高浓度活性污泥中二次流传质效果的实验研究

在高浓度活性污泥条件下, 通过测定搅拌功率和氧传质系数, 对二次流场中的氧传质效率进行了研究。通过与普通流场的对比表明, 二次流场在相对较小的搅拌功率和通气量下, 具有较高的氧传质效率。并发现在污泥浓度为20 g/L时, 控制剪切条件能够改善活性污泥的絮体结构, 使之具有较高的氧传质速率和沉降性能, 保证了高浓度条件下微生物的降解效率。     

硫化镍矿废石和尾矿中重金属排放特征与防治对策

硫化镍矿由于镍品位低、提取工艺复杂,形成大量的废石和尾矿。废石目前普遍在废石场堆存,尾矿粒度较细,一般排入尾矿库。废石和尾矿中含有的重金属元素,在堆放过程中由于淋滤作用,不仅可能污染地表水,而且可以通过水力联系发生污染转移。选取我国典型硫化镍矿采选企业有代表性的废石和尾矿样品进行重金属组分分析和浸出毒性实验分析,目标重金属包括五种毒性较高的重金属镉、铬、铅、砷、汞及矿石主金属镍、钴、铜,确定每种重金属的污染负荷率,分析得出废石和尾矿中重点防控的重金属为砷、镉、铬,主金属镍和铜也应重点防控。针对现有企业废石和尾矿处置过程中存在的问题,提出有针对性的防治措施,可为镍采选企业废石和尾矿的重金属污染监管提供依据。     

地气微粒特征和元素含量结合探测隐伏矿床技术

提出并研究不仅使用元素含量(全样品分析的综合性化学组成数据),而且使用地气微粒特征探测隐伏矿体的找矿技术。它能提供给我们关于深部隐伏矿体更直接和更丰富的信息,是一种新的有更高成功率和探测深度大的找矿技术。可快速判别矿异常和非矿异常,预测深部矿化类型和隐伏矿体规模、深度。除了可应用于金属矿和油气田的勘查外,还可用于隐伏断裂构造预测。该技术的应用有利于加速我国矿产资源勘查开发和解决资源短缺问题,也将会产生较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

尾矿资源化综合利用应用研究：以京津冀崇礼矿产资源集中区为例

作为冬奥会滑雪项目主办区，中国首都重要水源涵养区和生态环境支撑区，张家口市崇礼区的矿业绿色发展已经成为现在和未来发展的必由之路。尾矿资源化利用是使矿山固体废弃资源变废为宝，有效缓解土地、建筑材料供应紧张局面，及改善生态环境，消除尾矿库对环境危害的治本之策。文章分析了我国尾矿类型划分、尾矿综合利用方向及原则。并以京津冀地区崇礼矿产资源集中区为例，开展了尾矿调查和综合利用方向研究。崇礼矿产资源集中区内尾矿库60座，集中分布于南部山区以铁尾矿和金尾矿为主，占地面积计3.36 km2，尾矿库现有库容7 625万m3。根据尾矿的物理、化学性质及矿物之间的比例关系，将尾矿划分为5种类型，相应地给出了各自资源化综合利用的建议。通过尾矿资源化综合利用可充分挖掘矿产资源二次利用潜力，缓解环境压力，实现矿集区范围内的“环境再造”和“产业再生”。     

Laboratory Simulation of Groundwater Along Uranium-Mining-Affected Flow Paths Near the Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Mining of volumetrically small, but relatively enriched (average 0.6% U₃O₈) breccia pipe uranium (BPU) deposits near the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA has the potential to affect groundwater and springs in the area. Such deposits also contain base metal sulfides that can oxidize to generate acid mine drainage and release trace metals. In this study, sequential batch experiments were conducted to simulate the geochemistry of local shallow groundwater that contacts BPU ore and then moves downgradient through sedimentary strata. The experiments simulated shallow groundwater in a carbonate aquifer followed by contact with BPU ore. The experiments subsequently simulated contact with sedimentary rocks and changing oxygen availability. Concentrations of several contaminants of potential concern became substantially elevated in the waters exposed to BPU ore, including As, Co, Ni, U, and Zn, and to a lesser extent, Mo. Of these, Co, Mo, Ni, and U were minimally attenuated by downgradient processes, whereas Zn was partially attenuated. Sb and Tl concentrations were more moderately elevated but also generally minimally attenuated. Although the mixture of elements is particular to these BPU ore deposits, sulfide oxidation in the ore and carbonate buffering of pH by sedimentary rocks generates patterns of water chemistry common in acid mine drainage settings. Ultimately, downgradient concentrations of elements sourced from BPU ore will also be strongly influenced by non-geochemical factors such as the quantities of water contacting BPU materials, heterogeneity of materials along flow paths, and mixing with waters that have not contacted BPU materials.

