Toward a "global-community psychology": Meeting the needs of a changing world.

Changes in telecommunications, transportation, and economic ties are linking our welfare and well-being to events and forces in distant lands. Emerging social, cultural, political, and environmental problems around the globe are imposing intense and complex demands on individual and collective psyches, challenging our sense of identity, control, and well-being. The fabled global community is now upon us. Psychology can assist in addressing and resolving these problems, especially if it is willing to reconsider some of its fundamental premises, methods, and practices that are rooted within Western cultural traditions and to expand its appreciation and use of other psychologies. The present article advocates the development of a superordinate or meta-discipline of psychology—global-community psychology—defined as a set of premises, methods, and practices for psychology based on multicultural, multidisciplinary, multisectoral, and multinational foundations that are global in interest, scope, relevance, and applicability. Characteristics of global-community psychology as a disciplinary specialty are discussed, as are various issues supporting its development and need. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Using culturally sensitive theories and research to meet the academic needs of low-income African American children.

The economic and social barriers to the academic and social success of many African American children remain in place as the new millennium begins. These realities provide impetus for developing community-based partnership education programs designed to self-empower African American children for academic and social success under any socioeconomic conditions that exist in their lives. Progress toward effective program development, however, has been hindered by a dearth of culturally sensitive theories and research. The Research-Based Model Partnership Education Program (Model Program) is an effective, community-based, university-school-community partnership education program for self-empowering African American children for success. The formative and summative research of the Model Program is described in hopes of advancing theory and research for meeting the academic and social needs of low-income African American children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

切实转变教育教学观念，努力适应本科教育需要

近几年来,随着国家高等教育的不断发展,新建本科院校从数量和规模上得到快速发展。新建本科院校如何尽快转变观念,更好地适应本科教育教学的需要。是新建本科院校亟待解决的问题。从人才培养规格、课程设置、科学研究、管理模式以及学科建设等方面论述了本科教育与高职高专教育的区别,提出了观念转变的途径和方法。     

Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control.

Claims that attributions and their related behaviors may reflect a type of perceived control that is generally overlooked. People attempt to gain control by bringing the environment into line with their wishes (primary control) and by bringing themselves into line with environmental forces (secondary control). Four manifestations of secondary control are considered: (a) Attributions to severely limited ability can serve to enhance predictive control and protect against disappointment; (b) attributions to chance can reflect illusory control, since people often construe chance as a personal characteristic akin to an ability ("luck"); (c) attributions to powerful others permit vicarious control when the individual identifies with these others; and (d) the preceding attributions may foster interpretive control, in which the individual seeks to understand and derive meaning from otherwise uncontrollable events in order to accept them. (5? p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Whither industrial and organizational psychology in a changing world of work?

Dramatic changes are affecting the world of work. Examples include increased global competition, the impact of information technology, the re-engineering of business processes, smaller companies that employ fewer people, the shift from making a product to providing a service, and the growing disappearance of "the job" as a fixed bundle of tasks. These trends are producing a redefinition of work itself. They provide great opportunities for industrial and organizational psychologists to contribute to the betterment of human welfare. This article identifies 6 key areas in which to start: job analysis, employee selection, training and development, performance appraisal, compensation (including incentives), and organizational development. Relevant research in these areas can provide substantial payoffs for individuals, organizations, and society as psychology moves into the 21st century. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rehabilitation psychology practice, ethics, and a changing health care environment.

Rapid changes in the health care environment have brought about ethical and professional challenges for rehabilitation and rehabilitation psychology. The response of rehabilitation psychologists to the threats and opportunities of these challenges will have an impact on the welfare of persons with disabilities and the future of the profession. Managed care organizations have focused their efforts on the management of acute illness. Ethical concerns are being raised about patient access to care, self-determination, confidentiality, provider accountability, and marketing in managed care systems. Rehabilitation psychologists' skills in program development and outcome evaluation place them in a key position to influence the changes in the health care environment. To be effectual, however, fundamental changes must be made in research psychology practice, education and training, research focus, and professional activities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The importance of Popper's theories to psychology.

In a comment on G. A. Kimble's (see record 1986-07921-001) and L. Krasner and A. C. Houts's (see record 1986-10225-001) articles on the place of values in psychological research, the present author argues that the theory of induction and the entire program of the Vienna Circle of logical positivists were destroyed by the theory of objective knowledge of K. R. Popper (published between 1934 and 1982). It is suggested that when Popper's ideas are understood, there can be an epistemic armistice between the scientific and humanistic cultures, although both sides will need to modify some assumptions that they currently share. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Quantitative estimation: From the real world to the psychology lab.

Banaji and Crowder (see record 1990-00387-001) contend "that the movement to develop an ecologically valid psychology of memory has proven itself largely bankrupt" (p. 1185). The authors have two primary concerns. First, they believe that it is rare for studies of real-world cognition to support conclusions that generalize broadly. Second, they are concerned that such studies may be inherently incapable of making significant theoretical or methodological contributions. The research program outlined here can be viewed as a response (in the form of a case study) to the Banaji and Crowder position. Specifically, this project has adopted both theoretical and methodology perspectives from the study of real-world memory to address a long-standing issue in the mainstream memory literature. The project itself was designed to characterize the strategies used to estimate event frequency and the conditions that foster the use of these strategies. A valid model of the estimation process is necessary in order to understand the encoding and representation of event frequency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The challenge to meet the mental health and biopsychosocial needs of the poor: expanded roles for hospital social workers in a changing healthcare environment

Despite the absence of coordinated federal health care reform, social workers in hospital settings have opportunities to identify, develop, advocate for, and facilitate access to innovative health care services, resulting in improved capacity to meet the mental health and biopsychosocial needs of the poor and, potentially, reduced hospital costs over time. There are opportunities for expanded roles for social workers in forging better linkages between hospital services and the community, developing an integrated biopsychosocial healthcare delivery system within hospitals and primary care settings, utilizing information systems as tools in an integrated system, and advocating for a client-centered approach to mental health services.     

