紫外线及联合工艺对水中微生物的灭活效果

通过使用微生物对数灭活率(MIC)和灭活率常数(k)两项指标,考察了紫外线消毒对不同种类微生物的灭活效果,建立了微生物对数灭活率达到1 lg～ 4lg时所需紫外剂量表,分析了紫外线对耐氯性微生物的灭活特点.由于单独采用紫外线消毒技术对水中部分病毒、噬菌体和芽孢型细菌的灭活效率较低,故又考察了UV/C12、UV/H202以及UV/03等紫外线相关工艺对耐紫外线微生物的灭活效果.对紫外线消毒目前存在的问题以及今后的发展方向作了总结与展望.     

Cr6+对一体式MBR污泥性状及处理效果的影响

以添加了Cr^6＋的生活污水为原水，从宏观及微观角度研究了Cr^6＋对一体式膜生物反应器（MBR）污泥处理系统的影响。结果发现30mg／L的Cr^6＋可使污泥较快呈现中毒症状，污泥的呼吸速率（OUR）、MLSS明显降低，污泥系统几乎丧失对COD的降解能力，但仍具有一定的硝化能力；MBR的出水COD在短期内不受MBR中污泥活性的影响，即使污泥已经中毒，MBR仍具有较高的COD去除能力；Cr^6＋破坏了MBR污泥正常菌群对进水中微生物的优势生态结构，使外源微生物（由进水提供）的数量明显增多，但对其中的可培养真菌和细菌及硝化细菌数目具有不同的影响。     

高锰酸钾强化预氯化处理微污染原水

以总大肠菌群、细菌总数作为检测指标，采用人工配水考察了氯、高锰酸钾各自和联合应用灭活水中微生物的效果。结果表明，氯和高锰酸钾联用对配水中的指示微生物灭活效果好于这两种消毒剂单独使用的效果。通过Berenbaum公式计算证实，氯和高锰酸钾联用在灭活微生物指标上为协同作用。因而对微污染原水进行预氯化处理时，在获得相同消毒效果的前提下，投加高锰酸钾可以减少氯的投量，进而减少氯化副产物的生成。     

浊度对紫外灭活大肠杆菌和MS-2噬茵体的影响

以大肠杆菌和MS-2噬菌体为细菌和病毒的替代指标，考察了浊度及颗粒物分布对紫外线灭活大肠杆菌和MS-2噬菌体的影响。结果表明，紫外线对大肠杆菌的灭活率高于对MS-2噬菌体的灭活率，当紫外线剂量为10mJ／cm^2时，对大肠杆菌的灭活率为4．66个对数级，而对MS-2的灭活率仅为0．45个对数级；浊度对紫外线灭活大肠杆菌的效果有一定的影响，当浊度〈4NTU时对灭活效果的影响较小，而当浊度〉4NTU时，会对灭活效果产生明显的影响；颗粒物对紫外线灭活大肠杆菌的影响与其粒径有关，粒径〉5μm的颗粒物对消毒效果的影响较为明显，而粒径〈5μm的颗粒对紫外线消毒效果的影响较小。综合不同粒径颗粒物对消毒效果的影响可以认为，就试验水样而言，浊度对紫外线消毒效果的影响主要是由粒径〉5μm的颗粒造成的；而浊度及颗粒物的粒径分布对紫外线灭活MS-2噬菌体的效果没有显著影响。     

紫外消毒出水的微生物光复活及其控制技术

污水厂出水经紫外线（UV）消毒后在排放过程中会出现微生物的复活现象，为此考察了采用UV-氯和UV-过氧乙酸（PAA）控制光复活的效果。经研究发现：在UV照射剂量为5．4mJ／cm^2、投氯量为2．5mg／L、反应时间为10min和UV照射剂量为5．4mJ／cm^2、过氧乙酸投量为10mg／L、反应时间为10min的条件下，对大肠菌群的灭活率均可达4个对数级以上，并能控制光复活现象。从消毒稳定性、经济适用性、安全毒副性等方面考虑，可采用UV—PAA作为污水厂出水消毒及抑制光复活的技术。     

紫外线强度及剂量对大肠杆菌光复活的影响

以水中大肠杆菌为研究对象,考察了不同紫外线强度及剂量对大肠杆菌的灭活效果以及对其光复活的影响.结果表明:大肠杆菌的灭活率随着紫外线剂量的增加而增加,而相同剂量下高强度的紫外线对大肠杆菌的灭活效果要好于低强度的,且高紫外线强度有利于控制大肠杆菌的光复活程度.当紫外线强度为0.153 mW/cm2、紫外线剂量为60 mJ/cm2时,其对大肠杆菌的灭活率高达5个对数级.高剂量紫外线照射下大肠杆菌发生光复活的能力明显弱于低剂量下的,紫外线剂量为120 mJ/cm2时的大肠杆菌光复活率较5 mJ/cm2时的低了3个对数级.     

