多功能超音速火焰喷涂粒子速度的计算机仿真

超音速火焰喷涂粒子焰流速度对涂层的性能影响极大,但其实际速度很难确定,根据射流动力学原理,建立了多功能超音速火焰喷涂的焰流和粒子速度模型,并对焰流、WC-17Co和NiCrBSi喷涂粒子的速度进行了计算机仿真计算.结果表明:随喷涂距离增大,超音速焰流速度、温度不断下降,直至形成亚音速焰流;粒子的速度分布在300～800...     

PIV investigations on particle velocity distribution in uniform swirling regime of fluidization

In this study, hydrodynamics of spherical particles in uniform swirling regime of a fluidized bed were investigated using MATLAB supported particle imaging velocimetry (PIV). A least investigated mesh-type distributor was used to fluidize the bed particles, at different air entry angles, for future applications in coating and granulation industry. A quarter of the bed was photographed using high speed imaging technique and the respective velocity fields of the swirling particles were produced using PIV technique. The Gaussian distribution of the particle velocity profiles was predicted at low superficial air velocity; particles near the border of the bed showed relatively low velocity than that swirled in the middle of the test section. However, at high superficial velocity, the particles near the central cone moved with velocity comparable to the particle velocity in the middle of the test section. Contrarily, the particles in the vicinity of the outer bed-wall maintained their steady state motion at all superficial air velocities. The average particle velocity experienced monotonic increase for more angular air intake. The magnitude of the particle velocity reduced by 6.35% for each \(3^{\circ }\) increment in the air entry angle.     

Study on the flow behavior of irregular plastic particles in a spout-fluid bed with a draft tube

This work presents an experimental investigation on the hydrodynamic performance of a draft tube spout-fluid bed with irregular particles. Nonmetal particles from waste printed circuit boards (NPCBs) were used as a spouting solid, and polypropylene (PP) particles were selected as an assistant to fluidization particles. The flow pattern, minimum spouting velocity (U_ms), and minimum spout-fluidization velocity (U_msf) were investigated under different operating conditions. The irregular cohesive particles from NPCBs showed poor flowability and channeling, which restrained stable spouting in the spout-fluid bed. The quality of fluidization and spouting improved when greater than 40?wt.% PP particles were added into the NPCB/PP mixtures. The mechanism was that the PP particles accelerated the movement of NPCB particles. Meanwhile, lower density differences between NPCB and PP particles decreased the segregation of the mixtures. The minimum spouting velocity decreased with an increase in fluidization gas velocity and the ratio of NPCB particle in the NPCB/PP mixtures. Two flow patterns, unstable spouting and unstable spouting fluidization, were observed over a large range of gas velocity. The ranges of gas velocity in these two flow patterns enlarged with the increase in mass fraction of NPCB particles within the NPCB/PP mixtures.     

油墨颜料颗粒对油墨触变性的影响分析

当油墨流体流动速度呈梯度分布时,以颜料颗粒简化模型为例分析了颜料颗粒在速度场中所受的力矩,在油墨流体速度梯度增大的过程中颜料颗粒在力矩作用下产生转动,而在油墨流体速度梯度减小的过程中不存在颜料颗粒的旋转,用颗粒的这一运动差别由统计方法较好地解释了颜料颗粒对油墨触变性的影响,分析表明颜料颗粒形状的非对称性是产生油墨触变性的重要因素之一.     

Experimental study of fluctuations of particle velocity in a turbulent flow of air in a pipe

The distribution of longitudinal and normal components of the fluctuation velocity of particles in their motion in a downward turbulent airflow in a pipe is obtained. The effect of the concentration of particles on the intensity of fluctuations of their velocity is studied. A high rise of the longitudinal fluctuation of the velocity of particles in the pipe wall region with an increase in their concentration is revealed.     

天然混合沙运动速度特征的风洞PIV实验

采用PIV（Particle Image Velocimetry）系统测量了天然混合沙风沙两相流中沙粒的速度分布特征,得到了沙粒入射以及起跳的速度分布情况,并且分析了沙波纹对风沙运动的影响。结果表明：沙粒运动过程中的速度分布与沙粒起跳速度的分布可以应用对数正态分布来表明;当有沙波纹存在时,沙粒总体速度分布与平坦沙床面差...     

