木薯酒精废醪产氢潜力的试验以及对产氢产甲烷联合发酵的研究

以木薯酒精废醪为原料,通过调节pH值至5.0,在(35±1)℃的中温条件下进行批量式沼气发酵实验,发酵料液的TS浓度设为6%。实验结果表明,氢气发酵试验的运行时间为11 d,净产气量为1615 mL,产氢潜力为92.13 mL/g(TS)、97.58 mL/g(VS),能源转换效率为1.58%。针对产氢发酵和产甲烷发酵能源转换效率低这一问题,对产氢、产甲烷联合发酵进行了分析,讨论了原料种类、接种量、温度、pH值、发酵浓度、氢气分压等参数对联合厌氧发酵的影响以及对发酵过程中动力学和菌群的探讨,并对以厌氧产氢产甲烷联合发酵的方法处理木薯酒精废醪进行了讨论。研究结果可为以后木薯酒精废醪的能源高效利用提供参考。     

牛粪、鸡粪发酵产氢潜力的研究

采用恒温厌氧发酵工艺,用乳酸调控发酵pH值,进行了牛粪和鸡粪发酵产氢的实验研究。实验结果表明,pH为4.7～5.5时,牛粪的产氢潜力为32.33ml/g(TS)和41.39ml/g(VS);鸡粪的产氢潜力为33.58ml/g(TS)和50.88ml/g(VS)。     

稻草发酵产氢潜力的研究

以稻草为发酵原料 ,控制发酵料液pH值在 5 0左右 ,采用批量发酵工艺 ,进行了厌氧发酵产氢的研究。实验结果表明 ,稻草的产氢潜力为 5 3.5mL/g·TS和 6 3.6 5mL/g·VS。     

猪粪发酵产氢潜力的研究

采用批量发酵工艺，以解猪粪为原料，进行了厌氧发酵产氢的研究，发酵料液pH值控制在5．0左右，实验结果表明，鲜猪粪的产氢潜力为127ml/g(TS)和158ml/g(VS).     

小桐子油枯厌氧消化产气潜力研究

在23±1℃条件下,采取批量发酵工艺,研究了小桐子油枯发酵产沼气的潜力.试验结果表明:小桐子油枯TS,VS产沼气的潜力分别为404.23,435.12 ml/g,原料的TS,VS利用率分别为19.90%,34.30%;通过稀碱溶液调节发酵料液的pH值,有利于厌氧发酵产气的进行,TS,VS产沼气潜力分别升至478.79,515.38 ml/g,原料的TS,VS利用率分别升至25.89%,48.02%.     

牛粪、鸡粪发醇产氢潜力的研究

采用恒温厌氧发酵工艺，用乳酸调控发酵pH值，进行了牛粪和鸡粪发酵产氢的实验研究。实验结果表明，pH为4．7～5．5时，牛粪的产氢潜力为32.33ml／g(TS)和41.39ml／g(VS)；鸡粪的产氢潜力为33．58ml／g(TS)和50．88ml／g(VS)。     

乙酸添加量对玉米秸秆青贮品质及其产甲烷性能的影响

以乙酸作为玉米秸秆青贮的添加剂,考察添加不同质量分数乙酸对玉米秸秆青贮品质及产沼气性能的影响。结果表明:青贮过程中添加一定量的乙酸能实现鲜秸秆的长时间保质贮存,无腐败现象且获得良好贮存发酵品质,其中添加质量分数2%乙酸的试验组中综纤维素比例最高,可达(51.20±0.45)%,有机酸总量为(10.92±0.30)%,高于其他组,具有较好的品质和较高的发酵产甲烷潜力;青贮240 d后与牛粪以总干物质的质量比3∶7,37℃条件下进行批式厌氧消化,添加质量分数为4%乙酸试验组的产气性能最佳,平均甲烷含量为54.00%,总固体(TS)产气率为312.02 L/(kg TS),挥发性固体(VS)产气率为470.63 L/(kg VS)。     

接种量对易腐垃圾发酵产氢和产甲烷的影响研究

试验研究了不同接种量对易腐垃圾厌氧消化的影响.在垃圾投加量为发酵容积的25%,接种量为发酵容积的12.5%～75%时,垃圾发酵的产氢量与接种量无明显的相关性;当接种量由发酵容积的12.5%提高到37.5%,垃圾的TS降解量、VS降解量、产沼气总量、产甲烷量分别提高了4.2倍、1.6倍、7.9倍、1 972.3倍;当接种量由发酵容积的37.5%提高到75%时,垃圾的TS降解量与VS降解量、产沼气总量及产甲烷量无较大变化,但反应的抑制期从25 d缩短至15 d.试验结果表明,为稳定易腐垃圾厌氧发酵产气,接种量不宜低于发酵容积的37.5%.     

