韩国首尔清溪川的恢复和保护

21世纪首尔开始了生态城市建设。首尔的建设开始朝着改善市民生活的方向发展,政府在努力保护和恢复城市空间,创造良好的生态环境。第一个成功的项目是2005年10月完成的首尔清溪川复原和再发展项目。这个项目向世人证明了一个城市项目能给人们的生活带来巨大的影响。从历史、政治、经济和社会的角度验证了清溪川这样一个庞大且复杂的发展项目。通过清溪川复原和再发展项目,首尔的都市生态城市建设规划得到分析和验证。这个项目也可供其他面临类似环境和城市问题的亚洲城市借鉴参考。     

Thessaloniki: The changing geography of the city and the role of spatial planning

Thessaloniki has existed for over twenty-three centuries. Today it is the second largest city in Greece after Athens. This City Profile aims to identify and present the milestones in the city's development trajectory and give an overview of the evolution and the planning of the city. After a summary of the historical development of Thessaloniki, emphasis is given to the period after 1990s. Lately, the fiscal and refugee crises hitting the country have changed the urban geography of the city, challenging its sustainability and questioning its future development. At the same time the planning and management system of the city face the overfragmentation and semi-implementation of the plans, the chronic lack of a clear vision for the city's development and the downgrading of the role of strategic spatial planning within the current context of recession. The adoption of a really radical resilience policy along with the reconsideration and redefinition of planning principles and content seems to be the only option for Thessaloniki to track its development trajectory.     

如何拯救收缩的城市：英国老工业城市转型经验及启示

如何拯救深陷“收缩”困境的老工业城市,成为一项极具挑战性的任务。在当今西方国家的城市化进程中,受经济转型、资源枯竭、郊区化等诸多因素影响,一些传统老工业城市呈现出日益严峻的收缩现象,并引发一系列复杂的社会问题。基于全球化挑战地方响应策略的理论分析表明,如何促进日渐“收缩”的老工业城市实现顺利转型,对长期以来增长管理为导向的城市规划传统理论提出了严峻的挑战,并且体现为全球化背景下,企业家主义或环境主义的地方响应范式之争。针对英国曼彻斯特和利兹的案例比较发现,尽管前者采取的企业家主义导向经济复兴战略加剧了经济增长与环境保护之间的矛盾冲突,但是后者尝试超越企业家主义范式的新探索带来了实现经济环境双赢的新希望,且近年来可持续城市的理论探索也逐渐形成了新的发展方向。通过英国老工业城市转型的理论分析与实践比较,为我国的老工业城市发展转型提供了诸多的有益启示。     

Sustainability and the impact of Chinese policy initiatives upon construction

The environment has been perceived as an international issue, and ways of attaining sustainability are becoming important for countries seeking sustainable development. The international community has been active in developing policy frameworks towards achieving the sustainability, such as an ecological modernization approach and environment assessment. Developing countries deserve special attention in the effort to make sustainability an operative criterion in their development activities. Given the difficulties that developing countries are facing, their perceptions of the concept and principles of sustainability differ in various contexts from those of developed countries, and the attainment of sustainability is much more difficult. Therefore, the establishment of a global partnership is important for the vision of sustainability to be realized and operationalized in the world. The current stage of economic development in China provides an opportunity to incorporate environmental provisions into the national development strategies from a relatively early stage, rather than attempt retrofit to strategies. However, at present China's policy initiatives expressed in its Agenda 21 remains only a visionary concept. A comprehensive policy framework and realistic implementation measures are needed. The environmental impacts of the construction industry are extensive, particularly in developing countries. However, as in many developing countries, China's sustainable construction is still at its primary stage and current practice is unsatisfactory.     

Water quality monitoring in smart city: A pilot project

A smart city is an urban development vision to integrate multiple information and communication technology (ICT), “Big Data” and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions in a secure fashion to manage a city's assets for sustainability, resilience and liveability. Meanwhile, water quality monitoring has been evolving to the latest wireless sensor network (WSN) based solutions in recent decades. This paper presents a multi-parameter water quality monitoring system of Bristol Floating Harbour which has successfully demonstrated the feasibility of collecting real-time high-frequency water quality data and displayed the real-time data online. The smart city infrastructure – Bristol Is Open was utilised to provide a plug & play platform for the monitoring system. This new system demonstrates how a future smart city can build the environment monitoring system benefited by the wireless network covering the urban area. The system can be further integrated in the urban water management system to achieve improved efficiency.     

