校园低碳生活的现状调查与反思——以南昌航空大学为例

本文通过对在校大学生的低碳生活、低碳意识和低碳行为的问卷调查,分析大学生的浪费行为的原因,并提出相应的建议,同时亦针对学校应如何实现低碳校园提出了相关建议和措施。     

陶瓷行业如何应对低碳经济时代的来临

主要介绍了低碳及低碳经济的概念、低碳经济提出的背景及陶瓷工业的现状,综述了低碳经济条件下陶瓷行业所面临的挑战,详细论述了陶瓷行业在低碳经济条件下的发展策略及发展途径。     

ICP-AES法测定低碳铬铁中锰和磷

以电感耦合体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)直接同时对低碳铬铁中微量杂质元素Mn、P进行测定,优化了仪器条件,采取加入基体和钇内标校正的方法消除了试液进样的物理化学影响干扰。精密度、标准样品分析对照均取得了满意的结果。     

加强低碳经济教育以提高大学生的环保意识

强化高校低碳经济教育,让大学生理解低碳经济是指温室气体排放量尽可能低的经济发展方式,尤其是要有效控制CO2的排放量,是以低能耗、低排放、低污染为基础,核心是技术、制度创新和发展观的改变。只有当人们尤其是作为跨世纪建设者的大学生普遍树立起低碳环保意识时,才能形成社会力量来共同保护人类生存环境。可见,推广低碳生活,加强低碳经济教育是必要的。     

低碳铬材料电抛光工艺

详细介绍了低碳铬钢材料电抛光工艺，并提出了工艺操作过程中应注意的几个问题。     

FRIPP低碳烃加氢制备乙烯裂解料技术开发与工业应用

随着炼油工业的发展,炼厂气的深加工越来越受到人们的重视。以C_2~C_5馏分加氢作乙烯原料是解决乙烯原料不足问题的有效方法。近年来抚顺石油化工研究院(FRIPP)开发出系列低碳烃加氢制备乙烯裂解料技术,包括低碳烃加氢专用催化剂LH-10系列及其配套的工艺技术;这些技术已经全部完成了工业化,总计新建成五套工业生产装置,为企业带来了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

能源结构下的环境问题及可持续发展措施

随着中国经济的不断发展,部分城市环境污染已经超过了自然环境的自净能力。城市生活污水、垃圾和废气均可引起水污染。工业排放、汽车尾气、地面扬尘等是空气污染的主要来源。固体废弃物如果处理不当,污染成分会通过水、气、土壤、食物链等途径进入环境。土壤污染会造成农作物减产,导致土壤性质恶化,植被减少,生物多样性降低,甚至威胁人类健康。本文主要分析目前的环境污染问题,并提出针对环境污染的有效措施,希望政府可以健全政策保障机制、开发利用可再生能源,倡导城市居民践行低碳生活方式。     

合成气制低碳混合醇

本文介绍合成气制低碳混合醇国内外开发研究的MAS、IFP、Sygmol及Octamix等四种工艺。Octamix工艺和Sygmol工艺是目前较先进的技术。国内低压甲醇合成催化剂开发成功,管壳式甲醇合成塔的引进和消化为发展Octamix工艺提供了参考依据。Sygmol工艺因其具有独特的抗硫性能,特别适合于我国以煤或焦为原料制合成气的中小型化肥企业,改变产品单一的局面,适应市场竞争要求。     

甲醇制低碳烯烃（MTO）技术综述

简述了甲醇制低碳烯烃（MOT）的技术和技术经济概况。     

Co-gasification of coal–petcoke and biomass in the Puertollano IGCC power plant

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plants (IGCC) are efficient power generation systems with low pollutants emissions. Moreover, the entrained flow gasifier of IGCC plants allows the combined use of other lower cost fuels (biomass and waste) together with coal. Co-firing with biomass is beneficial for the reduction of CO₂ emissions of fossil source.     

Thermodynamic modelling of co-firing coal and biomass pyrolysis gas in a power plant

The Austrian utility company EVN AG is investigating possibilities to substitute part of the hard coal used in their Dürnrohr power station by biomass pyrolysis gas produced in an upstream rotary kiln at relatively low temperatures of ≤ 600 °C. A major advantage of the low temperature is the retention of alkalis and halogenes in the coke. The aim of the present work was to set up a working thermo-chemical computer model in order to calculate the possible effects that this co-firing may have on corrosion phenomena in the boiler. The work was carried out using the software packages FactSage^® and SimuSage^®. A model was successfully developed and validated using data from laboratory analyses as well as from the power station and a biomass pyrolysis test facility set up next to the plant. The results of the calculations show that the gas produced in the rotary kiln at the planned scale very likely does not pose any potential threat to the power plant.     

