从"论坛"到"运动"——"2010联合国人居署第五届世界城市论坛"综述

第五届世界城市论坛以"城市权利--促进城市平等"为主题,提出了"世界城市运动" (World UrbanCampaign)工作主张,作为协助世界范围内人居实践获取知识、专业技能和论坛经验的途径,以便各国了解并改善当今城市化重大挑战的政策发展.现就本届论坛主题和大会成果等方面做综合述评.     

拉美城市高级住区与消费景观占有不平等研究——以巴西里约热内卢为例

在拉美城市中,城市边界迅速扩张,强势群体占据了环境优美地段的高级住区,这成为城市消费景观环境不平等的有力实证。强势群体利用自身的经济、政治优势占据了城市中环境和设施相对优越的区域,并形成与周围区域隔离的堡垒式高级住区,成为拉美城市司空见惯的现象。本文以巴西的里约热内卢大都市区为例,基于其城市高级住区和消费景观毗邻分布的历史背景和现状,探讨并分析了这一现象,期望能为我国现阶段政府调控市场经济转型时期的城市消费景观环境不平等提供有益的借鉴。     

Brazilian city planners,American city planning? New perspectives on urban planning in Rio de Janeiro, 1930–1945

This article analyses the connections between the ideas and principles of American city planning from 1920 with those articulated by Brazilian city planners in the 1930s and implemented by the administration of the City of Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of Brazil, notably during the period of the Estado Novo [The New State] from 1937 to 1945. In a period characterized by the centralization of political power and the concentration of decision‐making in the hands of the president and the state, the City of Rio de Janeiro undertook a series of restructuring projects which utilized new forms of administration and organization. This article explores the links between urban planning in Brazil and the USA that were a notable feature of these projects. It examines particular requirements set down in city plans, city planning commissions and funding for urban activities, such as ‘excess condemnation’, by focusing upon articles and books written by four Brazilian engineers and proposals put forward by the American City Planning Institute, detailed in the proceedings of the National Conference on City Planning, in the periodical, City Planning and works by affiliated authors.     

Rethinking the Providence Hill cable car: transit,equity, and urban design in Rio de Janeiro

In July 2014, the oldest slum in Rio de Janeiro, Morro da Providência (“Providence Hill”), received a cable car meant to facilitate up- and downhill commuting for residents of this hilltop community adjacent to downtown. Socioeconomic indicators suggest that this community was an ideal recipient of such a project, which facilitated mobility to center-city transit and potential employment. Yet the resulting impact on the adjacent built environment may have negatively impacted small-business vitality and development opportunities for residents of the community. Using social indicators and urban design analysis, this paper examines the distributional and design implications of these choices and proposes improvements.     

The long-term effects of housing policy instrumentation: Rio de Janeiro’s case from an actor–network theory perspective

Abstract

This paper explores the long-term effects of Rio de Janeiro’s slum upgrading, a key policy instrument of municipal housing since the 1990s, and an essential reference for housing initiatives worldwide. From a theoretical stance, this paper builds on the Political Sociology of Public Policy Instruments (PPI) and actor–network theory (ANT). The paper argues that Rio’s slum upgrading instrumentation, that is, its constitution and use, has been key to the various housing policy oscillations over the past three decades. It also contends that this instrumentation contributed to the depoliticization of the municipal housing policy through the fostering of a ‘community of practice’ centred on slum upgrading, formed by a wide range of state and non-sate actors, and based on a technical rationality. This community and its practices have weakened the political control over Rio’s housing policy in the past decades.     

Maps to Hack,Synchronise and Decipher: Unseen Cartographies of Rio

As a young architect in the 1990s, Gabriel Duarte , now an architecture professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, worked on the Favela-Bairro initiative. Here he describes how that experience of mapping and designing informal settlements proved formative, informing the New Cartographies research project that his practice, CAMPO, has undertaken to informally map Rio's physical and social transformations in the run up to 2016.     

智慧城市的批判与实践——国外文献综述

在整理近年来国外智慧城市研究方面重要文献的基础上,简要介绍了智慧城市的概念以及其所包含的智慧技术、智慧设施、智慧人民、智慧制度、智慧经济、智慧环境六方面的内涵,讨论了对智慧城市标签化现象的批判.随后结合对智慧城市几方面内涵的进一步阐释,梳理了国外的典型实践案例.文章结尾提出了智慧城市的发展和建设对我国城市规划和管理所带来的机遇和挑战,包括对传统城市规划和管理对象的时空概念提出了新的挑战,对传统城市规划和管理决策过程提出了新的挑战,对城市规划教育的体系和理念以及相关工作人员的知识结构提出了新的挑战.     

Smart Cities and Mobility: Does the Smartness of Australian Cities Lead to Sustainable Commuting Patterns?

