Al-7Si-0.36Mg合金定向凝固一次枝晶臂间距实验和模拟

通过Al-7Si-0.36Mg合金定向凝固实验和元胞自动机模型,开展定向凝固枝晶形貌演化和一次枝晶臂间距选择过程的实验和模拟。结果表明:在给定的凝固条件下,一次枝晶臂间距范围是一个连续的变化区间。在恒定温度梯度和不同凝固速度条件下,测得Al-7Si-0.36Mg合金一次枝晶臂间距上限值(λmax)、下限值(λmin)和平均值(λave)以及生长速率之间的关系,且上限值和下限值的比值接近3。模拟结果与实验结果的吻合程度明显优于Hunt-Lu等解析模型的预测结果,表明CA模型在枝晶定向凝固过程枝晶形貌演化模拟和枝晶臂间距预测等方面的准确性。结合模拟研究和文献调研分析影响定向凝固一次枝晶臂选择的因素,包括抽拉速度v、温度梯度G、界面能大小、溶质扩散系数DL、枝晶生长取向与热流方向的偏离角度θ等。     

合金定向凝固一次枝晶间距模拟

建立二元合金树枝晶生长的二维元胞自动机模型,模拟丁二腈2.5%(质量分数)乙醇定向凝固枝晶生长和一次枝晶间距选择过程。模拟结果表明:在给定的凝固条件下,定向凝固一次枝晶间距可在一个范围内变化,其具体取值与凝固历史具有相关性。在相同的温度梯度和不同冷却速度下,模拟给出的一次枝晶间距上、下限与实验结果吻合较好,详细分析影响定向凝固一次枝晶间距上下限的因素。结果表明:在给定凝固条件和合金系条件下,液相中无对流,影响一次枝晶间距上下限的主要因素是界面能和溶质扩散系数。     

定向凝固Al-4.5%Cu合金枝晶组织与抽拉速率的关系

用自制下拉式定向凝固设备,在一定的温度梯度下,在20-220μm/s的抽拉速率范围制备定向凝固Al-4.5%Cu合金,并对其微观组织、特别是一次枝晶间距随抽拉速率的变化规律进行研究。结果表明：定向凝固微观组织随抽拉速率的增大呈细化趋势,其一次枝晶间距减小;当抽拉速率小于100μm/s时,枝晶间距随抽拉速率而减小的幅度较大;当抽拉速率大于100μm/s时,枝晶间距减小幅度较为平缓。在综合分析抽拉速率、界面生长速率、温度梯度等影响因素的基础上,推导出界面局域平衡条件下预测定向凝固次枝晶间距的理论模型,该模型能够较为准确地反映定向凝固一次枝晶间距随抽拉速率在100-220μm/s范围的变化规律,为定向凝固工艺获得特定组织而预先选配合适的工艺参数提供理论参考。     

DZ125高温合金定向凝固微观组织的CA法模拟

采用伪二元相图法对DZ125多元合金进行了简化,并用二维Cellular Automaton(CA)法模拟了合金定向凝固微观组织.通过采用不均匀连续形核模型,在考虑到枝晶生长动力学的基础上,模拟了不同抽拉速度下合金定向凝固组织形貌,枝晶界面形态以及一次枝晶间距的变化,说明树枝晶竞争生长中存在"分枝"与"淹没"的机制;并且随凝固速率的增加,合金凝固组织从分枝较少的胞状树枝晶向分枝发达的树枝晶转变.模拟的一次枝晶间距从凝固速率为50 μm/s时的132 μm减少到凝固速率为500 μm/s时的69 μm.模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好.     

DD6高温合金定向凝固枝晶生长的数值模拟研究

采用元胞自动机-有限差分(CA-FD)方法对DD6高温合金高速凝固法(HRS,high rapid solidification)定向凝固树枝晶三维生长过程进行模拟研究.建立温度场和溶质场耦合控制的枝晶生长模型,考虑抽拉速率和温度梯度等凝固条件的影响,同时考虑成分过冷、溶质分配系数、晶体择优取向等合金物性参数,模拟研究了枝晶形态的演化过程.模拟结果反映了高温合金树枝晶的竞争生长及形貌特征,描述了凝固过程的溶质分布变化及枝晶间距的动态调整过程.研究工作将模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比,两者吻合良好.模拟能够预测DD6高温合金HRS法定向凝固过程的枝晶形貌及一、二次枝晶间距动态调整过程.     