     

我国钽铌等稀有金属矿概况及找矿启示

系统总结了我国钽铌等稀有金属矿的勘查进展、禀赋特点、典型矿床矿物组成及找矿标志,得出以下结论：①作为新兴战略矿产资源,钽铌等稀有金属矿产资源无法满足国内需求,“十三五”期间我国将加大对稀有金属矿产的勘查力度;②钽铌等稀有金属矿床具有分布集中,单一矿床少、共伴生矿床多,品位低、储量大,物质组成复杂等特点;③不同地区、不同类型的钽铌等稀有金属矿床有不同的找矿标志,但几乎所有钽铌等稀有金属矿床与钠长石化密切相关,大部分矿床具有放射性异常,小岩体在找矿过程中具有重要意义;④在钽铌等稀有金属矿勘查过程中应加强物质组成研究,进行综合勘查,重视综合利用及经济评价。上述结论有助于避免地质找矿的盲目性,减少呆滞矿,对于我国拟开展的“三稀（稀有、稀土和稀散元素）”矿产调查工作具有一定的借鉴价值。     

从铬渣中分离、回收铬的研究进展

摘要:铬渣是黑金属危险废物,但同时也是重要的含铬二次资源。目前处理铬渣的方法普遍存在解毒不彻底、成本较高、对环境易造成二次污染等缺点,而最理想的处理方法就是将铬渣中可能溶出进入环境的那部分Cr完全分离出来,同时将其以含Cr产品的形式进行回收利用。因此,研究从铬渣中有效的分离、回收铬,对于解决铬渣彻底解毒及其资源化利用的问题具有重大意义。在分析铬渣组分的基础上,全面概述了湿法和干法两类分离、回收铬渣中铬的方法。重点介绍了湿法分离回收法,阐述了其处理思路,对比分析了不同的浸取方式及回收方法。最后,总结指出浸取—微生物回收法以及氯化焙烧回收法有较好的处理效果和经济效益,以期为解决铬渣污染问题提供技术参考。      

A brief survey of current surface waste disposal practices in the metal mining industry

ABSTRACT

Tailings ponds are a common method of mine waste disposal. Technical as well as environmental aspects of surface disposal of metal mine wastes are briefly reviewed The construction of tailings ponds require a broad range of parameters from geotechnical aspects to effluent treatment and reclamation procedures to be taken into consideration. Working with low grade deposits, which require intense grinding, in addition to the presence of sulphide minerals pose difficulties to the disposal of tailings. Government regulations call for reclamation procedures to be drawn-up prior to the commencement of the mining activities. Generation of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is one of the most important problem that a metal mine operation can face. Successful reclamation programs depend on an extensive and detailed water management procedure.

This paper reviews the environmental as well as technical aspects that need to be incorporated into the design and construction of a tailings pond facility to minimize and possibly eliminate potential environmental hazards. Current design of disposal facilities must comply with the existing guidelines and regulations which are also reviewed in this paper.     

Secondary Sulphate Minerals in a Cyprus-Type Ore Deposit,Apliki, Cyprus: Mineralogy and Its Implications Regarding the Chemistry of Pit Lake Waters