300MW电站煤粉锅炉耦合掺烧生物质的CFD数值模拟

生物质作为零碳排放的可再生能源,被视为良好的燃煤替代燃料,与煤粉耦合燃烧是实现生物质利用的关键技术。为研究煤粉耦合掺烧生物质的影响,对300 MW电站煤粉锅炉耦合掺烧生物质进行了数值模拟,讨论了生物质掺烧比例和送粉温度对炉内参数的影响规律。结果表明,随着生物质掺烧比例增加,炉膛内氧气消耗量下降,CO及焦炭浓度降低,而NO_x排放因生物质中N元素高而有所增加。降低生物质送粉温度在一定程度上导致主燃区O₂体积分数升高,CO体积分数降低,对于炉膛内部各参数的影响总体不显著,因此在生物质混烧的工程中可以适当降低送粉温度而不对炉内燃烧的稳定性造成较大影响。     

Flow properties of biomass and coal blends

Co-firing of coal/biomass blends in the existing coal fired power plants is an attractive option for reducing the greenhouse emissions. However, fuel processing and handling problems associated with coal/biomass blends restrict the widespread application of the co-firing technology. In this study, flow properties of typical Australian coal and biomass as well as their blends were systematically studied. The flow property data obtained from this study provided an insight into the underlying phenomena responsible for some of the problems often encountered in handling of coal/biomass blends. The flow properties of the coal and biomass blends were found to be dependent upon the form of biomass being used. We found that blending coal with sawdust reduced the likelihood of flow stoppage because sawdust particles lowered the bulk strength (cohesive strength) of the mixture from that of coal alone while maintaining more or less the same frictional properties as the parent coal. On the contrary, blends of coal and woodchip exhibited frictional characteristics far greater than the parent coal while showing bulk strengths similar to coal. As such, blends of woodchips and coal were found to be more susceptive to flow stoppage.     

煤与生物质的热解特性及动力学研究

作者利用TG/DTG曲线分析不同种类的生物质(桉树叶、橘皮)、煤分别热解,以及二者混合共同热解的基本热解特性,包括热解区间、最大热解速率的温度、不同加热速率对生物质热解进程的影响,比较不同种类生物质与煤按不同比例混合时对煤的热解特性的影响规律等。通过对热解动力学的分析,给出基本热解动力学方程,并研究了生物质、煤以及二者以不同比例掺混共热解时的热解动力学参数。探讨生物质之间、生物质与煤共热解过程中的协同作用和最佳混合比例,为生物质与煤能源的共同利用提供实验数据。     

生物质型煤的制备与研究

介绍了开发生物质型煤的必要性;生物质能源是可再生的清洁燃料,把生物质和煤粉碎至<3mm后,按一定比例掺混,并添加少量粘结剂和固硫剂,采用干法工艺制成的生物质型煤可用作工业锅炉的燃料,且燃烧效果好,排放的烟气中SO2浓度低,符合我国可持续发展战略要求。     

Circulating fluidised bed co-combustion of coal and biomass

Circulating fluidised bed combustion (CFBC) is receiving wide research attention in view its potential as an economic and environmentally acceptable technology for burning low-grade coals, biomass and organic wastes, and thereby mixtures of them. Designs of the existing fluidised bed boilers for biomass combustion are mainly based on experience from coal combustion because the mechanism of combustion of biomass in fluidised beds is still not well understood. A good understanding of the combustion and pollutant formation processes and the modelling of the combustor can greatly avoid costly upsets of the plants.In this paper, the performance of CFBC burning coal and biomass mixtures was analysed. Experimental results were obtained from the combustion of two kinds of coal with a forest residue (Pine bark) in two CFB pilot plants (0.1 and 0.3 MW_th). The effect of the main operating conditions on carbon combustion efficiency was analysed. Moreover, a mathematical model to predict the behaviour of the co-combustion of coal and biomass wastes in CFB boilers has been developed and validated. The developed model can predict the different gas concentrations along the riser (O₂, CO, CH₄, etc.), and the carbon combustion efficiency. The experimental results of carbon combustion efficiencies were compared with those predicted by the model and a good correlation was found for all the conditions used.     

Pyrolytic characteristics of blended coal and woody biomass

Pyrolytic characteristics of biomass/coal mixtures were investigated under conditions pertinent to pulverised fuel boilers. It was found that the mixtures of biomass/coal follow the behaviour of their parent materials in an additive manner. The two fuels did not chemically interact under inert conditions indicating a general lack of synergistic effects. As such, the yield of the major pyrolysis products is linearly proportional to the percentage of biomass and coal in the mixture. Even the compositions of the gaseous products from blended samples are linearly proportional to those of their parent fuels. These findings can potentially help to understand and predict the behaviour of biomass/coal blends in practical systems.     

生物质与煤共热解研究现状

综述了近年来国内外煤与生物质共热解的研究现状。当生物质与煤共热解过程中存在协同反应时,能够将生物质中的氢有效地转移到煤热解过程中,改善煤热解过程中产物的性质,提高煤的热解效率。后续对生物质与煤共热解的研究可以考虑适当的方法,如添加合适的催化剂等来促进协同反应的发生。     

生物质气化及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用

总结了生物质原料的特点及生物质单独气化的缺点;介绍了国内外生物质气化技术及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用现状;分析了在此领域国内外的发展趋势与前景;概括了开展生物质与煤共气化技术研发的意义。