石油加工中的催化裂化技术分析

现代石油加工工业的技术发展中,催化加工工艺的重要性越来越明显。催化加工对原料具有更好的适应能力,产品也具有清洁纯净和耗能较低的特点。文章分析了影响石油加工中催化裂化的影响因素,分析了反应一再生装置的技术不同特点和催化剂的发展过程,提出了石油加工催化裂化的发展目标。     

过渡金属改性的Pt／n-Al2O3在肉桂醛加氢反应中的催化性能

用NaBH4作还原剂,制备了中性氧化铝（n-Al2O3）负载的Pt-M（M=Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Mn,Sn）双金属催化剂。考察了过渡金属及反应条件对Pt-M／n·Al2O3催化肉桂醛加氢制肉桂醇的影响。结果表明,Fe改性的Pt／n-Al2O3对催化肉桂醛加氢制肉桂醇具有较好的催化性能,当Pt-Fe／n—Al2O3（中性）催化剂中Pt、Fe的含量均为0．3％时,在70℃,2MPa氢气条件下反应1．5h,肉桂醛的转化率为100％,肉桂醇选择性高达84．8％。     

Catalytic activity ofAspergillus niger glucose oxidase in water-polyol mixtures

An experimental investigation was carried out on the kinetic and stability behaviour ofAspergillus niger glucose oxidase in water-polyol mixtures. Kinetic runs performed in systems containing up to 8 M polyhydric cosolvents (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol) showed a strong dependence of the catalytic properties of the enzyme on the nature and composition of the reaction medium. Higher residual activities were measured in the presence of additives of lower polarity, according to the following order: propylene glycol > ethylene glycol > glycerol. Dilution and thermal unfolding experiments provided evidence that the activity reductions were not ascribable to solvent-induced structural modifications of the enzyme molecule but, rather, to the inhibitory action exerted by the polyols.     

过渡金属改性的Pt/n-Al_2O_3在肉桂醛加氢反应中的催化性能

用NaBH4作还原剂,制备了中性氧化铝(n-Al2O3)负载的Pt-M(M=Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Mn,Sn)双金属催化剂。考察了过渡金属及反应条件对Pt-M/n-Al2O3催化肉桂醛加氢制肉桂醇的影响。结果表明,Fe改性的Pt/n-Al2O3对催化肉桂醛加氢制肉桂醇具有较好的催化性能,当Pt-Fe/n-Al2O3(中性)催化剂中Pt、Fe的含量均为0.3%时,在70℃,2 MPa氢气条件下反应1.5 h,肉桂醛的转化率为100%,肉桂醇选择性高达84.8%。     

Catalytic conversion of Euphorbia neriifolia biocrude into petroleum hydrocarbons

The latex of Euphorbia neriifolia has been studied with a view to its development as a potential petrocrop. Hydrocracking of biocrude afforded 72% conversion to products (C₅ and larger molecules), comprising up to 35% gasoline (b.p. 65–150 °C) and 15% kerosene (150–260 °C) in addition to other products. About 70% of the hydrocarbon material present in the gasoline fraction has been characterized.     

石油醚脱芳试验研究

使用紫外分光光度法测定水中油的含量,要求所用石油醚在225 nm波长下的透光率＞80%,而市售石油醚一般不符合要求.必须进行脱芳.作者以活化后的硅胶和中性层析氧化铝装柱对石油醚进行脱芳研究.试验结果表明,该脱芳方法具有操作简单、效果稳定、处理量大、损失少及油标准曲线线性好等优点,可以用于水中油含量的准确测定.     

石油树脂应用与改性研究进展

介绍了C_5~C_9石油树脂的分类、制备、应用及发展概况,综述石油树脂的催化加氢改性技术和化学改性技术,石油树脂的催化加氢改性是近年来发展较迅速的领域,其技术的关键是针对树脂原料的不同类型找到合适的催化加氢催化剂和加氢条件,重点介绍石油树脂催化加氢工艺和使用的催化剂。目前,研究的树脂加氢催化剂主要有贵金属钯系列催化剂、负载型镍系列催化剂和新型磷化物系列催化剂,而石油树脂的化学改性技术关键在于向石油树脂分子中引入合适的活性基团。石油树脂经改性后,应用范围扩大,经济效益大幅增加。     

Supported alkali catalysts for steam gasification of carbonaceous residues from petroleum

Steam reforming of petroleum residues was investigated at 1173 K and atmospheric pressure in a fluidized-bed flow system using a series of alumina-supported catalysts of alkali metal compounds. The catalytic activity increased with decreasing ionization potential of the catalytic alkali metals: Cs >; K >Na >Li. Catalysis was elucidated in terms of an oxygen transfer mechanism proposed for the catalysis by alkali metal compounds in graphite-or char-steam reaction.     

