2）为3.6%。采用分割压制法对气溶胶滤膜标准γ体源进行均匀性测量,相对标准偏差低于5%。制备的滤膜标准γ源可为测量大流量气溶胶样品的γ谱仪效率刻度服务。     

Determination of transmission factors of concretes with different water/cement ratio,curing condition,and dosage of cement and air entraining agent

This study focuses on determination of transmission factors of main parameters affecting the properties of both normal- and heavy-weight concrete in order to increase knowledge and understanding of radiation attenuation in concrete at a later age. Water/cement (W/C) ratio, curing condition, cement quantity and air entraining agent (AEA) were selected as the main parameters. Eight energy values have been selected within the energy interval of 30.85–383.85 keV to be used in the radiation source. The Taguchi Method was used as the method of optimization. It was determined in the study that the most important parameter affecting the attenuation of the radiation of the concrete is the W/C ratio and the concretes produced with the lowest level of W/C ratio absorb more radiation. However, it was also determined that there was a combined effect between the W/C ratio and the cement dosage.     

大型单板源Co-60辐照装置的排源方法和实践

本文详细论述了中金辐照成都有限公司BFT-IV辐照装置第二次加源所用排源方案的设计方法和过程。通过理论公式计算该辐照装置源架16个模件的活度占总活度的最优化比例,将新采购的放射源按此比例分为16个小组,装入源架对应模件中,模件内部源棒由人工以均匀方式布置。利用MCNP_4C软件建立辐照装置数学模型,计算剂量分布,用第一次加源后的剂量场分布测试结果验证MCNP模型的有效性。分别计算因人工排列不同形成的多个排源方案的剂量分布,选取最优的排源方案装源。装源后进行剂量分布测试,对于0.1g·cm–3的产品,射线利用率16.7%,辐照箱吸收剂量最大不均度为1.36,优于第一次加源后的剂量分布测试结果,证明排源方法及方案合理有效。     

联动真空联锁保护控制系统研制

本工作研制国家同步辐射实验室U7站的3套联动真空联锁保护控制系统。研究给出了实现此联动系统的方法,实现了在3个共用前端区的线站之间的光纤通信,使整个系统的响应速度、可靠性及抗干扰能力均得到提高,系统的快阀响应时间最快可达8 ms。     

基于直方图的数字化束流位置处理器检测方法

数字化束流位置处理器(DBPM)是基于北京正负电子对撞机(BEPCⅡ)和高能同步辐射光源(HEPS)等工程需求研发的束流位置测量核心设备之一。针对DBPM模拟数字转换(ADC)模块的批量测试需求,提出了用直方图检验ADC性能的方法。直方图的形状可确定ADC的锁相功能和输入信号幅值。使用分离算法获取直方图中每个峰对应的数据,并计算统计量。建立每个峰的统计量与时钟抖动和信噪比(SNR)的映射关系。分别用仿真和实验的方式验证该方法的有效性。直方图法是一种简单、快速且准确的测量DBPM ADC性能的方法,该方法已植入DBPM自动测试平台,成功应用于DBPM产品的批量检测。     

ZnO(In)闪烁体在α粒子辐照下的发光特性

采用241Am-α源研究了ZnO(In)样品(购自美国Cermet Inc.公司)的发光和表面光输出特性、α粒子能谱响应和单脉冲时间响应,同时对EJ212、BC418、ST401、CeF3等闪烁体进行了比较测量。实验发现,ZnO(In)样品在α粒子轰击下,两表面的光输出相差3～5倍,显示出表面不同的光学性质。测试结果表明,ZnO(In)晶体对α粒子的能谱响应波形光滑,发光效率仅次于有机闪烁体,对单粒子脉冲时间响应快,是超快脉冲射线束探测较理想的闪烁元件。     

基于FPGA和MCU的低成本地震信号数字滤波器设计

针对地震数据采集系统提出一种低成本、高灵活性的数字滤波设计方案。不仅对于地震数据采集系统有很大的实用意义,对于其它传感器网络也是可供参考的解决方案。设计的目的是在保持优秀的低通性能的同时实现高度抽取。该滤波器系统由四级CIC滤波和两级FIR滤波构成,分别在FP-GA和MCU内部实现。滤波器有着良好的低通性能,在430 Hz～500 Hz范围内幅度响应下降了137 dB。采用实际信号测试,信噪比好于110 dB,能够很好地满足地震数据采集的需求。     

数字化核能谱获取中信号处理方法的研究

介绍了将核辐射能量信号离散化后进行数字极零识别及补偿、基线扣除、低通滤波、脉冲成形和幅度分析等一系列数字化信号的处理方法，将长尾指数衰减信号成形为梯形波或三角波信号。用所述方法对实测波形进行离线处理后的结果表明，所获能谱的能量分辨率好于模拟式多道系统的测量结果。     

新型耐高温中子屏蔽复合材料的设计制备及性能研究

采用表面改性处理技术,制备了由环氧树脂、B₄C（或BN）和聚丙烯酸铅组成的新型耐高温中子屏蔽复合材料,重点研究了材料制备工艺及主要性能指标,利用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP对材料中子屏蔽性能进行了模拟计算,并与文献报道的屏蔽材料铅硼聚乙烯进行了比较。结果显示,由环氧树脂、B₄C和聚丙烯酸铅组成的复合材料各项力学性能良好,具有良好的耐高温性能,210 ℃烘烤7 h外观无明显变化。MCNP模拟计算表明,对于从热中子至10 MeV的中子,4 cm厚新材料的中子剂量穿透率和中子注量穿透率均优于文献报道的同等厚度的铅硼聚乙烯材料。Am-Be中子源屏蔽试验的实测数据和模拟计算数据表明,两者随屏蔽材料厚度的变化趋势几乎完全一致,两者的差异随屏蔽材料厚度的增加逐渐减小,在10.5 cm处仅1.34%。     

贝叶斯理论在脉冲裂变中子能谱诊断中的应用

本文建立了以贝叶斯理论为基础的脉冲裂变中子能谱的数值迭代计算方法,解决了脉冲裂变中子能谱测量的技术难题。对脉冲裂变中子空间输运、物质衰减、探测器灵敏度等进行了分析,将脉冲裂变中子能谱在空间传输中的飞行展宽时间谱理解为出壳时间谱在不同测点的概率分布函数,脉冲中子在不同测点的信号强度分布是出壳时间谱和脉冲中子能谱飞行展宽时间谱的卷积信号,将物质衰减、探测器灵敏度响应等转换环节对中子能谱的影响因子进行了分别处理,消除了通道物质对中子能谱衰减和探测器非线性灵敏度等因素对脉冲裂变中子能谱解谱的影响。研究结果表明,对距辐射源5 m和10 m处的中子波形进行数值处理,均能获得理想的脉冲裂变中子能谱,当考虑传输系统响应函数对中子波形影响时,仍能获得较理想的中子能谱。     

基于多探测节点的放射源监测及定位方法研究

本工作针对区域性放射源定位和活度监测,提出了基于多探测器单元的方向信息和计数信息的放射源定位和活度计算方法。该方法使用多个由CsI(Tl)晶体阵列耦合H8500光电倍增管制成的单探测器单元,利用每个探测器单元上各晶体计数比实现放射源方向测量,利用多个探测器的方向信息和计数信息实现放射源的准确定位和活度测量。最后通过⁶⁸Ge放射源实验验证了上述定位和活度计算方法。实验结果表明,仅采用2个探测器单元的方向信息和计数信息,通过合理布局,即可实现放射源精确监测和定位,相对定位误差优于5%,相对活度误差优于5%。