Conversion air velocity at which reverse density segregation converts to normal density segregation in a vibrated fluidized bed of binary particulate mixtures

It is well known, when binary mixtures of different-density particles of the same size are vertically vibrated or fluidized by airflow through the bottom, the particles segregate by density. Reverse density segregation occurs in the vibrated bed; heavier particles move upward and lighter ones move downward, and normal density segregation occurs in the fluidized bed; lighter particles move upward and the heavier ones move downward. In this study, we investigated the particles’ behavior in a vertically vibrated fluidized bed at various air velocity using two types of particulate mixtures of glass beads (GB) and stainless steel powder (SP) or iron powder (IP) of same size. We found that reverse segregation converts to normal segregation at a certain air velocity; here we call it “conversion air velocity”. Then, we investigated the likely origin of the conversion air velocity considering the minimum fluidization air velocity u_mf determined for the three monocomponent particles (GB, SP and IP) with and without vibration. We found that the conversion air velocity is close to the u_mf of the lower density particles (GB) with vibration, indicating that the conversion from reverse segregation to normal segregation occurs around u_mf of lighter particles with vibration.     

Application of particle image velocimetry for measuring He II thermal counterflow jets

The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was successfully applied for measuring the velocity of a He II thermal counterflow jet. Neutrally buoyant hydrogen-deuterium solid particles were used as tracer particles for PIV measurement. In the application, the normal component velocity was measured. The jet velocity profile and spatial decay of the jet velocity were compared with those of turbulent round jets of ordinary viscous fluids. The velocity measured near the jet nozzle exit was compared with the theoretical prediction for the normal component flow velocity.     

Experimental study of fluidization characteristics of Geldart-D particles in pressurized bubbling fluidized bed

The pressurized bubbling fluidized bed shows great advantage in retreating municipal solid waste because it could effectively capture CO₂ and enhance the reaction rate of the process of combustion and gasification. In the present work, fluidization characteristics of Geldart-D particles at elevated pressure were experimentally investigated, such as flow pattern, pressure drop, minimum fluidization gas velocity. At the same fluidization gas velocity, as elevating operating pressure, the fluidization of Geldart-D particles became more intense, the bubbles got larger, the standard deviation and the power density of dominant frequency of the pressure drop signal increased. While, under the same fluidization number, as increasing operating pressure, the fluidization of Geldart-D particles became smoother, the bubble size decreased, both the standard deviation and the power density of dominant frequency of the pressure drop signal decreased. It seems that, under elevated pressure, the fluidization behavior of Geldart-D particles would transition to that of Geldart-B particles. Finally, the minimum fluidization velocity of the Geldart-D particles was found decreased with the increase of the operating pressure. A new correlation for the prediction of the minimum fluidization velocity of Geldart-D particles at elevated pressure was also formulated based on the present experimental results.     

Experimental study of triboelectric charging of polyethylene powders: Effect of humidity,impact velocity and temperature

The manufacturing and handling of polyethylene (PE) powders is associated with undesired charging, resulting in agglomeration of charged particles, wall sheeting and eventually leading to plugging of reactors/conveyors. In this work, we measured the triboelectric charging of PE powders using both sliding and shaking apparatuses in dependence on humidity, impact velocity of colliding particles and temperature of the colliding particles or of the wall. As expected, saturation charge of PE particles is reduced with increasing air humidity. However, in a more detailed study we observed that whenever we change the humidity, the saturation charge rapidly reaches the equilibrium value and no hysteresis in charging that might be caused, for example, by adsorption/desorption thermodynamics is observed. Saturation charge is believed to be independent of impact velocity; however, we show that the saturation charge is proportional to impact velocity in the system of PE particles of non-spherical shape. The charging is more pronounced as the temperature of PE particles increases, however, it is unchanged if only the metal wall in contact with the particles is heated. That is a different trend than observed for spherical metal particles (Greason, 2000).     