Reading cities: Developing an urban diagnostics approach for identifying integrated urban problems with application to the city of Birmingham,UK

For policymakers, planners, urban design practitioners and city service decision-makers who endeavour to create policies and take decisions to improve the function of cities, developing an understanding of cities, and the particular city in question, is important. However, in the ever-increasing field of urban measurement and analysis, the challenges cities face are frequently presumed: crime and fear of crime, social inequality, environmental degradation, economic deterioration and disjointed governance. Although it may be that many cities share similar problems, it is unwise to assume that cities share the same challenges, to the same degree or in the same combination. And yet, diagnosing the challenges a city faces is often overlooked in preference for improving the understanding of known challenges. To address this oversight, this study evidences the need to diagnose urban challenges, introduces a novel mixed-methods approach for doing so, applies (and critiques) the approach to the city of Birmingham, UK, and proposes a set of principles for the transferability of this new urban diagnostic methodology to other cities. The paper argues that applying a rigorous, explorative, diagnostic approach to ‘reading cities’ provides confidence that all critical challenges have been identified and, crucially, identifies how they are interdependent, both of which have implications for how policymakers and decision-makers address a particular city's combination of interlinked challenges.     

Urban growth,transportation and the spatial dimension of the labour market: A note

Recently, Duranton and Turner estimated the impact of interstate highways on the average growth of US cities between 1983 and 2003. By estimating a structural model, one of their striking points is that increasing a city's initial stock of highways by 10 per cent leads to a 1.5 per cent positive respond of the city's employment over the sample period. This note mainly argues that their investigation leaves out potential spillovers of labour input from neighbouring growth centres/cities in the steady‐state directly implied by the open city assumption. More specifically, this contribution readily extends Duranton and Turner's work by a general equilibrium effect induced by the urban system's labour market fluctuations which is a direct consequence of the open city assumption.     

Voices in the city. On the role of arts,artists and urban space for a just city

This paper highlights artists' role in creating a just city. Drawing on Jane Jacobs' insights on the importance of design for a diverse city and her analysis of the visual order of cities, I argue that artistic interventions are prime examples of the constant negotiation processes that take place in cities. These negotiation processes affect the power relations of the urban society and contribute to constituting urban public spheres. In addition, by shedding light on the processes of producing urban public spaces at locations, for example through artistic interventions, the article emphasises the non-fixity of the city as socio-material entity. The article proposes to understand these negotiation processes and the city's dynamic nature as central to ‘making the just city’ and to allow for equity, democracy and diversity, the key elements of a just city.     

《管子》城市思想对后世的影响

该文总结出《管子》的主要城市思想,即适用性原则和可持续性发展策略。并通过南宋临安、宋元泉州、隋江都与唐扬州、明清赣州几个古代城市实例,分析其各自的特点,从其营建实践中寻找《管子》城市思想的具体应用和体现,并在最后进行归纳总结。     

ON THE “TRIO” OF BEAUTIFUL CITIES

Urban quality improvement and the construction and management of high-quality beautiful cities have been considered a prioritized initiative across China. Beautiful cities are built on the harmony and symbiosis between human and the nature. This only route to sustainable development consists of three dimensions: 1) the deep structure of the beautiful city, i.e. a good site selection that realizes an interwoven pattern between urban matrix and natural ecological network, which could be reflected in spatial configurations of both “the city in nature” and “the nature in the city”; 2) the deep appearance and style of the beautiful city, deriving from the natural topography, process, and climatic conditions to guarantee the ecological adaptation to the nature; and 3) the green lifestyle of the beautiful city, which guides citizens to green living, green traveling, and green consumption so as to reserve sufficient development space for generations. This is the “trio” of beautiful cities. Drawing lessons from the conflicts with the nature in the past civilizations, the ecological civilization is the only way to achieve the human-nature harmony.     

