工艺参数对PC塑料泡孔结构影响

采用自制的微孔发泡模拟机研究了温度和压力以及气体饱和时间对微孔聚碳酸酯（PC）泡孔结构的影响。结果表明，对于微孔PC泡沫塑料的成型存在一个最佳温度值;随着饱和压力升高，泡孔直径变小，泡孔的密度增大；气体饱和时间对PC泡沫塑料泡孔结构的影响不是很明显，在一定的饱和时间范围内，延长PC发泡时间有利于得到更均匀的泡孔结构。     

加工参数对微孔PC泡孔性能的影响

采用模压法成功制备了薄型微孔聚碳酸酯（PC）片材,研究了加工参数（发泡时间、发泡压力和发泡温度）对泡孔性能的影响,结果表明：泡孔尺寸随发泡时间的延长先减小后增大,随发泡压力的增加而减小,随发泡温度的增加而增大;泡孔密度的变化趋势随与泡孔尺寸的变化趋势相反;相对密度则随加工参数的增加而降低。通过比较各加工参数对泡孔性能的影响,可以发现发泡时间对微孔PC片材泡孔性能影响最大,且最佳的发泡时间约为8min。     

发泡工艺对超临界CO2／PP微孔发泡泡孔形态的影响

研究了超临界CO2／PP微孔发泡过程中发泡温度和饱和压力对结晶性聚合物PP泡孔形态的影响。结果表明，温度对泡孔形态影响很大，温度升高，熔体黏度和表面张力降低，泡孔变大，泡孔密度减小。与发泡温度相比，CO2饱和压力对泡孔结构的影响较小。压力太低，CO2的溶解度小，泡孔壁太厚，泡孔分布不均匀。随着压力升高，CO2的溶解度增加，熔体黏度减小，所以泡孔直径和泡孔密度都增加，泡孔壁变薄。     

ABS微孔发泡材料气体扩散行为分析

采用化学交联模压法制备了丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物(ABS)微孔发泡材料,研究了发泡温度、发泡压力及发泡时间对ABS微孔发泡材料气体的扩散行为及泡孔结构的影响,结果表明:气体吸收量随着发泡温度、发泡压力和发泡时间的增加,先增大后减小;随着气体吸收量的增加,制品的泡孔尺寸逐渐减小,泡孔密度逐渐增大,增加气体吸收量有利于提高发泡效果。当发泡温度为170℃、发泡压力为10 MPa、发泡时间为12min时,泡孔密度约为2.87×108个/cm3,可满足工业上微孔发泡材料泡孔密度的要求。     

增塑聚碳酸酯片材的模压法微孔发泡研究

采用磷酸三甲酚酯(TCP)对聚碳酸酯(PC)片材进行增塑,并采用模压法对所增塑的PC片材进行微孔发泡,探讨了加工参数和TCP用量对PC片材泡孔结构的影响。结果表明:TCP对PC具有良好的增塑效果,制得的微孔塑料具有理想泡孔结构,且拓宽了发泡温度范围;增塑PC片材的泡孔结构随发泡压力、发泡时间、发泡温度的变化趋势与未增塑PC片材的变化趋势保持一致,只是泡孔尺寸、泡孔密度发生了一定程度的变化;随TCP含量的增加,泡孔尺寸先减小后增大,泡孔密度的变化趋势则相反。     

聚丙烯物理法微孔发泡操作条件与泡孔形态的关系研究

以超临界CO2流体和丁烷为发泡剂,用快速释压的方法,对PP的微孔发泡进行了研究,得到了泡孔密度达10^9泡孔／cm^2,泡孔直径为20-50μm的微孔泡沫塑料颗粒。研究表明,改变饱和压力和温度可以控制发泡的泡孔结构和密度。使用CO2为发泡剂,当温度低于90℃或压力低于6．0MPa时,PP很难出现发泡。提高温度使泡孔出现五边形的结构但泡孔尺寸增大;增加饱和压力,泡孔密度增加,泡孔直径减小。用超临界CO2流体和丁烷作发泡剂时所得到的泡孔密度分别为2．0×10^8-10^9和2．0×10^5—10^7泡孔／cm^3,泡孔平均尺寸分别为20—50μm和100—500μm。用超临界CO2流体和丁烷混合气体作为发泡剂时泡孔直径则出现了双峰分布的结构;加入成核剂炭黑后所得到的泡孔尺寸大于未加成核剂的情况,其泡孔密度和泡孔直径分别为7．0×10^6—1．6×10^9泡孔／cm^3和55—300μm。     

微孔塑料挤出成型的研究

以超临界CO2作为物理发泡剂,对低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)进行了微孔发泡的研究。介绍了微孔塑料成型过程中聚合物/气体均相体系的形成、气泡成核和气泡长大及定型这三个步骤。并分析了加工工艺因素(温度、压力)等对制品中泡孔尺寸和密度的影响:泡孔直径随挤出压力的增加而减小;泡孔密度随压力的增加而增加;泡孔直径随压力降速率的增大而减小;泡孔密度随压力降速率的增大而增加;而适当提高温度有利于减小泡孔直径、增加泡孔密度。     

发泡工艺对超临界CO_2/PLA微孔发泡泡孔形态的影响

研究了超临界CO2/PLA微孔发泡过程中,发泡温度、饱和压力、剪切速率对聚合物PLA泡孔形态的影响。结果表明,发泡温度对泡孔形态影响很大,温度降低,熔体强度增加,泡孔塌陷和合并减少,发泡材料的泡孔密度增大,泡孔尺寸减小,但温度太低时,熔体黏度和表面张力增加,发泡样品泡孔密度较低,泡孔壁较厚;压力对发泡形态的影响也是很显著的,压力太低,CO2的溶解度小,泡孔壁厚,泡孔分布不均匀。随着压力升高,CO2的溶解度增加,发泡样品的泡孔密度增加,泡孔更加均匀;随着转子转速增加,泡孔尺寸减小,气泡成核密度增大。但是转子转速过快,泡孔沿剪切的方向被拉长,泡孔取向严重,泡体质量变差。     

纳米蒙脱土对聚丙烯微孔发泡行为的影响

通过二次开模注塑成型法制备聚丙烯/蒙脱土复合材料的微孔发泡塑料.用扫描电镜对发泡样品的泡孔结构进行表征,研究蒙脱土含量对微孔发泡材料的泡孔结构和注塑成型温度的影响.结果表明:在聚丙烯中加入纳米蒙脱土可以使泡孔直径减小、泡孔密度增加.注塑成型温度范围变宽;加入的蒙脱土含量为5%时,泡孔直径最小、泡孔密度最大.     

硫化体系对再生胶发泡性能的影响

采用跳模法对再生胶进行发泡,考察了硫黄、促进剂CZ、TMTD对再生胶发泡特性及发泡体物理机械性能的影响,并用体视显微镜表征了泡孔结构。结果表明,随着硫黄用量的增加,再生胶发泡体的密度增大,发泡率、收缩率、泡孔体积分数及泡孔直径均减小,邵尔C硬度和压缩强度增大;随着CZ用量的增加,再生胶发泡体的密度和泡孔直径减小,发泡率和泡孔体积分数先减小后增大,收缩率先增大后减小,压缩强度和邵尔C硬度均先减小后增大;随着TMTD用量的增加,再生胶发泡体的密度增大,发泡率和泡孔体积分数均减小,收缩率和泡孔直径先增大后减小,压缩强度增大后略有下降。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。