应用CDAG方法进行秦山二期大破口LOCA严重事故堆芯损伤研究

应用MELCOR 1.8.5程序模拟了秦山二期无缓解措施的大破口LOCA严重事故序列,并利用西屋公司堆芯损伤评价导则(CDAG)对该事故早期堆芯损伤进行评价,得到了下封头失效前特定时刻的堆芯损伤状态和程度。初步分析结果表明,CDAG可以合理地评价秦山二期无缓解措施的大破口严重事故堆芯损伤状况和损伤程度,对进一步研究和验证CDAG的综合评价能力和适用性具有重要参考意义。     

中国百万千瓦级核电站严重事故下堆芯损伤评价

应用一体化严重事故分析程序MELCOR1.8.5进行模拟分析,研究了由西屋公司制定、经美国NRC（NuclearRegulatoryCommission）认证的“堆芯损伤评价导则（CDAG）”应用于中国百万千瓦级核电站在严重事故初期评价堆芯损伤状态和程度的有效性。初步分析结果表明,CDAG可较好地评价百万千瓦级核电站无缓解措施的冷却剂丧失事故（LOCA）堆芯损伤状况和损伤程度,对进一步研究和验证CDAG的综合评价能力和适用性、推进现有核电厂建立严重事故管理导则具有重要的参考价值。     

核事故应急堆芯损伤快速评价系统顶层设计方案研究

通过对国内外堆芯损伤评价方法的详细调研,提出适用于我国目前运行及在建核电厂的堆芯损伤评价方法,即堆芯损伤评价导则(CDAG)和国际原子能机构第955号技术报告(IAEA TECDOC-955)相结合的方法,并给出详细的系统顶层设计方案,为我国核事故应急堆芯损伤快速评价系统顶层设计的最终制定提供有利依据。     

基于二级PSA的EPR机组烟羽应急计划区划分

参考NUREG-0396中烟羽应急计划区划分方法与接受准则,基于EPR机组的二级PSA结果中的严重事故释放类,对各堆芯熔化事故释放类采用概率加权,用MACCS程序计算得到某EPR机组烟羽应急计划区的大小,并以截断频率10-8/(堆·年)选取最严重事故序列的释放类(RC205)对结果进行复核.计算得到某EPR机组烟羽应急计划区内区半径3 km、外区半径7 km能满足接受准则.     

华龙一号应急工况评价系统初步开发

为了满足华龙一号(HPR1000)事故条件下的应急响应,需要开发一套应急工况评价系统,用于基于征兆的堆芯损伤评价和释放源项估算。本文给出了华龙一号应急工况评价系统(ECAS-HPR1000)的总体设计,包括软件框架、评价模块、平台和接口开发等,该系统采用跨平台的JAVA语言开发,以MySQL数据库作为数据存储,支持Windows 和Linux操作系统。该系统包括五个子系统,分别是基础数据采集和管理子系统、堆芯损伤评价子系统、释放源项计算子系统、评价结果展示子系统和用户权限管理子系统。该系统可以基于实时工况数据,评价堆芯损伤状态和程度,并计算出堆芯释放到一回路、安全壳和环境的放射性核素的量,并考虑了华龙一号双层安全壳对计算结果的影响。     

PHEBUS FPT0~FPT2实验堆芯降级过程数值模拟

严重事故下,由于堆芯冷却剂丧失引起的堆芯裸露、过热和熔化过程对后期安全壳完整性、裂变产物行为等具有重要影响。法国辐射防护与核安全研究所主导的PHEBUS-FP研究项目旨在研究轻水堆严重事故下堆芯降级过程以及裂变产物行为。本文使用ATHLET-CD程序对PHEBUS-FP中的FPT0、FPT1和FPT2进行建模计算,主要分析堆芯过热,包壳氧化,堆内材料熔化、迁移及再定位过程。计算结果表明：不同蒸汽流量、不同加热功率将导致不同堆芯降级进程,在趋势上计算值与实验值吻合;模型的限制导致了部分计算值的偏差,本文讨论了包壳氧化与燃料再定位现象中的模型参数。     