One city's ‘urban cosmography’

Illustrations of urban scenes naturally describe the physical characteristics of the places depicted. These representations also express implicitly broader beliefs which tie the spatial order of the surrounding world to local systems, institutions, and human actions. Images of a city embody, therefore, an ‘urban cosmography’, a concept inspired by early modern artisans' attempts to chart the contours of the world, both known and unknown. Seen from this perspective, historical graphics such as maps, posters, and birds-eye views document a city's position within a continually evolving universal order. This paper will review graphics drawn from the history of one city in particular: Baltimore, Maryland. Like other cities on the eastern seaboard of the US, Baltimore has been represented by diverse visual arts for more than two centuries. With the advent of digital and social media, Baltimore's development will depend even more upon the city's local and global interrelationships. ‘Urban cosmography’ is, therefore, a useful conceptual prism through which one may perceive the link between the city's historical legacy and contemporary urban challenges. One consequence is that visual tropes for traditional urban polarities – ‘growth’ versus ‘decay’, for instance – may be superseded by new symbols that incorporate both.     

The hierarchy of cities in Internet news media and Internet search: Some insights from China

Applying a novel approach based on the vast city-related information in the Internet, this paper probes into the hierarchy of Chinese cities in virtual space by developing a theoretical analysis framework and analyzing the amount of coverage that a city received in the Internet news media (attribute data) and the distance decay effect in Internet search of a city from other cities (relational data). We used the Baidu Media Index and Search Index of city names in China to capture the amount of yearly city exposure in the Internet news media and how often cities have been searched by Internet users in other cities, respectively. Our results show that the extent of Internet news coverage of a city is highly related to that city's real-world characteristics including its administrative status, economic development, tourist resources, and its distance to/from Beijing. Besides, the distance decay coefficients in the Internet search of cities vary widely and the effects are mediated by the city's amount of coverage in the Internet news media, job opportunities and transport functions. There is evidence to suggest that the hierarchy of cities in virtual space has been heavily shaped by specific social, economic, and political factors.     

A review of the role of urban agriculture in the sustainable city discourse

The debate on the role of urban agriculture in the sustainable city discourse remains unresolved in the conventional literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review relevant literature to clarify the role of urban agriculture in sustainable cities. The search for literature was guided by themes such as: a) urban agricultural practices, b) indicators for the measurement of sustainable cities, c) economic, social and environmental benefits of urban agriculture, and d) negative effects of urban agriculture on the city. The results from a synthesis of the literature indicate that urban agriculture supports the economic, social and environmental sustainability of cities. However, if the discussion gives credence to only the economic dimension of sustainability, then urban agriculture loses the debate. This is because the economic benefits of prime city land that is used used for non-agricultural purposes (such as commercial or industrial) is profound. However, the social and environmental functions of responsible urban agriculture, particularly in reducing the rift between urbanisation and nature, may be difficult to quantify. These social and environmental functions underscore the importance of urban agriculture in the city landscape. The paper concludes by arguing that focussing on only economic sustainability in the urban agriculture-sustainable city discourse is a travesty of the idea of sustainable development. The paper presents practical steps that can be taken to preserve agriculture in cities towards their sustainability.     

IS THE ST. LOUIS REDEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FISCALLY BENEFICIAL?

ABSTRACT: St. Louis is one of many U.S. cities suffering from urban decay and fiscal crisis. To resolve these problems, the city has adopted a redevelopment program under Missouri State Statute 353. This Chapter 353 program grants private developers 25 years of tax abatement for making property improvements and permits them to accumulate property through the exercise of eminent domain. The program includes the city's entire central business district and has been extended to cover residential areas. This article discusses the research study on which this Chapter 353 program was based, points out a number of serious problems, and concludes that the program may, in fact, further reduce the city's fiscal integrity.     

回到城市生活——中小山地城市滨水空间改造的地域性思考

本文以重庆市酉阳县旧城中心区滨河空间的改造为例,反思了我国中小山地城市建设中地域性缺失的问题,并以延续城市历史文化和日常生活的独特性为目标,将滨水空间作为重新建构山地城市整体格局的景观要素与核心公共空间,提出了相应的改造策略和方法。     

Glasgow's Royal Concert Hall and the invention of the post-modern city

The Royal Concert Hall, designed by Leslie Martin, occupies a pivotal space in central Glasgow. Its opening in 1990 concluded a thirty-year war over modern and post-modern urban form. At the time, Glasgow's city centre looked very different than three decades earlier, and the changes from a modern to a ‘post-modern’ environment were paradigmatic for the shifts in many de-industrialising cities in Europe and North America. In this context the Royal Concert Hall is an example of how a single building catalysed a wide-ranging paradigm change.