Effect of electrostatic charge of particles on hydrodynamics of gas-solid fluidized beds

The aim of this work was to investigate effect of electrostatic charge of particles on the fluidization hydrodynamics. Behavior of bubbles in beds of polyethylene particles was studied through analysis of pressure fluctuations in the frequency domain. Fluidized beds of uncharged, pre-charged and bed-charged particles were used in the experiments. Results revealed that in the bed of pre-charged particles, compared to uncharged experiments, particle-particle repulsive force increases the bed voidage and reduces equilibrium bubble size while the transition velocity to turbulent fluidization is decreased. In the case of bed-charged particles, at low gas velocities bubble fraction is greater compare to the other cases due to faster bubble coalescence in the presence of particle-wall attractive electrostatic force. Electrostatic charge of bulk increases by increasing the gas velocity. At high gas velocities, the repulsion force between highly charged particles overcomes the particle-wall effect on bubble formation and reduces the bubble size to less than in uncharged experiments. Accumulation of particles near the wall in the bed od bed-charged particles affects the hydrodynamics in two ways: first it accelerates bubble growth via bubble coalescence at low gas velocities, second it limits the bubble growth and reduces the transition velocity to turbulent regime to a value less than for pre-charged particles.     

3D—PDA测量2相流场时散射粒子的选择

应用激光技术测量流体速度时，需要合适的散射粒子。本文研究了激光三维粒子动态分析仪（３Ｄ－ＰＤＡ）测量２相流场速度时，如何选择合适散射粒子的问题。研究结果表明，散射粒子的合理选择是保证测量精度的重要措施之一；测量湍流脉动较强流场时，应选用密度小、直径小、折射率大的粒子作散射粒子，并选择合适的粒子散播浓度。     

Physical Simulation of Nonmetallic Particle Movement in Al Melt under Electromagnetic Field

Physical simulation is used to study the movement of nonmetallic particles in AI melt in electromagnetic field. It is found that the terminal velocity of particles in different Reynolds number range has different functions. By confirming drag force coefficient of nonmetallic particles with Reynolds number in the range of 0.2～10 and 10～25 respectively, two functions of terminal veIocity for spherical nonmetallic particles have been got accordingly, which provide a theoretical basis for separating nonmetallic inclusions from AI melt in electromagnetic field.     

Measurements and comparison of saltation and pickup velocities in wind tunnel

This work presents experimental results of the pickup velocity measurements for variety of particulate solids. The experiments were carried out in a horizontal wind tunnel. The influence of three initial arrangements of particle(s) on pickup velocity was investigated. Particle(s) were placed either on the bottom surface of the tunnel or on the horizontal layer of particles or the heaps of particles with various heights were created in the wind tunnel. A high-speed video camera was used to visualize the particle entrainment. However, the pickup velocity was defined in a qualitative manner by extrapolating the carried weight of particles as a function of air velocity. Comparison between the saltation velocity in dilute phase flow and the pickup velocity, both measured in the horizontal wind tunnel, provide an insight and guideline how the minimum operating air velocity in a pneumatic conveying line could be defined and determined.Authors would like to thank Mr. Rhye Hamey and Mr. Milorad Djomlija for their valuable comments and proofreading.     

Experimental fluid dynamics of particles in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma-enhanced spouted bed

This study proposed the fluidized particles with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in a slot-rectangular divergent-base spouted bed and focused on the dynamics of solid particles with the plasma irradiation. Two bed materials (Polypropylene (PP) particles and Polyamide (PA) particles) with same diameter (3 mm) were fluidized in this study. Fluidization parameters included gas velocity (7.4–14.9 m/s), particle amount (100–500), and plasma parameter (apply voltage, 0 and 7 kV) as the applied voltage were investigated here. Particle velocity profiles were analyzed through the methods of particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). Results show that the particle velocity was increased with the plasma irradiation, mainly by the enhancement in the vertical direction. The location of the highest particle velocity area related to the fluidization behavior of particles. With the increase of superficial gas velocity, the location of the highest particle velocity area raised along the central line but not reached the top of the solid bed. While the electron temperature of Ar plasma decreased with the addition of particles. Two electric fields (external electric field and surface charge electric field) presenting in the system were assumed to give the reason for the changes of the particle fluid dynamics.     