压力容器水位参数在堆芯损伤评价方法中的应用

事故工况下,堆芯会随着冷却能力的下降而逐步升温,长时间的裸露会导致堆芯损伤,而堆芯出口温度和压力容器水位可直观反映堆芯的冷却能力。以西屋公司堆芯损伤评价导则为基础的堆芯损伤评价方法将堆芯出口温度和安全壳剂量率作为主要参数评价堆芯损伤状态,压力容器水位作为辅助参数之一来验证评价结果的合理性,但一些核电厂堆芯出口热电偶量程并不能满足严重事故条件下的要求,需要其他替代参数。本工作以压水堆核电厂严重事故分析数据为基础,探讨将压力容器水位作为主要参数应用于堆芯损伤评价方法的可行性。     

福岛核电厂3号机组严重事故模拟分析

本文应用MELCOR程序,通过建立全厂详细的模型,对福岛第一核电厂3号机组在地震发生后3 d内的严重事故进程进行了模拟分析并与电厂实测数据进行了比较,再现了从事故开始到堆芯失效坍塌直至氢气爆炸在内的主要严重事故现象。基于文中假设的模拟计算得到的趋势与电厂现有实测数据较为一致,结果表明：地震发生后约36 h反应堆水位降至堆芯活性区顶部。操纵员未能及时成功对安全壳和反应堆进行快速卸压,以在堆芯底部出现裸露前向反应堆补充冷却水,使得堆芯出现严重的锆水反应,大部分燃料包壳已破损而导致易挥发的放射性裂变产物的释放;但此时堆芯整体依然维持可冷却几何形状;在消防水泵向反应堆注入冷却水期间,由于冷却注入流量出现中断,导致堆芯进一步熔毁坍塌;碎片迁移至下腔室后,进一步的锆水反应(金属 水反应)新增的氢气泄漏并积聚在反应堆厂房上部,引发了安全壳厂房的爆炸;72 h内,堆芯内约50%的锆合金发生了氧化,压力容器下封头未发生失效。     

VVER机组LBLOCA始发严重事故工况下堆芯出口温度BEPU分析

最佳估算加不确定性（BEPU）方法目前广泛应用于核电厂设计基准事故（DBA）的分析。考虑到严重事故现象复杂及不确定性较大,BEPU方法在严重事故领域应用较少。堆芯出口温度（CET）是核电厂安全运行的重要监测参数,本文以VVER1000压水堆核电厂为研究对象,采用BEPU方法对大破口失水事故（LBLOCA）始发严重事故工况下包壳破裂对应的CET进行不确定性分析,并对输入参数进行敏感性分析。计算结果表明：气隙释放对应CET的单侧统计容忍限值（95/95）为430.85 ℃;CET对输入参数中的衰变热系数和包壳厚度较为敏感。     

EPR的二级概率安全评价

EPR设计广泛采用了概率安全分析（PSA）作为确定论分析的补充。PSA采用三级分析评价电厂运行所带来的风险。1级PSA用于导致堆芯损坏熔化事件的风险评价，并确定对风险有贡献的事件、系统失效及运行错误。2级PSA用于评价裂变产物从电厂释放到环境的风险，并对严重事故导致的放射性释放（通常称为源项）的频率和大小进行量化分析。3级PSA对事故所导致的放射性释放对社会造成的危害进行量化分析，也就是对健康和对食物链污染的可能影响。     

Study on mitigation of in-vessel release of fission products in severe accidents of PWR

During the severe accidents in a nuclear power plant, large amounts of fission products release with accident progression, including in-vessel and ex-vessel release. Mitigation of fission products release is demanded for alleviating radiological consequence in severe accidents. Mitigation countermeasures to in-vessel release are studied for Chinese 600 MW pressurized water reactor (PWR), including feed-and-bleed in primary circuit, feed-and-bleed in secondary circuit and ex-vessel cooling. SBO, LOFW, SBLOCA and LBLOCA are selected as typical severe accident sequences. Based on the evaluation of in-vessel release with different startup time of countermeasure, and the coupling relationship between thermohydraulics and in-vessel release of fission products, some results are achieved. Feed-and-bleed in primary circuit is an effective countermeasure to mitigate in-vessel release of fission products, and earlier startup time of countermeasure is more feasible. Feed-and-bleed in secondary circuit is also an effective countermeasure to mitigate in-vessel release for most severe accident sequences that can cease core melt progression, e.g. SBO, LOFW and SBLOCA. Ex-vessel cooling has no mitigation effect on in-vessel release owing to inevitable core melt and relocation.     

