超声振幅对激光熔覆WC/IN718复合涂层组织及性能的影响

目的 研究超声振幅对激光熔覆WC陶瓷颗粒在熔池凝固过程中流动特性的影响,在IN718镍基高温合金表面制备出硬度高和高温耐磨性良好的WC/IN718金属基陶瓷涂层。方法 采用VHX-1000型超景深显微镜,观察不同超声振幅作用下WC陶瓷颗粒在复合涂层横截面的分布规律;借助于光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）等设备,表征不同超声振幅下复合涂层显微组织与物相组成;采用显微硬度仪和旋转式高温摩擦磨损试验机,研究不同超声振幅下复合涂层的显微硬度和高温耐磨性能。结果 当超声振幅为22 μm时,复合涂层平均显微硬度最大（562HV0.2）,相对未施加超声的复合涂层提高了49.9%,抗高温摩擦系数（0.4）相对未施加超声的复合涂层（0.6）降低了67.0%。复合涂层的磨损机制为氧化磨损和轻微的磨粒磨损。结论 由于超声场对激光熔覆过程的声流强化效应和空化效应的影响,促使WC陶瓷颗粒在熔池中逐渐上浮,消除了熔池底部WC颗粒的沉积效应。超声场的热效应使WC颗粒在熔池中的溶解率有所增加,复合涂层的稀释率也相应得到提高。施加超声场的复合涂层的平均显微硬度和高温耐磨性得到明显提升。     

铁基多元陶瓷涂层激光熔覆制备及优化

采用20钢为基材,激光熔覆涂层材料以YD-F625型铁基粉末为基,添加有Ti C、WC和Si C多元陶瓷增强相,通过调整多元陶瓷相中Ti C的比例来获得不同的涂层合金材料,同时选用多组激光功率、扫描速度、粉末厚度等工艺参数进行激光熔覆对比试验,以涂层表面硬度为性能指标,对激光熔覆工艺和涂层材料种类进行优化。通过激光熔覆制备多元陶瓷复合涂层可以使20钢表面的硬度显著提高,其中最优工艺组合为激光功率3000 W、扫描速度280mm/min、预置粉末厚度2.0 mm、Ti C粉末含量为20%时,涂层最高显微硬度可达1100 HV以上,出现在距涂层表面0.05 mm深度处。     

添加TiC对激光粒子沉积WC-Co-Cr 和WC-Ni涂层性能的影响

研究了激光熔覆TiC增强双相不锈钢上WC涂层的机理。分析了激光工艺参数对复合涂层的影响。采用SEM和EDX手段分析了喂料粉末以及复合涂层的形态和微观组织。采用维式硬度计测试了复合涂层的表面硬度,采用动电位曲线法研究了涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀行为。由于激光熔覆处理,在不锈钢表面形成了与基材结合良好的硬陶瓷粒子。添加TiC到WC中得到的复合涂层没有裂缝、孔洞和金属间化合物,没有出现这些对涂层性能不利的缺陷。结果表明,涂层具有较高的显微硬度,且大部分涂层的腐蚀电位变得更负。     

激光熔覆Ni60A+WC/12Co复合涂层的组织及性能

采用激光熔化同步输送Ni60A 30wt%WC/12Co复合粉末，在适度预热后的45钢表面激光熔覆获得了一定厚度的复合涂层。涂层中镶嵌着大量与基体合金结合良好的Co包WC颗粒。熔覆过程中Co包WC颗粒很少发生溶解。涂层与基板为冶金结合，对基板的适度预热避免了涂层的开裂。所得涂层具有很高硬度，涂层基体硬度为1030HV0.3，Co包WC颗粒硬度达2050HV0.3。     

铝合金表面添加稀土激光熔覆Ni基WC金属陶瓷涂层研究

添加适量稀土氧化物,采用自配的熔覆材料在ZL108表面激光熔覆制备了Ni基WC金属陶瓷复合涂层,对熔覆层进行了显微组织分析、显微硬度测量以及室温下的干滑动摩擦磨损试验。结果表明,铝合金上激光熔覆Ni基WC金属陶瓷增强熔覆层无裂纹,组织细小、致密,WC颗粒增强相与基体之间结合良好。室温下熔覆层的磨损主要为显微切削和粘着磨损,干摩擦磨损性能优良。     