葡萄籽提油前后发酵产沼气潜力研究

在恒温25℃条件下,采取批量发酵工艺,研究了葡萄籽提油前后产沼气潜力。结果表明:葡萄籽TS,VS发酵产沼气的潜力分别为473.65 mL/g和484.55 mL/g,能源转换效率为37.25%;葡萄籽油枯TS,VS发酵产沼气的潜力分别为450.03 mL/g和460.44 mL/g,能源转换效率为36.43%。     

滇池蓝藻发酵产沼气的研究

进行了滇池新鲜蓝藻批量发酵产沼气的研究。研究结果表明,将直接从滇池打捞的蓝藻液静置分层除去60％（V／V）清水后,蓝藻TS为3．39％,VS为93．72％;在平均温度为20．2℃的发酵环境中,发酵66d,蓝藻TS产气潜力为487．3ml/g,VS产气潜力为491．0ml/g,甲烷的平均含量可达64．91％,蓝藻TS利用率为54．02％．VS利用率为57．33％。     

Energy optimisation from co-digested waste using a two-phase process to generate hydrogen and methane

The total energy produced from co-digested food waste and sewage sludge was compared for single phase mesophilic anaerobic digestion producing methane and two-phase hydrogen production followed by methane production. Both single and two-phase reactors were operated at close to optimum conditions. The single phase methaniser had a methane yield of 0.48 m³ methane/kg VS destroyed. The two-phase system had a hydrogen yield of 0.13 m³ hydrogen/kg VS destroyed, and a methane yield of 0.67 m³ methane/kg VS destroyed. Introduction of a hydrogen producing, pre-treatment phase increased the overall VS destruction 69-89%, however the total energy yield decreased by 13.4% due to the low hydrogen yield obtained in the first stage. The release of ammonia in the hydrogeniser was low and so with less alkalinity available, pH control was necessary. It was much higher in the methaniser and adequate to buffer any pH change. This also ensures more nitrogen in the digestate to enhance its value for recycling. The two-stage process is an attractive option where solids destruction is an important consideration but further optimisation of the hydrogen production stage is still required.     

A pilot study of biohythane production from cornstalk via two-stage anaerobic fermentation

This study aimed to study the feasibility and stability of biohythane production from cornstalk via two-stage anaerobic fermentation without hydrolysis step in a semi-continuous pilot scale system. The present study applied a 1 m³ continuous stirred tank reactor for biohydrogen production and a 0.5 m³ up-flow anaerobic sludge bed for biomethane production. During the entire operation, a hydrogen production yield of 25.02 L/kg TS and hydrogen production rate of 0.46 L/L/d was achieved in first-stage. In addition, a methane yield of 95.38 L/kg TS and methane production rate of 4.06 L/L/d was achieved in second-stage by using the liquid effluent after first-stage. The percentage of hydrogen in the biohythane gas was 18.47% which suitable for vehicle fuel. Moreover, it was feasible to use the solid residue as a growth medium in seedlings to improve energy and carbon recovery. The results suggest that biohythane production from cornstalk could be a promising biofuel avenue.     

Effect of ammonia concentration on hythane (H2 and CH4) production in two-phase anaerobic digestion

Co-production of hydrogen and methane by two-phase anaerobic digestion (AD) may offer a sustainable solution for the centralized treatment of food waste (FW), while ammonia accumulation is potentially encountered. A mesophilic two-phase AD was investigated for hydrogen and methane production from FW at varying ammonia concentrations. The process achieved a hydrogen yield of 47.7 mL/g VS and a methane yield of 335 mL/g VS by optimizing the organic loading rate (OLR) and recirculation ratio. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration of 4044 mg/L corresponded to a threshold in the hydrogen reactor, above which ammonia would initiate inhibition of hydrogenogenesis and acidogenesis. Methane yield was recovered in the methane reactor after acute inhibiting effects of TAN below 5800 mg/L, while TAN above 6200 mg/L caused chronic inhibition of methanogens. Adjusting hydraulic retention time (HRT) and recirculation ratio in hydrogen and methane reactors reduced TAN to 960 and 2105 mg/L respectively, resulting in successful recovery was achieved in the hydrogen reactor but not in the methane reactor. The two-phase AD for methane and hydrogen production can be a promising solution for ammonia accumulation in AD from FW.     