抽拉速率跃迁对定向凝固单晶高温合金DD3一次枝晶间距和微观偏析的影响

采用液态金属冷却高温度梯度定向凝固设备.研究了抽拉速率跃迁对单晶高温合金DD3一次枝晶间距和微观偏析的影响.结果表明,单晶高温合金枝晶一次间距表现出明显的历史相关性.当抽拉速率(或生长速率)分别从600和300μm/s跃迁到100μm/s和直接以100μm/s速率生长时,一次间距分别为56.5,86和111.5μm.而生长速率分别从50和100μm/s跃迁到300μm/s和直接以300μm/s速率生长获得的一次间距分别为109,93和70μm.一次间距值与Hunt-Lu模型预测的基本吻合,但实验结果证明其上限与下限的比值λ_1~(max)/λ_1~(min)>2,与Ma Sahm的预测结果一致.成分分析表明,相同稳态条件下枝晶的一次间距变小.偏析也有所降低.     

定向凝固Sn-36%Ni包晶合金凝固组织特征长度的表征

通过对Sn?36%Ni包晶合金在恒定温度梯度(G=20 K/mm)下进行的一定速度范围内(v=2~200μm/s)的定向凝固实验，研究凝固组织特征尺度随生长速度v的变化；测量包括一次与高次枝晶间距及枝晶尖端半径在内的凝固组织特征尺度。通过实验结果与理论模型的对比，发现凝固组织特征尺度随生长速度的变化关系为：对于一次枝晶间距有λ1=335.882v?0.21,且与 Kurz?Fisher 模型吻合；对于二次枝晶间距有λ2=44.957v?0.277,且与 Bouchard?Kirkaldy模型吻合；对于三次枝晶间距有λ3=40.512v?0.274；对于枝晶尖端半径有R=22.7v?0.36。实验结果表明，λ1/λ2随着生长速度的增加而增加，λ1/λ3的变化明显较λ1/λ2的小，表明三次枝晶具有与一次枝晶类似的生长特征；而λ1/R的比值随着生长速度的增加而由2增加到2.3，变化很小。     

定向凝固过程中NH_4Cl-H_2O枝晶生长的数值模拟

建立了一种改进的元胞自动机模型(MCA),通过考虑成分过冷、曲率过冷、择优取向系数、温度梯度和抽拉速度等因素,模拟了不同温度梯度方向、不同择优取向及不同抽拉速度对柱状晶形态的影响.模拟结果较好地刻画了温度梯度和生长方向夹角的变化对一次枝晶臂间距的影响,不同择优生长取向的柱状晶竞争生长过程以及柱状晶尖端分叉机制.为了验证模型的可靠性,使用NH_4Cl-H_2O透明合金进行了定向凝固实验,实验结果和模拟结果吻合较好.     

Al—4.5Cu单晶定向凝固一次枝晶间距研究

采用Ａｌ－４．５Ｃｕ单晶进行台阶变速定向凝固实验，考察了金属合金中一次枝晶间距随凝固生长速度变化的动态响应规律，结果表明，对于确定的凝固控制参数，稳态一次枝晶间距选择一个较宽的容许分布范围，同时，平均一次间距的选择也是凝固系统所经历的历史显著地相关，实验结果很好支持了Ｈｕｎｔ－Ｌｕｅ提出了枝晶生长一次间距的下限模型。     

镍基单晶高温合金定向凝固组织的数学模型表征

通过改变定向凝固工艺研究了镍基单晶高温合金铸态组织的演化规律,并用数学模型对试验结果进行了拟合。结果表明,随着抽拉速率的增大,合金铸态组织的凝固界面经历了胞状-粗枝状-细枝状的转变;铸态组织一次枝晶间距试验结果介于Hunt模型和Trivedi模型之间;通过对试验数据的非线性回归分析,得到一次枝晶间距λ1和抽拉速率V之间满足的回归公式;随抽拉速率的增大,二次枝晶间距减小,但Re和Ru的添加对一次和二次枝晶间距的影响较小。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。