Advocacy and the legislative process: Representation in a changing world.

Describes the nature and process of legislative advocacy. Summary information about the progress gained through the legislative program of the California State Psychological Association is provided, and the use of data to support or oppose legislation is illustrated. The coming industrialization of health care is discussed, particularly regarding the changes in the law for health service rates wrought by the 1982 session of the California Legislature. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The practice of forensic psychology: A look toward the future in light of the past.

In a 1987 American Psychologist article, Tom Grisso summarized the state of forensic psychological assessment, noted its limitations and potential, and offered suggestions for researchers and practitioners interested in contributing to its future. Since that time, there have been many important developments in the field of forensic psychology, as well as in clinical psychology more generally, some of which were anticipated and recommended by Grisso, and some of which were not. Forensic psychology is now at a crossroads, and the specialty must make an effort to respond to current challenges if it is to aid in the administration of justice by assisting legal decision makers. The need to distinguish between and identify levels of forensic knowledge and practice, establish guidelines for practice, educate legal consumers, and devote more attention to treatment issues in forensic contexts is highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Diversity and leadership in a changing world.

Scholars of leadership have infrequently addressed the diversity of leaders and followers in terms of culture, gender, race and ethnicity, or sexual orientation. This omission has weakened the ability of research and theory to address some of the most provocative aspects of contemporary leadership, including (a) the limited access of individuals from diverse identity groups to leadership roles; (b) the shaping of leaders’ behavior by their dual identities as leaders and members of gender, racial, ethnic, or other identity groups; and (c) the potential of individuals from groups formerly excluded from leadership roles to provide excellent leadership because of their differences from traditional leaders. In addressing such issues, we argue that the joining of the two bodies of theory and research—one pertaining to leadership and the other to diversity—enriches both domains of knowledge and provides guidelines for optimizing leadership in contemporary organizations and nations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Environmental psychology and the real world.

Describes factors that led the author to move his field of interest from laboratory social psychology to the emerging field of environmental psychology. Environmental psychology is defined as the attempt to establish empirical and theoretical relationships between the behavior and experience of the person and the built environment. The writer points up his dissatisfaction with the laboratory approach and the need to find a new methodology focused on complex environmental problems. Five methodological requirements for research in environmental psychology are described: the absolute integrity of person-physical-setting events; the distinction between behavior system reactions and psychological system reactions; a content orientation to problems; the time orientation of environmental psychology; and a context orientation in the analysis of problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Counseling psychology, clinical psychology, and human services psychology: Where the twain shall meet?

Comments on the proposal by L. H. Levy et al (see record 1984-27507-001) for a new charter for clinical psychology—human services psychology. Current trends suggest that both clinical and counseling psychology are becoming eclectic and health oriented. Clinical psychology appears to be becoming more involved in community psychology and to be tempering its remedial role with the preventive role. Counseling psychology appears to be becoming less involved in its vocational and preventive roles and more involved in the remedial role. It is concluded that clinical and counseling psychology have come to be increasingly similar and could be integrated into a human services psychology. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Brain processes and holistic isomorphism: Moving toward a humanistic neuroscience.

A common quest among theoretical psychologists is the transformation of psychology to accommodate human agency and meaning. Several strong experimental methods are used in cognitive neuroscience but are based almost entirely upon a mechanistic ontology. A step toward rapprochement is proposed using precise and powerful experimental methods that are holistic, individualized, and compatible with an agentive ontology. Such methods must be applicable to all aspects of human experience, the subjective and agentive aspects, as well as the behavioural and the neurophysiological Multivariate methods are capable of expressing and capturing the holistic isomorphism among multiple aspects of human existence and might even help provide insight into the mind-body problem. Results from a cognitive neuroscience study are used to illustrate this approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social psychology and changing technologies: Reality versus caricature.

Comments on D. Kipnis's (see record 199707781-001) article that critically analyzes social psychology's assumption that psychological states can explain social behavior. The present authors point out that there are many sources in social psychology that, in fact, have revealed a vibrant and rigorous discipline in which, contrary to Kipnis's "caricature," explanations are routinely empirically questioned, variables are directly manipulated and measured, often along with their physiological and neuro-electrical correlates, and multivariate approaches address the separate and joint impact of multiple predictors on multiple dependent variables. It is also noted that Kipnis ignored social psychological research in which experimenters have assessed the physiological correlates of cognitive states. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology and the global commons: Perspectives of international psychology.

In Part I of this article, the role of international cooperation and exchange is outlined in the interest of developing cross-national understanding and goodwill among psychologists of different nationality. Part 2 describes the structure and operation of international and regional organizations of psychology, whereas in Part 3 examples are given of international educational and research programs as a way to facilitate cross-national developments. Finally, in Part 4 it is suggested that future challenges from society will increasingly require behavioral science-based approaches to meet new conditions of life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Moving toward a broader model of health care.

This article looks at how we can move toward a broader model of health care. It discusses advances in U.S. health care, the issue of health care coverage for all Americans, the need for a biopsychosocial model of health care, and the impact that psychologists can make in improving health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

School psychology practice: Organizational barriers to professional attainment.

Examined the organizational constraints to practitioner functioning that confront school psychologists. The results of a survey of 130 school psychologists show that Ss (a) spent more time testing than consulting; (b) spent their time performing many activities, such as consultation and counseling, for small amounts of time; and (c) wanted to do more consulting work, in-service training, and research. However, Ss reported significant support from other school staff members to perform duties other than testing. Ways of building on such support to enable the school psychologist to engage in these new roles are discussed. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)