Characteristics of biohydrogen fermentation from various substrates

The characteristics of biohydrogen production from sucrose, slurry-type piggery waste and food waste under the effects of the reactor configurations and operational pHs (6 and 9) were examined by using heat-treated anaerobic sludge as a seed biomass. When sucrose was used in the batch test, the maximum hydrogen yield was 0.12–0.13 g COD (as H₂)/g COD (1.41–1.43 mol/mol hexose) at pH 6. In contrast, 0.10–0.11 g COD (as H₂)/g COD (1.12–1.21 mol/mol hexose) hydrogen yield was achieved from the reactor at pH 9. On the other hand, hydrogen production was not observed in the continuous sequencing batch mode fermenters fed with sucrose. Profile analysis at each cycle revealed hydrogen production at the initial operation periods but eventually only methane at 36 days. When slurry-type piggery waste was used as the substrate, the upflow elutriation-type fermenters produced methane but not hydrogen after 30 days operation. The fermentation intermediate profile showed that the hydrogen produced might have been consumed by homoacetogenic or propionate producing reactions, and eventually converted into methane by acetoclastic methanogens. The downflow leaching bed fermenters using food waste produced 0.013 L H₂/g volatile solids (VS) (0.0061 g COD (as H₂)/g COD) at pH 6 with 54% VS reduction whereas 0.0041 L H₂/g VS (0.0020 g COD (as H₂)/g COD) was produced at pH 9 with 86% VS reduction. The results show that the hydrogen produced should be released rapidly from the reactor before it can be consumed in other biochemical reactions, and substrates with high pH level (>9.0) can be used directly to produce hydrogen without needing to adjust the pH.     

Starting-up low temperature dry anaerobic digestion of cow feces and wheat straw

Psychrophilic dry anaerobic digestion (PDAD) of animal manures and agriculture residues is of high interest in cold-climate regions. This paper reports the results of a start-up experiment (113 days) of PDAD of cow feces and wheat straw mixture (at two total solids (TS) of 18 and 21%) in laboratory scale sequence batch reactor (SBR) at 20 °C. An average specific methane yield (SMY) of 96.1 ± 5 L of CH₄ per kg of volatile solid (VS) corrected to standard pressure and temperature (101.3 kPa and 273 K) (_NL CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS) has been achieved for a feed with TS of 18% along with an organic loading rate (OLR) 4.0 g total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) kg⁻¹ inoculum day⁻¹ and a treatment cycle length (TCL) of 21 days. An average SMY of 149.9 ± 14 _NL CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS with a maximum daily CH₄ production rate of 7.2 ± 0.7 _NL CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS day⁻¹ have been obtained for a feed with total solid of 21% along with an average daily inoculum OLR of 4.2 g TCOD kg⁻¹ inoculum day⁻¹ and TCL of 21 days. The rapid decrease in volatile fatty acids concentration after 7 days of treatment and their low concentration thereafter indicated that hydrolysis was the reaction limiting step. The results indicate that PDAD of cow feces and wheat straw is feasible at feed TS of 21%.     

Influence of organic load on biogas production and response of microbial community in anaerobic digestion of food waste

Organic load (OL) is one important parameter influencing performance of anaerobic digestion, yet it is unclear how it affects the biogas composition and microbial community. This work investigated the influence of OL on biogas production from food waste (FW) and the response of microbial community. Results showed that the main biogas component was methane at low OLs (<10 g VS/L) while it turned into hydrogen at high OLs (>10 g VS/L). The optimum methane and hydrogen yields were 184.4 and 61.3 mL/g VS, corresponding to the OLs of 4 and 20 g VS/L, respectively. Analysis of microbial community indicated that high OLs leaded to the decrease of hydrolysis bacteria and methanogen while it helped to increase the relative abundance of hydrogen-producing bacteria. This study cast an insight that it is essential to control the OL and reinforce the hydrogenogen to obtain high output of hydrogen energy.     