近年来国外催化剂新产品新技术介绍

评述了国外催化剂市场上近年来出现的新型催化剂的特点和使用效果,包括加氢脱硫炼油催化剂、炼油催化添加剂、链烯烃聚合催化剂以及尾气净化催化剂。并对世界催化剂市场上的新技术,如混相催化技术、Popy lur工艺、OATS技术、Unipol单反应器技术平台等进行了简要的介绍。环保法规的严厉也推动了相关催化剂和催化技术的发展。     

C_9石油树脂的研究进展

介绍了C9石油树脂的生产方法和改性方法,并对改性机理进行了探讨。阐述了国内外C9石油树脂的生产状况及产品类型,对C9石油树脂的应用前景进行了展望。     

Preparation of biomimetic‐bone materials and their application to the removal of heavy metals

Since heavy metals react with some components in bone, it can be surmized that these components would strongly fix heavy metals. Hydroxyapatite and a series of substituted‐apatites that are likely to exist in bone were prepared under near‐physiological conditions with the aim of developing materials that are capable of effectively removing low concentrations of heavy‐metal ions at near‐neutral conditions. The obtained apatites were characterized by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. They were also tested for their ability to remove Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, and As. The carbonate‐substituted apatite exhibited very strong fixation of Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Cr³⁺, and moderately strong fixation of Hg²⁺. Based on a heavy‐metal‐fixing mechanism, a bone‐like composite, with chitosan as the saccharide portion and a polyaspartyl polymer as the protein portion, was synthesized via co‐precipitation. The biomimetic composite was excellent at removing Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Cr³⁺, with removal percentages as high as 99.8% and residual concentrations as low as 0.01 mg/L. However, the composite had little fixation of Cr₂O₇^2?, CrO₄^2?, or H₃AsO₃. When Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III), the percent removed increased greatly. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 229–240, 2013     

新型固体铁系复合盐催化剂制备及其催化酯化研究

报道新型固体复合盐催化剂（Ⅱ）的制备，应用5种催化剂分别进行催化乙酸和乙醇合成乙酸丁酯的对比试验，选出优良催化剂（Ⅱ）并进行催化酯化合成了18种酯的研究工作。通过实验证明催化剂（Ⅱ）酯化性能优良（优于固体超强酸Fe2O3/SO4^2-),操作简单，污染小。在18种酯中乙酸丁酯的产率高达97．9％。     

连续催化重整技术的研究

重点从连续重整工艺和催化剂两方面研究了国内外连续重整技术的进展,并介绍了连续重整的生产现状及催化剂的再生技术,指出石脑油原料短缺制约着我国催化重整的发展,应设法消除制约因素,打破国外公司对连续重整技术的垄断,大力发展利国利民的催化重整行业。     

固定床脱除液化石油气中的硫醇

综述了有关固定床脱除液化气中硫醇的新技术，指出了各种方法的优缺点，并认为催化氧化吸收法是液化气脱硫醇的发展方向。     

高酸原油催化脱酸工艺研究进展

介绍了高酸原油催化加氢脱酸法、催化热解脱酸法和催化化学反应脱酸法,展望了该工艺的应用前景。提出了根据高酸原油的特点及其腐蚀特性,开发催化脱酸工艺的发展方向。     

Pyrolysis of petroleum asphaltene in tetralin

The pyrolysis of a petroleum asphaltene in tetralin donor solvent at 450 °C has been examined, and the products characterized by elemental, molecular weight, n.m.r. and g.c.-m.s. analysis. Degradation to mainly lower molecular weight products takes place, the residual asphaltene having a smaller average cluster size, higher aromaticity and a heteroatom content resistant to further reaction. β-bond scission is important in the early stages of reaction.     

间戊二烯C5石油树脂的生产应用研究

∶针对间戊二烯石油树脂合成反应,采用了一种DPE/AlCl3均相复合催化体系,实验结果表明,与传统的AlCl3催化剂相比,采用了这种均相复合催化体系可提高间戊二烯石油树脂的收率和软化点,同时可提高树脂的相对分子质量和降低相对分子质量分布,配比为1∶1.5的DPE/AlCl3复合催化体系为较佳的选择。此时制备的间戊二烯树脂平均收率比AlCl3催化剂时的平均收率高出2.8%;DPE/AlCl3复合催化体系得到的间戊二烯树脂软化点明显高于AlCl3引发制备的树脂软化点,平均高出9.8℃。而且此时DPE/AlCl3复合催化体系合成的间戊二烯树脂的相对分子质量高于AlCl3引发制备的树脂,相对分子质量分布低于AlCl3引发制备的树脂。     

钯催化的Heck和Suzuki偶联反应中催化配体发展进程

文按照不同类别的催化配体的进展及特点进行了综述。     

Catalytic hydrogenolysis on metals

Two issues of broad interest in catalysis are reaction mechanisms and comparisons of catalytic activities of different substances. Metal-catalyzed hydrogenolysis reactions of simple molecules provide examples in which both issues have been investigated in some detail. While hydrogenolysis of carbon-carbon bonds in alkanes has received most of the attention to date, some work has also been reported on the hydrogenolysis of carbon-nitrogen bonds in amines and of carbon-halogen bonds in alkyl halides. General mechanistic features of hydrogenolysis reactions on metals and comparisons of catalytic activities of metals for such reactions are considered in this brief review.     

生物质半焦的催化气化动力学特性

采用恒温热重分析法对稻草的催化气化反应动力学进行了研究,同时研究了生物质对石油焦气化的催化作用。采用修正随机孔模型对气化反应转化速率与转化率的关系进行了拟合计算,得到生物质焦气化的活化能和指前因子。结果表明,加入催化剂后半焦的气化反应活性增大,活性顺序为：加入K+半焦> 加入Ca2+半焦> 加入Mg2+半焦> 原半焦> 酸洗后半焦,表明了生物质焦能明显提高石油焦的气化活性。不同半焦气化的活化能大小顺序为：加入K+半焦<加入Ca2+半焦<加入Mg2+半焦<原半焦<酸洗后半焦,表明了生物质半焦的加入能降低石油焦气化的活化能。