次氯酸钠、二氧化氯处理水厂排泥水试验研究

以南方地区某水厂排泥水为处理对象,分别用次氯酸钠、二氧化氯进行了小试。结果表明,次氯酸钠、二氧化氯对排泥水中的细菌、藻类有一定的去除效果,达到同期原水水平,但对水中剑水蚤的灭活效果不显著;同时,水中UV254出现明显的上升。     

高温、高藻期臭氧/生物活性炭工艺的处理效果研究

针对高温、高藻期原水较难处理的特点,采用臭氧/生物活性炭工艺进行了中试研究。试验结果表明,臭氧/生物活性炭工艺对有机物的去除效果明显,对CODMn的平均去除率为73.76%,对UV254的平均去除率为86.38%。高温条件下,大量生长的细菌随出水流出反应器,在投氯量为1 mg/L时可杀灭生物活性炭工艺出水中的大部分细菌,剩余细菌数〈10 CFU/mL,对细菌的杀灭率为99%,能够保证出水的微生物安全性。同时为避免细菌在活性炭表面大量繁殖而堵塞活性炭微孔,应适当缩短反冲洗周期,以3～4 d为宜。臭氧/生物活性炭工艺对藻类的平均去除率为75%,且在其出水中未检测出藻毒素。     

NaClO与KMnO4氧化对针杆藻灭活特性研究

以针杆藻（Synedra sp 。）为研究对象，考察了 NaClO 与 KMnO4在不同投量和不同 pH 条件下对针杆藻的灭活特点以及对光合活性的影响。结果表明，在0～5 mg／L 投加范围内，NaClO对针杆藻的灭活效果随剂量的增大而提高，投加量为3 mg／L 是抑制藻活性的最佳投量，并且在酸性条件下 NaClO 能更好的发挥其氧化降解的作用；KMnO4对针杆藻的降解效果不明显，说明投加KMnO4（≤5 mg／L）对针杆藻没有很好的灭活效果。氯化对针杆藻灭活效果好，但是会造成细胞解体，引起藻内有机物的释放，危及饮用水安全。     

紫外线对自来水中微生物的灭活作用

选取大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌分别代表自来水中易被灭活和不易被灭活的微生物,研究了紫外线的灭菌效果。结果表明:紫外消毒对大肠杆菌具有良好的灭活作用,当紫外剂量为10 mJ/cm2时,可以达到4.66个对数级的灭活效果;在相同的紫外剂量下,紫外强度对灭活效果也有一定的影响,在紫外强度较高时会取得较好的灭活效果;原水浊度对紫外灭活大肠杆菌有一定的影响,当浊度>4 NTU时会明显降低紫外线的灭菌效果,浊度物质的存在降低了水的透光率,从而使灭活效果降低。氯对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活效果很差,在CT值为300(mg/L).m in时的灭活率也仅为0.53个对数级,紫外线对枯草芽孢杆菌灭活效果要明显高于氯,紫外剂量为40 mJ/cm2时对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活率可达3.3个对数级。     

Inactivation and potential repair of Cryptosporidium parvum following low- and medium-pressure ultraviolet irradiation

This study investigated the level of inactivation and the potential for Cryptosporidium parvum to repair following low doses (1 and 3mJ/cm(2)) of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation from both low- and medium-pressure UV lamps. Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts suspended in phosphate buffered saline were exposed to UV using a bench-scale collimated beam apparatus. Oocyst suspensions were incubated at 5 degrees C or 25 degrees C under light and dark conditions up to 120 h (5 days) following exposure to UV irradiation, to examine photoreactivation and dark repair potential, respectively. Cryptosporidium parvum infectivity was determined throughout the incubation period using an HCT-8 cell culture and an antibody staining procedure for detection. No detectable evidence of repair was observed after incubation under light or dark conditions following either LP or MP UV lamp irradiation.     

Photoreactivation of Legionella pneumophila after inactivation by low- or medium-pressure ultraviolet lamp

Photoreactivation of Legionella pneumophila after the inactivation by low-pressure (LP) or medium-pressure (MP) UV lamp was investigated in comparison with that of Escherichia coli. An endonuclease sensitive site (ESS) assay was used to determine the number of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in the genome DNA of L. pneumophila or E. coli, while the survival ratio of each bacterium was also investigated by cultivation methods. L. pneumophila performed photoreactivation with almost complete repair of pyrimidine dimers associated with the quick recovery of survival ratio. A 3 log inactivation of L. pneumophila by LP or MP UV lamp was, respectively, resulted in 0.5 log or 0.4 log inactivation when photoreactivation was completed. Interestingly, L. pneumophila performed equivalent photoreactivation after LP and MP UV lamp exposures while photoreactivation of E. coli was significantly repressed after the inactivation by MP UV lamp. This study indicated that an attention would be required to design and operate a UV disinfection system targeting L. pneumophila. It was further implied that E. coli would not correctly indicate the fate of L. pneumophila in UV disinfection systems when photoreactivation takes place.     