Stepwise integral scaling method for severe accident analysis and its application to corium dispersion in direct containment heating

Accident sequences which lead to severe core damage and to possible radioactive fission products into the environment have a very low probability. However, the interest in this area increased significantly due to the occurrence of the small break loss-of-coolant accident at TM1–2 which led to partial core damage, and of the Chernobyl accident in the former USSR which led to extensive core disassembly and significant release of fission products over several countries. In particular, the latter accident raised the international concern over the potential consequences of severe accidents in nuclear reactor systems. One of the significant shortcomings in the analyses of severe accidents is the lack of well-established and reliable scaling criteria for various multiphase flow phenomena. However, the scaling criteria are essential to the severe accident, because the full scale tests are basically impossible to perform. They are required for (1) designing scaled down or simulation experiments, (2) evaluating data and extrapolating the data to prototypic conditions, and (3) developing correctly scaled physical models and correlations. In view of this, a new scaling method is developed for the analysis of severe accidents. Its approach is quite different from the conventional methods. In order to demonstrate its applicability, this new stepwise integral scaling method has been applied to the analysis of the corium dispersion problem in the direct containment heating.     

The EPR overall approach for severe accident mitigation

The EPR design includes provisions to cope with severe accidents including core melt situations:

- Situations that would lead to large early releases such as containment bypass, high reactivity accidents, high-pressure core melt or global hydrogen detonation have to be prevented.

- All other situations, including low pressure core melt have to be mitigated in such a way that the corresponding radiological consequences would necessitate only very limited protective countermeasures in a relatively small area and for a limited time for the population living in the neighborhood of the power plant. This means that there would be no need for permanent relocation, no need for evacuation outside the immediate vicinity of the plant, limited sheltering and no long-term restrictions in food consumption.

To reach this objective, which is one of the Safety Authority's requirements, the EPR relies on a very robust containment and on various design measures intended to withstand extreme loads caused by a large range of internal events and external hazards. The deterministic method is used for the EPR safety demonstration, supplemented by probabilistic methods and appropriate R&D work.This paper outlines the major mitigating design features, summarizes the results of the Level 2 PSA and gives the main results of the evaluation of the radiological consequences of core melt on the environment.     

Development of safety injection flow map associated with target depressurization for effective severe accident management of OPR1000

If any severe accident occurs, application of the Severe Accident Management Guidance (SAMG) is initiated by the Technical Support Center (TSC). In order to provide advisory information to the TSC, required safety injection flow rate for maintaining the coolability of the reactor core has been suggested in terms of the depressurization pressure. In this study, mechanistic development of the safety injection flow map was performed by post-processing the core exit temperature (CET) data from MELCOR simulation. In addition, effect of oxidation during the core degradation was incorporated by including simulation data of core water level decrease rate. Using the CET increase rate and core water level decrease rate, safety injection flow maps required for removing the decay and oxidation heat and finally for maintaining the coolability of the reactor core were developed. Three initiating events of small break loss of coolant accidents without safety injection, station black out, and total loss of feed water were considered. Reactor coolant system depressurization pressure targeting the suggested injection flow achievable with one or two high pressure safety injections was included in the map. This study contributes on improving the current SAMG by providing more practical and mechanistic information to manage the severe accidents.     

反应堆主回路卸压对压力容器外裂变产物释放的影响分析

本工作耦合建立了600 MW压水堆核电厂热工水力、裂变产物行为和放射性后果评价的分析模型,选取SB-LOCA、SGTR、SBO和LOFW等4个高压熔堆事故序列,研究了主回路卸压对压力容器外裂变产物释放的影响,包括主回路卸压对压力容器外裂变产物释放的缓解效应和其他负面影响。分析表明：实施主回路卸压可缓解高压熔堆事故序列下压力容器外的释放,但卸压工况下事故早期安全壳内的气载放射性活度较基准工况下的大。相关分析结论可作为严重事故管理导则制定的技术基础。     