狼尾草高底物同步糖化乙醇发酵全残留物产甲烷特性研究

以汽爆狼尾草的高底物浓度乙醇发酵全残留物为底物,进行甲烷潜力测试(BMP)以及单相全混式连续搅拌反应器(CSTR)厌氧消化实验,以验证乙醇发酵全残留物的产甲烷特性及残留物中各组分在生产清洁能源甲烷时的底物贡献率。经过50 d的BMP实验,甲烷产量最终达到884 mL,相应的甲烷产率为390.6 mL/g VS,其中纤维素和半纤维素在第10天达到产气高峰,累计产气量占全残留物累计产气量的48.2%,小分子酸和酶与酵母在第2天达到产气高峰,其产气量分别占全残留物累计产气量的22.4%和26.4%。随后使用CSTR反应器进行单相厌氧消化,有机负荷从1.5 g VS/(L·d)逐渐提升至3.5 g VS/(L·d),最终获得457.1 L/kg VS的甲烷产率和47.3%的挥发性固体(VS)去除率。结果表明:狼尾草作为一种木质纤维素原料,在获得满足工业蒸馏需求的乙醇浓度后,其发酵全残留物仍可作为良好的底物通过厌氧消化制取甲烷,不仅减少工艺的环境排放负荷,而且可提高原料的利用率。     

Anaerobic solid-state fermentation of bio-hydrogen from microalgal Chlorella sp. biomass

A considerable amount of volatile solids (VS) contained in the biomass of microalgae makes it promising for use as feedstock in fermentation processes. In this study, a biomass of microalga Chlorella sp. was used as a sole substrate for hydrogen production in an anaerobic solid-state fermentation (ASSF). Optimization of the process was investigated on the selected critical variables, i.e., total solid (TS) content, initial pH, and feed to inoculum (F/I) ratio (on a VS basis) using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). TS content and F/I ratio were found to have statistically significant effects on hydrogen production. Maximal hydrogen production of 165 ± 12 mL H₂, equivalent to 18.58 mL H₂/g VS and 0.28 L H₂/L reactor·d, was achieved under the optimal conditions of 38.83% TS, pH 6.03, and an F/I ratio of 4.33. Acetic and butyric acids were found to be main soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the fermented biomass. Based on the compositions of the biomass, an equation for theoretical bioconversion of Chlorella sp. biomass to hydrogen was proposed.     

Methane yield of oat husks

The biogas yield of solid manure from dairy cattle depends on its quality and the proportion of excreta and organic litter material contained within. The biogas yield of both faeces and straw is available in literature. Straw is a common litter material of mixed farms. However, straw is scarcely available on dairy farms. Oat husks are appropriate to replace or supplement straw for use as litter material. In this study, the actual methane yield and the total methane potential of oat husks were determined. Based on an optimized test with ground oat husks, the total methane potential resulted from regression and extrapolation of the experimental data. The total methane potential was determined with 242 L_N CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS added. Additionally, the actual methane yield over retention time at a digestion temperature of 37 °C was determined, using untreated oat husks. For 42 days of retention, the methane yield was 202 L_N CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS added at 52% CH₄ content. Results indicate that the methane yield of oat husks reaches the same level as that of straw. The total methane potential is not higher, but digestion of oat husks may proceed faster. Verification of the laboratory results on-farm revealed that the contribution of oat husks to overall methane production of a prototype biogas plant for solid manure might reach up to 80%.     

Production of hydrogen and methane by one and two stage fermentation of food waste

Anaerobic digestion is an attractive process for generation of hydrogen and methane, which involves complex microbial processes on decomposition of organic wastes and subsequent conversion of metabolic intermediates to hydrogen and methane. Comparative performance of a sequential hydrogen and methane fermentation in two stage process and methane fermentation in one stage process were tested in batch reactor at varying ratios of feedstock to microbial inoculum (F/M) under mesophilic incubation. F/M ratios influence biogas yield, production rate, and potential. The highest H₂ and CH₄ yields of 55 and 94 mL g⁻¹ VS were achieved at F/M of 7.5 in two stage process, while the highest CH₄ yield of 82 mL g⁻¹ VS in one stage process was observed at the same F/M. Acetic and butyric acids are the main volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced in the hydrogen fermentation stage with the concentration range 10–25 mmol L⁻¹. Little concentrations of VFAs were accumulated in methane fermentation in both stage processes. Total energy recovery in two stage process is higher than that in one stage by 18%. This work demonstrated two stage fermentation achieved a better performance than one stage process.