Effect of pre- and post-UV disinfection conditions on photoreactivation of fecal coliforms in wastewater effluents

Photoreactivation of microorganisms following UV disinfection can represent a disadvantage to using UV technology for wastewater treatment since recovery may, in some cases, reach several logs. Thus, decreasing photoreactivation can lead to considerable savings in capital and operating costs. Objectives of this study were to determine pre- and post-UV irradiation conditions which could decrease fecal coliform (FC) photoreactivation in wastewater effluents. Results indicated that delaying exposure to photoreactivating light for 3 h suppressed photoreactivation after relatively low UV doses of 10 and 20 mJ/cm². Moreover, at least 440 lux (0.065 mW/cm²) of visible light was needed to initiate photoreactivation. Additionally, photoreactivation decreased significantly when samples were exposed to visible light simultaneously or prior to UV irradiation. This was more significantly observed for winter samples, where photoreactivation decreased by nearly 50%. Finally, summer FC populations were more sensitive to inactivation and less able to photoreactivate than winter populations. The effect of visible light on photoreactivation levels may be explained by several photo-mechanisms of FC photolyase, such as photodecomposition of the MTHF co-factor and reduction of FAD.     

Comparison of low- and medium-pressure ultraviolet lamps: Photoreactivation of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants

It has been reported that Medium-Pressure (MP) ultraviolet (UV) lamps have an advantage over low-pressure (LP) lamps for water disinfection in terms of the photoreactivation of pure cultured bacteria. However, few studies have investigated the behavior of microorganisms in wastewater. Hence, in this study, the degree of photoreactivation, after UV exposure using both LP and MP lamps, in municipal wastewater samples was examined under a variety of conditions. Pure cultured Escherichia coli was also used to provide a comparison with previous studies.E. coli was found to undergo photoreactivation after both LP and MP exposure. The Colony Forming Ability (CFA) ratios were 0.60 and 0.32, and the percentage of photoreactivation was 50% and 20%, respectively, for LP and MP lamps with a germicidal UV dose of 5 mJ/cm². However, the advantage of the MP lamp was diminished for larger UV doses, since no photoreactivation was detected when the UV dose was 15 mJ/cm² for either LP or MP lamps. The microorganisms present in wastewater showed similar results to those of E. coli, however, no significant difference was found between the use of either a LP or a MP lamp. Also, when a UV dose of 40 mJ/cm² was applied, the percentage photoreactivation was less than 1%, no matter which type of lamp was used. From this work, it is concluded that the selection of the type of UV lamp for wastewater treatment plants, as regards photoreactivation of total coliforms, is not critical as long as the applied germicidal UV dose is greater than 40 mJ/cm².     

Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation for microorganism inactivation

The impacts of UV irradiation, gamma irradiation, and a combination of both on Escherichia coli inactivation in primary and secondary wastewater effluents were investigated. UV doses of 35 and 62 J/m(2) were required for a 1-log inactivation of E. coli in the primary and secondary wastewater samples, respectively. A gamma dose of 170 Gy (J/kg) was required for a 1-log inactivation of E. coli in both wastewater samples. Variation in gamma radiation dose rates did not have a significant impact on the extent of inactivation at a given total dose. Gamma irradiation of previously UV-irradiated samples indicated that particle-associated microorganisms, which are protected from UV, can be inactivated by ionizing radiation at a rate similar to that for free microorganism inactivation. An estimation of the energy required for disinfection indicated that, in general, the required energy and the energy cost for E. coli inactivation using ionizing radiation are considerably higher than those for UV radiation.     