The Apliki mine, a Cyprus-type massive sulphide deposit in Cyprus, was exploited for copper until the mid-1970s. Abandonment of the mine left a deep pit that now hosts a lake fed by surface runoff from the surrounding mineralized zone and hydrothermally altered basalt. Oxidation of the sulphide minerals and factors such as climate and terrain relief control the water–rock interactions that generate acid mine drainage (AMD), which ultimately affects and defines the quality of the lake waters. Pyrite and chalcopyrite constitute an almost inexhaustible sulphide source that leads to the formation of a variety of secondary iron and copper mineral phases. The secondary mineral assemblages in the ore zone are mainly iron, copper, and magnesium sulphates, whereas the lakeshore assemblage is dominated by magnesium-, calcium-, sodium-, and aluminum-bearing sulphate minerals. Near the lakeshore, the highly soluble iron sulphate salts dissolve in the lake water, increasing its iron content. Other less soluble salts are more stable and persist in the lakeshore environment. The precipitation and dissolution of efflorescent salts, and, to a lesser extent, the oxidative weathering of the remaining ore minerals, produce additional AMD. Due to the perpetual cycle of mineral dissolution and precipitation, the lake has a low pH (≈3) and contains high concentrations of some contaminants. The processes that contribute to the formation of the efflorescent mineral assemblages and their environmental impact on pit lake waters, and indeed the complete geochemical system, is a typical example of secondary mineral formation in Cyprus-type Cu-pyrite massive sulphide ore deposits.     

某含泥高银铅锌硫化矿高效综合利用研究

针对某含泥高银铅锌硫化矿,在低碱环境下采用25号黑药与苯胺黑药组合捕收铅,有效兼顾了贵金属银的回收,锌浮选采用石灰和8372CN组合抑硫,缓解了矿泥对锌精矿品质的影响。闭路试验获得了铅品位67.18%、铅回收率94.57%、银品位2 560.37 g/t、银回收率80.54%、锌含量3.60%的铅精矿和锌品位51.63%、锌回收率93.27%的锌精矿,实现了含泥高银铅锌硫化矿的高效综合利用。     

西南地区铅锌尾矿重金属与残留选矿药剂污染特征

铅锌矿是我国西南地区重要的矿产资源,伴随着铅锌矿山的开采,越来越多的尾矿排入尾矿库进入外环境,重金属和选矿药剂在尾矿库内逐渐累积,容易对周边环境产生威胁。通过分析西南地区三个不同类型尾矿中的重金属含量、重金属形态分布和选矿药剂含量差异,探究不同类型的铅锌尾矿库中重金属与选矿药剂污染特征。结果表明,硫化矿尾矿库与氧化矿尾矿库中重金属形态分布存在差异,尾矿库停用后,选矿药剂有深层迁移的趋势。铅锌尾矿库内重金属和选矿药剂的复合污染需要引起人们重视,本研究可为铅锌尾矿库污染防治提供参考。     

含钒石煤选择性脱泥富集钒的试验研究

含钒石煤,经焙烧脱碳后,在磨矿过程中会产生大量的原生及次生矿泥,这些矿泥的存在,在浮选过程中会消耗大量浮选药剂,增加选矿成本,并降低选矿指标。针对湖北通山含钒石煤进行了选择性脱泥富集钒的试验研究,在用20%H2SO4溶液调节p H为9.0,六偏磷酸钠的用量为1.0 kg/t条件下,得到了V2O5的品位为1.07%,产率为10.91%的矿泥产品。     

石煤钒矿湿法提钒选冶废水处理

针对石煤钒矿湿法提钒选冶废水特点及排放要求,以静态试验数据为参考,采用独特的二次处理方案,优化处理工艺,对废水进行了分级处理,处理系统封闭循环,不产生二次污染。处理后水质完全符合排放要求,其中金属离子含量低于国家排放标准,Fe离子含量由最初的850 mg/L降到1.8 mg/L。回水满足生产工艺用水要求,整个系统处理高效、设计合理、简单实用、运行平稳。     

云南都龙锡锌多金属矿床成矿流体特征及矿床成因

云南都龙锡锌多金属超大型矿床是我国重要的锡矿资源基地,伴生铅、银、铜、铁、铟和镉等组分。针对该矿床的成矿作用与成因机制问题,以矿床脉石矿物为研究对象,开展了流体包裹体的离子色谱和气相色谱分析,查明了石英、方解石、萤石中流体包裹体的气相和液相成分。结果表明,石英流体包裹体气相成分以CO2和H2O为主,其次为N2,方解石流体包裹体气相成分以CO2、H2O和N2为主,含有少量H2;流体包裹体液相成分相对富Na+、Ca2+、Cl-,F-含量相对较少。流体中的氮气可能来源于有机质和花岗岩中含钾硅酸盐矿物的分解,CO2等气相成分可能参与成矿作用;成矿流体为富 Cl-、贫F-的弱酸性、还原性溶液,可与金属矿物阳离子结合形成络合物,有助于金属的迁移;矿床形成可能主要经历了两个阶段,早中期阶段的水-岩反应,中晚期阶段的天水混入和矿物沉淀,成矿晚期矿床受岩浆热液叠加改造。     

