Performance-based firefighting in dense historic settlements: An exploration of a firefighting approach combining value and risk assessment with numerical simulation

In view of the fire problems left in dense historical settlements in China, such as fire hazards that are prone to fires, difficulties in fighting fires, and the incomplete applicability of current fire codes due to the high historical value of buildings, this paper proposes a scientific and systematic performance-based fire protection method that gives priority to value preservation. This method is applied to dense historical settlements, and the effectiveness of this method is verified by evaluating the results of fire protection planning and renovation through multiple rounds of computer numerical simulation. The results show that in a connected cluster of buildings, one of the fire retrofitting requirements in the horizontal or vertical direction needs to be met between two adjacent buildings to ensure that the fire does not spread, and the retrofitting direction has to be selected based on the value and risk assessment results. When dense historical clusters are renovated for fire prevention planning, the optimal renovation path to meet fire safety can be effectively selected based on the method proposed in this paper.     

发展消防安全工程学和性能化防火规范

本文简要介绍了消防安全工程学和性能化规范的一些基本概念和国外发展概况,并就如何在我国发展消防安全工程学和性能化规范提出了建议。     

Fire Risk Index for Historic Buildings

Fire protection engineers and preservation architects have long recognized the difficulty in applying building and fire codes to historic buildings. Small, older buildings of significant historic value need an efficient approach to performance-based evaluation. One technique that has gained acceptance is fire risk indexing. The Historic Fire Risk Index described in this paper uses a linear additive model of multiple attribute evaluation to produce a measure of relative fire risk. Weights are established to indicate the importance or significance of fire risk parameters. Then, for each specific historic structure, parameter grades, i.e., the amount or degree that a parameter is present, are determined from information collected in a detailed site survey. Fire risk is evaluated by the scalar product of the parameter weights and grades, producing a single numerical value representing the level of fire safety provided in the building. This is a more rational and more transparent method than the risk indexing systems currently published in model codes and standards.     

The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors: A position paper on performance-based design for fire code applications

The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors (FORUM) periodically takes a position on a technical issue of international significance confronting the fire safety research community. The position of the FORUM on performance-based regulations, codes and design for fire safety applications, and the rationale leading to it, is described in this paper. Aspects addressed include current capabilities and challenges associated with the application of performance-based design, and possible enhancements (obtained through a coordinated and sustained global effort of research) in next generation tools leading to more certain predictions of the effects on performance of changes in building materials, active and passive fire protection systems, compartmentation, and egress systems; the structural response of a building to large fires including those leading to full building burnout; the impact of fire on neighboring buildings and infrastructure; and the uncertainty in deterministic predictions for incorporation into reliable probabilistic calculations of hazard and risk.     

基于性能化安全标准的建筑防火设计——以上海浦东某家居商业广场为例

该文针对国内建筑防火设计现状,根据上海浦东某家居商业广场性能化防火设计实例,具体阐述和探讨了性能化防火设计的方法和发展思路。     

Thermal bowing on steel columns embedded on walls under fire conditions

The contact of steel columns with building walls is responsible for huge thermal gradients within its cross-section during fire. Current regulatory codes for fire design of steel members provide a formulation to assess the load-bearing capacity of these members assuming uniform temperature through the cross-section; however, this is not what happens in the major part of the cases in real structures where the columns are embedded on walls. The walls on one hand will provide a temperature reduction on the columns, which is somehow favourable in terms of its fire resistance, on the other hand the differential heating on the columns cross-section may lead to unfavourable stresses (bending moments) responsible for instability (thermal bowing). Considering that the structural behaviour of columns is strongly dependent of the second order effects this is an important phenomenon which may lead to a significant reduction on its fire resistance. This paper presents the results of a numerical study to assess the influence of the differential heating on the fire design of steel columns. New interaction axial force–bending moment diagrams for non-uniformly heated H steel columns are proposed.     

大空间建筑人员疏散问题的性能化设计

通过对大空间建筑火灾特性的研究,结合目前许多大空间建筑的消防设计无法满足现有规范要求的现实问题,分析大空间建筑中火灾状态下人员的具体情况,结合建筑实际情况采用性能化方法,解决大空间、大体量建筑的人员安全疏散的问题,并列举了工程实例进行说明.     