Modelling of reactivation after UV disinfection: effect of UV-C dose on subsequent photoreactivation and dark repair

The increased use of UV radiation as a wastewater treatment technology has stimulated studies of the repair potential of microorganisms following treatment. In this study, samples of unfiltered secondary effluent were irradiated with seven levels of UV-C doses (50-200 mW s/cm(2)) from six low-pressure lamps in an open-channel UV disinfection system. Following irradiation, samples were incubated at 20 degrees C under photoreactivating light or in darkness. Samples were analysed for 240 min following incubation. The logistic model is proposed to explain the relation between photoreactivation and the UV-C dose received by the microorganisms. That model accurately fitted the data obtained in photoreactivation experiments, permitting interpretation of the estimated kinetic parameters: S(m) and k(2). In the experiments carried out in darkness, a slight reactivation is observed (<0.1%), followed by a decay period in which survival decreases. In order to model this last period, a modification was made to the logistic model by including a term of mortality that assumes a zero-order kinetic. The parameters S(m) and k(2), in both photoreactivation and darkness, show an exponential dependence on the UV-C inactivating dose. It is possible to predict their values, and hence the reactivation curve, from the equations proposed in this work.     

城镇污水处理工艺对紫外线消毒RED的影响

使用准平行紫外光束仪测定了重庆市3个采用不同处理工艺的城镇污水处理厂终沉池出水中粪大肠菌群(FC)的紫外线响应曲线,考察了不同处理工艺对紫外线消毒等效生物验证剂量(RED)的影响.结果表明,在15mJ/CM2的紫外线辐照剂量下,3个污水处理厂终沉池出水中的FC未发生光复活和暗复活现象;运用虚拟变量回归分析法对3个水样的试验数据进行统计分析,发现3个水样属于同一个样本空间,表明不同的二级污水处理工艺对紫外线消毒效果没有显著影响;基于数据合并处理的结果,建议新建的城镇二级污水处理厂的紫外线消毒反应器的进水FC浓度设计值取5.0×106MPN/L,以对应1.0×104和1.0×103MPN/L的两个排放标准,REDmsz分别为25和36mJ/cm2.     

UV inactivation and characteristics after photoreactivation of Escherichia coli with plasmid: health safety concern about UV disinfection

Occurrence and degree of photoreactivation after ultraviolet (UV) exposure have been widely studied. However, the characteristics of photoreactivated microorganisms were rarely investigated. Hence, in this study, Escherichia coli with plasmids of ampicillin (amp)-resistance or fluorescence was used as indicators to examine the UV inactivation efficiencies and variations of characteristics of E. coli after subsequent photoreactivation.The experimental results indicate that the amp-resistant bacteria and the fluorescent bacteria used in this study had similar trends of UV dose-response curves. 3.5-log₁₀ and 3-log₁₀ reductions were achieved with a UV dose of 5 mJ/cm² for the amp-resistant and fluorescent E. coli, respectively. There was no significant difference in the UV inactivation behavior, as compared with common strains of E. coli.For the amp-resistant E. coli and the fluorescent E. coli, after exposures with UV doses of 5, 15, 25, 40 and 80 mJ/cm², the corresponding percent photoreactivations after a 4 h exposure to photoreactivating light were 1% and 46% respectively for a UV dose of 5 mJ/cm², and essentially negligible for all other UV doses. Furthermore, the photoreactivated amp-resistant bacteria still have the ability of amp-resistance. And the revived fluorescent E. coli showed similar fluorescent behavior, compared with the untreated bacteria. The experimental results imply that after UV inactivation and subsequent photoreactivation, the bacteria retained the initial characteristics coded in the plasmid. This reveals a possibility that some characteristics of bacteria can retain or recover through photoreactivation, and a safety concern about pathogenicity revival might need to be considered with UV disinfection and photoreactivation.     

UV-induced dark repair mechanisms in bacteria associated with drinking water

Caulobacter crescentus and Aquabacterium commune, both isolated from drinking water, as well as environmental isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecium were treated with different UV fluences to study their capacity to restore induced DNA damages. Here, the induction of a key mechanism of bacterial dark repair, the so-called recA system, was analysed. With newly designed probes, the specific recA mRNA was detected by Northern blot. Additionally, the RecA protein was measured by the Western blot technique using a specific antibody. In drinking water bacteria as well as in opportunistic microorganisms, a specific induction of dark repair mechanisms was found even at UV fluences higher than 400J/m(2), the German standard for UV disinfection. This induction depended on the incubation time after UV treatment. Nevertheless, the UV-induced recA expressions were found to differ in the bacteria under investigation.     

紫外线和氯组合方式对大肠杆菌灭活效果的影响研究

系统地比较了紫外线和氯不同的组合方式对大肠杆菌的灭活效果.结果表明,紫外线和氯联合顺序消毒在一定程度上提高了消毒效果,但不同的组合方式以及两者不同的剂量对灭活效果都有影响.紫外线和氯先后作用的消毒效果优于紫外线和氯同时消毒.先氯后紫外线消毒时,加较高浓度的氯且短时间接触即可达到较好的消毒效果;先紫外线后氯消毒时,氯剂量越大则灭活率越高,若氯浓度相同而接触时间不同,则灭活效果差别不大.