TA2纯钛表面激光熔覆WC7Co/TC4复合涂层的组织演变特性

选用抗氧化性和韧性良好的WC7Co陶瓷颗粒作为增强相,利用激光熔覆的方法在TA2纯钛表面制备WC7Co/TC4复合耐磨涂层,借助扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计,分析表征复合涂层显微组织特征、WC7Co陶瓷颗粒界面反应行为以及复合涂层中相的演变规律。结果表明:根据激光熔覆过程中WC7Co颗粒的演变状态,复合涂层中存在2种典型显微组织,分别为未分解WC7Co颗粒强化组织和WC7Co分解后与Ti反应生成的W、TiC和Ti的共晶组织;复合涂层中WC7Co颗粒与TC4基质结合界面形成了2～3μm的反应层,反应生成物主要为W和TiC;复合涂层中的物相主要为Ti固溶体、W单质及TiC、VC、Co_3W_3C、W_2C等化合物。     

氩弧熔覆WC＋Ni3Si/Ni基复合涂层的组织与耐磨性

以Ni粉、Si粉、WC粉为原料,采用氩弧熔覆技术,在Q235钢表面制备出由WC、Ni3Si增强的Ni基耐磨复合涂层.利用XRD和SEM分析了氩弧熔覆层的相组成及显微组织,并测试了氩弧熔覆层的显微硬度和磨损性能.结果表明,熔覆区的组织是在Ni基体上均匀地分布着WC颗粒和Ni,Si枝晶,显微硬度最高可达1400 HV0.2;复合涂层中存在颗粒强化、细晶强化和同溶强化等多种强化作用,大幅度地提高了Q235钢的耐磨性能.     

等离子熔覆镍基复合涂层的组织及性能

采用等离子熔覆工艺在不锈钢基材上熔覆镍基合金,获得了一定厚度的复合熔覆层.分析了熔覆层的显微组织、硬度和耐磨性及物相形貌和相结构等.结果表明涂层中镶嵌着大量与基体合金结合良好的WC颗粒;熔覆过程中WC颗粒发生部分溶解;涂层与基板为冶金结合;所得涂层具有较高硬度,涂层基体硬度6000 MPa,WC颗粒硬度达18 780 MPa;熔覆层的主要强化机制是WC颗粒的弥散强化和C,Cr及B等合金元素溶入γNi(Me)中产生的固溶强化.     

等离子熔覆镍基复合涂层的组织及性能

采用等离子熔覆工艺在不锈钢基材上熔覆镍基合金,获得了一定厚度的复合熔覆层.分析了熔覆层的显微组织、硬度和耐磨性及物相形貌和相结构等.结果表明:涂层中镶嵌着大量与基体合金结合良好的WC颗粒;熔覆过程中WC颗粒发生部分溶解;涂层与基板为冶金结合;所得涂层具有较高硬度,涂层基体硬度6000 MPa,WC颗粒硬度达18 780 MPa;熔覆层的主要强化机制是WC颗粒的弥散强化和C,Cr及B等合金元素溶入γNi(Me)中产生的固溶强化.     

钛合金表面等离子弧熔覆原位自生镍基耐磨涂层的制备及微观结构表征

目的 在钛合金表面制备陶瓷相增强复合耐磨涂层。方法 采用等离子弧熔覆技术,在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面制备了原位自生TiB2、TiC、CrB陶瓷相增强镍基耐磨涂层。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱仪检测了涂层的物相组成、组织组织以及微区化学成分,采用显微硬度计测试了涂层的硬度。结果 涂层靠近熔合线区域由Ni-Ti树枝晶及枝晶间的共晶组成,在涂层的中上部,大量原位增强相分布于镍基固溶体基体之中。在熔覆过程中,钛合金基材中的Ti元素同熔覆粉末中的B、C元素发生原位冶金反应形成TiB2、TiC增强相,CrB增强相为Ni基熔覆粉末中Cr、B元素反应形成,增强相的形态由各自的晶体结构及熔池凝固热力学与动力学条件决定。涂层的显微硬度得到显著提高,最高达1037HV0.2。结论 采用等离子弧熔覆技术,利用熔池内Ni-Cr-Ti-B-C合金体系的原位冶金反应,可以在钛合金表面制备原位自生TiB2、TiC、CrB增强镍基复合耐磨涂层。同Ti6Al4V基材相比,由于涂层具有大量增强相分布于镍基固溶体的组织特征,其显微硬度得到了显著提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.