A model for predicting heat transfer through noninsulated unloaded steel-stud gypsum board wall assemblies exposed to fire

With the advent of performance-based codes and performance-based fire safety design options, validated fire-resistance models have become essential. In this paper, a one-dimensional heat transfer model for steel-stud, noninsulated, unloaded gypsum board protected wall assemblies is presented. Also presented are a comparison between temperature predictions and measured temperatures at different locations in gypsum board wall assemblies as well as a comparison between the predicted and measured fire-resistance ratings. The model, which predicts slightly conservative fire-resistance ratings compared to the experimental measurements, is appropriate for most fire safety engineering applications. Considerations for further model development are identified.     

性能化防火设计中确定性标准的探讨

随着经济和社会的发展，性能化防火设计越来越多地被设计者所采用，性能化设计采用的性能化设计规范的成功实施需要建立符合安全要求的性能化标准。性能化标准分为确定性和偶然性的设计标准，着重探讨了确定性标准。确定性标准主要包括火灾点燃标准、火灾发展和蔓延标准、生命安全标准等。讨论了保守设计需要的安全因子，对确定性标准进行了总结和展望。     

建筑防火性能化设计之探讨

在建筑工程施工过程中,安全性是各影响因素中应该优先考虑的问题之一。尤其是建筑物的消防安全,直接关乎着人们的生命财产安全乃至整个社会的安定。建筑防火性能化设计是设计人员在特定的情况下,为解决一些特殊建筑物消防安全问题所采取的一种重要手段。本文主要对防火性能化设计的内容及具体操作方法进行了系统阐释,并指出了设计过程中应引起注意的一些问题。     

Performance-based analysis of large steel truss roof structure in fire

Due to the fast developments of large-space multi-functional architectures, large-span steel structures have been widely used in recent years. Therefore, the fire-resistance design of this kind of structures has attracted more attentions. Since traditional ISO834 standard fire curve is not suitable for large space structures, performance-based fire resistance design method is required. This paper presents the comprehensive case studies on the fire performance of a large space exhibition centre in Shanxi province, China under real fire scenarios including heating and cooling phases. The non-uniform fire temperature fields of the large space exhibition centre for the designed fire scenarios have been generated by using Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS). A finite element (FE) model has been developed using FE software ANSYS for modelling the structural behaviour of the exhibition centre under different fire scenarios. Based on the results generated in this research some recommendations for the fire resistance design of large space steel truss structures have been proposed.     

基于BIM的性能化分析手段在建筑防火设计中的研究与实践

本文描述了利用BIM建筑信息模型运用到性能化防火设计的方法研究。并对五大连池博物馆序厅位置进行消防安全评估, 将建筑信息模型转换为火灾模型和疏散模型, 通过设定消防安全目标、确定性能判据、建立火灾场景, 考虑不确定因素对其进行烟气流动模拟与人员疏散模拟。     

Defining flashover for fire hazard calculations

As the use of performance-based methods for evaluating the fire behavior of materials and systems becomes more widespread, objective criteria to judge fire behavior become more important. This paper reviews techniques for predicting the most common of these criteria, the onset of flashover. The experimental basis for working definitions of flashover is reviewed. Comparisons of available calculational procedures ranging from simple correlations to computer-based fire models that can be used to estimate flashover are presented. Although the techniques range in complexity and results, the various predictions give estimates commensurate with the precision of available experimental data.     

钢屋盖结构防火的性能化消防工程分析

因为建筑学上和构造上的原因,越来越多的建筑设计采用了钢结构。为了保证建筑结构构件的完整性,建筑规范提出了结构耐火性能的要求。但是,已规定的要求没有促进具有良好经济效益的设计,并且假定遵照规范是达到安全等级的唯一途径。本论文提出采用以性能设计为基础的消防工程理论方法来证明火灾中钢构件的性能。消防工程准则已发展至符合规范的要求,并能保证结构在火灾中的安全性能。本文采用一个游泳/跳水馆作为例子来讨论对钢屋顶结构进行耐火保护。本例的研究表明,游泳/跳水馆的钢屋顶结构可以不用耐火涂料,并且不会降低整个建筑的防火安全等级。     

火灾应急照明术语应统一

对火灾应急照明的概念及其在现行规范中广为使用的两类术语进行梳理和对比,表述火灾应急照明的构成,澄清因术语不统一而引起的混淆.呼吁不同规范应把火灾应急照明术语统一到照明术语标准上来,以免产生歧义.