Assessment of fuel-rod meltdown in a severe accident at Bushehr nuclear power plant(BNPP)

After the Fukushima disaster, interest in the evaluation of severe accidents in nuclear power plants and off-site consequences has significantly increased. Because experimental studies are difficult to conduct, computational methods play a substantial role in accident analysis. In this study, a severe accident in the Bushehr pressurized water reactor power plant caused by a station blackout with a total loss of alternating current power supply has been evaluated. This analysis presents the in-core damage of fuel rods and the release of fission products as well as the thermal hydraulic response of the station components during the loss of active emergency cooling systems. In this manner, a perfect model of the Bushehr nuclear power plant using the MELCOR code is prepared. The accident progression is simulated, and the thermal responses of the fuels and hydraulic components are presented. It is shown that, without operator intervention, steam generators will become dry in approximately 3000 s, and the heat sink of the reactor will be lost. The simulation results show that at approximately 8600 s, the upper parts of the core start melting. This model calculates the shortest available time for accident prevention and proves that the time available is sufficient for operator manual action to prevent a nuclear disaster.     

严重事故下正常余热排出系统向堆芯注水策略分析

选取导致堆芯熔化频率最高的始发严重事故--直接注入（DVI）管线断裂事故,以及典型高压熔堆事故--丧失主给水始发事故(LOFW),利用MAAP4程序,分析反应堆堆芯热工水力行为,并对正常余热排出系统（RNS）堆芯注水策略的有效性与负面效应进行评估。分析结果表明,在DVI管线断裂事故和LOFW严重事故序列中,利用RNS进行堆芯注水可有效终止堆芯熔化进程,维持堆芯长期冷却。但堆芯再淹没会产生更多的氢气,存在增加安全壳氢气燃烧风险的可能性。此外通过分析利用严重事故管理导则中辅助计算文件给出的堆芯最小流量实施堆芯注水策略,讨论注水流量对堆芯冷却的影响,结果表明,在实施堆芯注水策略时,建议在系统允许的情况下采用更高的流速进行堆芯冷却。     

ALWR utility requirements document containment performance requirements

U.S. utilities, with substantial support from international utilities, are leading the industry-wide Advanced Light Water Reactor (ALWR) Program. This program is establishing a technical foundation for the next generation of LWRs through development of a comprehensive set of design requirements for the ALWR in the form of a Utility Requirements Document (URD).The approach in the URD for severe accidents involves two main efforts: (1) accident prevention through intrinsic design characteristics, backed up by reliable safety systems to prevent core damage, and (2) incorporation of design features to ensure severe accident mitigation and containment for the full spectrum of postulated accidents, including core melt accidents.For containment performance, twenty-three severe accident containment challenges are identified, a matrix of design features and operating characteristics is specified to address the challenges, and a preliminary evaluation of the URD indicates that requirements are adequate for addressing each of the challenges. Further, the URD requires evaluation of the containment response to severe accidents.The key conclusions from this effort are: that severe accident challenges are being systematically and explicitly addressed in the design of ALWRs; that margin exists between the loads predicted to result from severe accidents and the Service Level C limits; and that, for a realistic new design basis source term that is expected to bound that from any credible severe accident sequence, the site boundary dose is less than 0.5 rem given the predicted intact containment performance.     

严重事故下安全壳内裂变产物碘影响因素敏感性分析

反应堆发生事故最严重的后果是放射性裂变产物弥散到环境中,为了研究严重事故工况下放射性裂变产物碘在安全壳内的分布特点,本研究假设核电厂已经发生严重事故,一回路裂变产物碘释放到安全壳内。使用事故源项评估程序（ASTEC）构建核电厂安全壳结构模型,并设置边界条件,计算了裂变产物碘在不同pH值、有无金属银注入和气相辐照工况下的化学形态、化学特性、分布情况以及不同化合物的变化趋势。研究结果表明,碱性环境下可以降低安全壳内挥发性碘的生成;银的存在可以增加液相中碘的捕获和降低碘的挥发;气相辐照环境可以提高气相CH₃I 和IO_x的形成。本研究可以为严重事故工况下安全壳内放射性碘的去除提供支持。