浅谈矽卡岩铜矿床特征及其难选矿石浮选技术

本文重点阐述了矽卡岩铜矿矿床成因和矿床特征、难选矽卡岩铜矿的工艺矿物学特点和难选矽卡岩铜矿的浮选技术。指出应加强研究矿床学理论与选矿学理论的内在联系,尤其是将矿床物理化学特征与浮选理论相结合,对于浮选工艺流程制定具有重要的宏观指导意义。矽卡岩铜矿床相比其他铜矿床类型而言,矿体连续性差,矿物组成成分复杂,杂质元素较多,脉石矿物对于浮选的影响较大,且有中细粒嵌布结构,总体上相对难选一些。针对难选矽卡岩铜矿,浮选研究中应重点考虑磨矿流程的制定、铜硫分离、铜与易浮脉石分离等问题。     

Biosorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions by dried activated sludge

The biosorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by dried activated sludge was investigated as a function of initial pH, initial metal ion concentration and temperature. The results showed that both the heavy metals uptake processes followed the pseudo-second-order equation. The equilibrium data fitted very well to both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The main mechanism of Cu(II) and Pb(II) biosorption on dried activated sludge was their binding with amide I group.     

湖南衡阳盆地第四纪沉积物对地气测量的影响

地气法是瑞典科学家K.Christiansson和L.Malmqvist在20世纪80年代初提出的,是一种很有前景的找矿方法。该方法介绍到中国后,经过地质研究人员不懈地研究,取得了很大的进步。然而由于对其形成机理和迁移过程了解的匮乏,限制了该方法的实际应用。通过对湖南衡阳盆地第四纪沉积物样品模拟地气迁移实验和透射电镜观察,查明了沉积物中吸附纳米金的矿物有纤铁矿、针铁矿、高岭石、埃洛石等。这些矿物是地气测量的主要影响因素。研究结果可应用于我国热带亚热带地区金属矿床的找矿实践。     

我国查明低品位铁矿资源储量分析

以最新全国储量数据库为基础,分析总结我国查明低品位铁矿资源储量的数量、分布特点、类型、矿床规模及矿石可选性等。结果表明:我国查明低品位铁矿资源储量约184亿吨,约占全部铁矿石资源量的30%。主要分布在河北省、辽宁省、山西省等近17个省(区)。主要矿床类型有沉积变质型、沉积型、接触交代-热液型等。小型矿多,大型矿少。大型低品位铁矿区仅占查明数的1.08%,而储量却占我国低品位铁矿查明资源储量的62.37%。我国查明低品位铁矿石基本可选,部分易选,难选矿石仅占2.17%。     

江西大吉山矿区成矿(矿化)阶段的研究

阐述了大吉山矿区3大矿床的不同矿化特征。根据矿区多期次、多阶段的演变过程,从岩浆岩的演化,成矿构造的活动,矿床矿物的组合,矿石结构构造与蚀变类型的差异,以及成矿过程中物理化学条件等方面,把矿区成矿过程划分为3个成矿期和8个成矿阶段。     

基于SVM模型的胶东金矿成矿预测研究

本文系统结合前人研究资料,进行控矿要素分析,总结金矿成矿规律,采用支持向量机模型（SVM）进行深部隐伏金矿预测。首先根据研究区矿床类型,得知该区金矿床为造山型,矿床严格受构造、岩浆岩等方面控制。建立了勘查模型,Au、Ag两种贵金属元素经多重分形滤波（S-A）分离得到的背景和异常,进而将各勘查标志转换为证据图层,采用高斯、线性、双曲正切SVM、逻辑回归模型、朴素贝叶斯模型进行成矿预测,最终生成成矿潜力图和累计预测面积比例与累计预测矿床数量图,共圈定远景区5个。结果表明高斯、线性、双曲正切核函数的SVM模型逻辑回归模型相差无几,且均优于证据权模型,表明支持向量机是一种具有广泛的应用前景的成矿预测方法。