TiC增强颗粒进入钢液的条件判据

通过泡沫载体的引载作用实现TiC增强颗粒混入钢液,在液态模锻工艺条件下成型20%TiC/铸钢（ZG270-500）制件。计算分析了泡沫载体消失气化时TiC增强颗粒在气隙中的运动行为及其进入钢液的条件。实验结果表明,TiC增强颗粒的运动速度随浇注温度、充型速度和排气孔口与型腔横截面积比的增大而递增。当钢液前沿TiC颗粒的运动速度大于临界速度时才能进入钢液,且TiC增强颗粒运动速度越大,越容易进入钢液,分布越均匀。     

A terminal-velocity model for super-ellipsoidal particles

The prediction of the terminal velocity of non-spherical particles, such as sediments and microplastics, is essential for understanding their transport processes in rivers or marine environments. However, most of the existing models have been proposed based on specific particle materials, and there is a lack of systematic research on the effects of different shape factors on terminal velocity. In this study, super-ellipsoidal particles were selected as test particles for settling experiments, and a particle–velocity tracking code was developed to measure their terminal velocities during falling through glycerin–water mixtures. A terminal–velocity model for super-ellipsoidal particles was proposed based on the measured data. Owing to the new model, multivalued predictions of the terminal velocity based on a single shape factor, such as sphericity and Corey shape factor, were disclosed, and the prediction errors were evaluated. The results of this study can provide a basis for establishing a general terminal–velocity model that considers the influence of particle shape.     

Effect of Erodent Particle Hardness on Velocity Exponent in Erosion of Steels and Cast Irons

This article reports the effect of hardness of erodent particles on velocity exponent of some weld deposited alloys. Three steels and two alloy cast irons were selected for the present investigation. The bulk hardness of the alloys was in the range of 300 to 800 HV, whereas erodnet particles were having hardness in the range of 400 to 1875 HV. Erosion tests were conducted with 125-150 µm cement clinker, 125-150 µm blast furnace sinter, 100-150 µm silica sand, and 125-150 µm alumina particles and at impingement angles of 30° and 90° and with impingement velocities in the range of 25 to 120 m sec^-1. The erosion rate showed power-law dependence on impingement velocity, E = kVⁿ, where kis a constant and nis the velocity exponent. The velocity exponents obtained in the present work were in the range of 1.91 to 2.52. The velocity exponent showed an increasing trend with increasing hardness of the alloys irrespective of the hardness of the erodent particles and the impingement angle. The velocity exponent increased with increasing hardness of erodent particles, irrespective of the impingement angle and hardness of the alloys. The velocity exponents obtained in the present work were rationalized with respect to erodent particle properties, material properties and erosion mechanisms.     

大悬浮轻颗粒固液两相流中的有序结构

应用三维颗粒图像跟踪技术,对竖直管内向上大悬浮轻颗粒固液两相流中分散相即颗粒相瞬时分布进行非接触测量,由此对顺流方向颗粒串组成的有序相分布结构进行观察研究。实验发现,当液体流动速度大于某一确定值时会有明显的颗粒串出现,此时颗粒由于受液体速度梯度诱导的强升力作用而紧贴管壁运动;随着液体流动速度的降低,颗粒串逐渐消失而颗粒沿管径向的分布会向着管中心方向发展;当液流速度进一步降低,颗粒开始在水平方向团聚。分析表明液体流动的剪切作用是颗粒串生成和稳定的机制。实验还显示,随着颗粒相平均份额的增加,流动中串间颗粒的相互作用加强,颗粒分布结构也随之受到影响。     

喷涂工艺条件对超音速火焰喷涂Cr3C2-NiCr粒子速度的影响

运用热辐射法测定了超音速火焰喷涂Cr3C2-NiCr粒子速度,研究了燃气流量、氧气流量和喷涂距离对粒子速度的影响规律,结果表明,燃气流量、氧气流量对粒子速度具有显著影响,当燃气流量在37～46L/min范围内增加,氧气流量在368～447L/min范围内增加时,粒子速度上升显著.适中的氧气流量有利于获得较高的粒子速度.粒子速度随喷涂距离呈现先增加后减小的变化规律,粒子的加速过程主要在距枪口160mm的范围内进行.