This article retraces the design debates on the basis of newspaper articles, interviews and documents, in particular from the City Council and other public agencies. It will show that the struggle that eventually defined the shape and use of Glasgow's largest music venue as well as those of the entire city centre related to Glasgow's post-modern ‘reinvention’. At the same time it shows that the new urban form was not a mandatory consequence of the economic shift but conditioned by several social and cultural specificities.     

山地城镇绿化模式的探索

本文针对山地城镇独特而又敏感的自然生态环境和人文生态环境,以“可持续发展”思想为指导,运用景观生态学原理和系统工程方法,提出了适宜山地城镇的“绿核＋绿廊＋绿网”的绿化模式;揭示了这种绿化模式适应性,渗透性,系统性,可达性,生长性,文化性,经济性等一系列鲜明的特点与优势,并结合实例进行了分析,力图促进山地城市社会、经济、生态的协调发展,引导山地城市走上可持续发展的道路。     

Ibadan

The city of Ibadan in Oyo State, Nigeria is one of the few large precolonial cities in Africa. Founded in the early 1820s and with a population today of about a million, it is a unique city. The emergence of British colonial administration in 1893 encouraged the development and coexistence of two physically and culturally distinct ‘cities’. One, a core inner city focused on indigenous customs and popular traditions and the other shaped by modernizing influences, drawn largely from the West. The evolution of the city's planning and policy features reflects this divergent development. Most residential districts, particularly in the core inner indigenous city, are in a state of decay and slum formation. The formulation and implementation of an urban master-plan to guide the city's development to the year 2000 has been largely elusive owing to the general apathy expressed towards planning efforts by sections of the city community and the conflict between citizens and numerous agencies engaged in the city's management.     

Creative intervention in a dynamic city: A sustainability assessment of an interim use strategy for brownfields in Leipzig,Germany

Urban shrinkage affects many cities across the world, especially former industrial areas. One of the most dramatic areas of population decline has been in eastern Germany since the fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1999, the City of Leipzig started a program to revitalize its declining neighborhoods. Taking over the development of private brownfields and waiving property taxes in return for a promise of regular maintenance in a program called interim use, the city has vastly increased public greenspace in these neighborhoods. Despite regional acclaim and imitation, the strategy has thus far lacked a comprehensive evaluation: How successful has the interim use strategy been? This study approaches that question in the context of the city's sustainability goals and public use and perception of the sites, thereby providing insights for planners into the efficacy of this planning tool for neighborhood revitalization. Our sustainability assessment of the interim use sites uses a triangular integrated evaluation method combining indicator-integrated surveys and questionnaires with expert interviews. The results show that interim use sites scored higher overall than their closest counterparts, recently demolished brownfields. They also have a much greater usage rate. However, most people using the sites do not recognize the sites as being a result of city intervention, and many complain about the lack of site maintenance and benches. We conclude that public acceptance and support for interim use can be strengthened with more seating, punitive measures for property owners and increased communication about the strategy and its potential as a planning tool.     

Utilisation of underground pedestrian systems for urban sustainability

Underground pedestrian systems (UPS) have emerged as an urban phenomenon in the city centres of mega-cities, providing alternative walkways that are safe, accessible, efficient and pleasant for pedestrians. Despite many successful UPS in operation around the world, the application and performance of UPS are not yet well understood by local authorities. While previous studies debated the impacts on cities and people that the development of UPS would bring, an understanding of how to develop UPS to contribute to sustainable urban development, including economic viability, environmental livability and social equity, should be improved. This paper presents a detailed discussion of potential contributions and challenges in developing UPS within the context of sustainable urban development. It contains a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between UPS and urban development with regard to urban planning concepts such as the compact city, city resilience, sustainable transport and urban renewal, within the context of contemporary challenges such as the need to achieve economic sustainability, managing a non-renewable and vulnerable underground resource, and humanisation and social sustainability. It demonstrates why UPS development presents opportunities for and challenges to achieving economic viability, environmental livability and social equity, how to develop UPS so that they make effective contributions to sustainable urban development, and how the challenge of each issue has been addressed in light of the experiences of cities with UPS developments globally.