ABSTRACT

Smart cities have become a popular concept because they have the potential to create a sustainable and livable urban future. Smart mobility forms an integral part of the smart city agenda. This paper investigates “smart mobility” from the angle of sustainable commuting practices in the context of smart cities. This paper studies a multivariate multiple regression model within a panel data framework and examines whether increasing access to broadband Internet connections leads to the choice of a sustainable commuting mode in Australian local government areas. In this case, access to the Internet is used as a proxy for determining urban smartness, and the use of different modes of transport including working at home is used to investigate sustainability in commuting behavior. The findings show that an increasing access to broadband Internet reduces the level of working from home, public transport use, and active transport use, but increases the use of private vehicles, perhaps to overcome the fragmentation of work activities the Internet creates. How to overcome the need for car-based travel for fragmented work activities while increasing smartness through the provisioning of broadband access should be a key smart city agenda for Australia to make its cities more sustainable.     

智慧城市与城市规划——基于各种空间尺度的实践分析

分析了智慧城市的概念及发展趋势,指出智慧城市的发展与城市规划的进步密不可分:一方面,智慧城市为城市规划带来新的内容和要求;另一方面,智慧城市也给城市规划提供新的工具与思路.通过分析国际智慧城市案例在顶层设计、城市尺度应用、近人尺度应用3个层次的智慧城市发展建设的特点及参考价值,基于我国现实,提出了智慧城市规划与发展的改进建议.     

乌托邦的消亡与重构:理想城市的探索与启示

城市规划渊源于对理想城市的构想。在西方资本主义商品经济中,规划的角色由构建理想城市逐渐转向控制开发、协调产权关系,从而淡化了对理想范式的追求。社会两极分化的现实,使得中产阶级放弃了对未来大同社会和乌托邦的追求,转而退守到眼前的防卫型居住区里。而近来在追求生活质量旗帜的引导下,在生态环境的压力下,又出现了对理想城市的探索。本文总结这些实践对中国的启示,指出现阶段重提理想城市建设的现实意义。     

足球世界杯竞技场发展趋势初探——中国2018年世界杯规划战略研究系列（一）

本文回顾了足球世界杯竞技场的发展历史,对近几届世界杯赛场进行比较研究,探讨足球世界杯竞技场的发展趋势。     

FIFA世界杯足球场建筑设计浅析

本文简要地阐述了世界杯足球赛场设计的主要技术内容及2007女足世界杯上海赛场的改建,并结合笔者的多年设计实践进行了简要评析,以供设计同行参考。     

基于“奥运会大事件”驱动的里约城市空间再构及其对中国的启示

“奥运会大事件”是用于城市空间生产的策略工具。从20世纪20年代里约的第一个国际化体育赛事——南美足球竞标赛促使里约城市发生转型开始,里约一直走在事件促发城市空间更新的路途上。2016年,里约奥运会大事件推进了里约城市空间的演变,给城市发展带来了新的机遇和联动效应。里约政府与地方资本结成“增长联盟”,驱动了里约城市空间的再构。本文分析了奥运会大事件影响下里约城市区域的空间复兴和城市空间布局、贫民窟的城市—社会空间变革等3个方面的空间再构,并指出体育设施布局、交通基础设施建设等影响里约城市空间结构的物质要素     

Planning for dynamic cities: introducing a framework to understand urban change from a complex adaptive systems approach

Planning for dynamic cities is a perennial problem that continues to grow in importance in a rapidly changing world. This paper presents a conceptual framework to understand urban change through a complex adaptive systems approach. This framework includes a process of (1) describing the system through setting boundaries and identifying the properties of the system, (2) identifying the patterns of change across scales and (3) mapping the change over time. The framework firstly, offers a tool to urban planners to approach some of the complexities of urban change and secondly, a foundation to engage with the challenge of developing alternative sustainable development models that are able to deal with the reality of complex, dynamic and interconnected urban systems and to cope with change and uncertainty in ways that build positive resilience and support regenerative design and development.     

How Do ICTs Affect Urban Spatial Structure? A Systematic Literature Review

ABSTRACT

This study attempts to shed light on the effects of ICTs on urban spatial structure through a systematic literature review by exploring the relationship between ICTs and the factors that shape this structure. Four scientific databases covering a period from 2000 to 2018 were searched for related literature using a vast variety of keywords. As a result, 130 articles were selected for this literature review. After studying these articles, their main findings were extracted and their major results were categorized based on a conceptual model. This model addresses the relationship between ICTs and four aspects of urban spatial structure: (a) spatial and physical aspects, (b) human aspects, (c) mobility and flows, and (d) activities (i.e., work, shopping, leisure). Generally, it can be concluded that ICTs have significant effects on the elements that shape urban spatial structure, and they can play a significant role in transforming this structure in the future.     

Crowd-Driven Pattern Formation: Computational Strategies for Large-Scale Design and Assembly

Digital fabrication has its limits where large-scale operations are concerned. Computers may offer enormous advantages in terms of speed and precision, but they cannot match humans' capacity for complex contextual decision-making. Massachusetts-based designer Marcelo Coelho , and research scientist Tovi Grossman of Autodesk Research in Toronto, present three major recent installations that explore how to make the most of both.