油田集输化学药剂对国产HDPE适用性的影响

为研究油田集输化学药剂对DQDN3711型聚乙烯内衬材料适用性的影响，采用高温高压反应釜挂片实验模拟长庆油田投加药剂环境，分析添加缓蚀阻垢剂、破乳剂后，DQDN3711型聚乙烯在采出原油和采出水介质中的相容性。研究结果表明，缓释阻垢剂、破乳剂、采出原油与采出水均能渗透、扩散进入聚乙烯，使其发生溶胀，聚乙烯的最大增重率为1.82%,屈服强度、拉断强度、断裂伸长率最大变化率分别为-6.37%、-11.79%、-13.15%,冲击强度最大变化率为-9.59%,材料的性能均能满足ISO 23936—1—2009要求；缓释阻垢剂、破乳剂阻碍了集输介质渗透作用，HDPE体积增长率显著降低，采出水中药剂对HDPE的渗透大于采出油。综上所述，在油田集输加剂工况下，国产DQDN3711型HDPE适用性较好。     

国产低表面能改性聚烯烃在油田集输介质中的适用性

为分析国产防垢防蜡低表面能改性聚烯烃材料在油田集输工艺中的适用性，利用高温高压反应釜装置，采用挂片实验方法，探究其在不同油田集输工况条件下，采出原油及采出水中的溶胀行为规律。结果表明，采出原油、采出水均使其发生溶胀、质量增大；增重率随温度升高而增大；采出原油引起的增重率显著高于采出水，最大增重率为+4.59%,满足±5%的限制条件。集输介质的渗透导致试样变黄、原有的网状交联结构消失，当集输压力为6.0 MPa时，水的渗透使材料表面产生约2.9μm的微裂纹。介质渗透后，拉伸强度最大变化率为-10.26%,满足±20%的限制条件。结果表明，国产低表面能改性聚烯烃适合用作集输压力小于等于4.0 MPa的复合管的内衬材料。     

探讨低渗油田特征的脱水及采出水处理工艺技术

为了明确低渗透油田的原油的脱水及采出水处理工艺技术，本文主要从长庆低渗透油田采出水的脱水及处理工艺上探讨分析。首先介绍了目前低渗透油田在原油脱水及理方面工艺现状，以及近年来低渗透油田采出水的处理原理及工艺管理要求。     

油田采出水处理分析

在采油作业进行的过程中,采出的原油经过脱水分离之后得到的含油污水就被称作油田采出水。各个油田由于处于的环境、原油的特性及地质条件不同,造成采油方法的不同,进而使得各种油田采出水的特性也不一样,但不同之中也有一定的相同之处,如都含原油、悬浮物、微生物等成分等。由于它直接影响了我们的生态环境,关系到人类的健康和社会经济的发展,所以对这些油田采出水的处理是非常重要的。因此,本文在对油田采出水特点介绍的基础上,总结概括了当前对油田采出水处理的办法和措施,并对当前存在的问题及未来的发展方向做出了分析。     

石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出水的显微结构和油水分离特性

大庆油田北二西试验区石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱现场试验中暴露出采出水沉降和过滤除油效果差,过滤后回注采出水含油量严重超标的问题。为确定该试验区三元复合驱采出水中O/W型原油乳状液的主要稳定机制,采用显微观测、光散射、重力沉降、离心沉降和膜过滤等试验手段对该试验区综合采出水和4口典型油井采出水进行了结构和油水分离特性测试,确定该试验区综合三元复合驱采出水中含有约40mg/L粒径为0.08~1μm的亚微米油滴,这些油滴粒径小,聚并和浮升能力差,难以通过沉降和过滤工艺有效去除,是造成该试验区三元复合驱采出水除油困难的主要原因;北二西试验区三元复合驱采出水中亚微米尺度油滴的主要来源为注入液与油藏中原油接触形成的增溶有原油的膨胀胶束,在采油、集油和采出液处理过程中当混合流体水相中表面活性剂浓度降低到临界胶束浓度(cmc)以下时,膨胀胶束发生崩溃,释放出其中增溶的原油,形成粒径细小的油滴。     

聚合物驱和三元复合驱采出水流变性和采出液稳定性研究

通过室内实验 ,研究了聚合物驱和三元复合驱采出水流变性及采出液的稳定性。实验结果表明 ,水相流变性对聚合物驱和三元复合驱采出水和采出液的稳定性有显著影响。聚合物对O/W型原油乳状液的稳定作用 ,主要是通过增强原油乳状液水相的流变性 (如视粘度、弹性模量和屈服值 )来实现的     

油田采出水处理新技术应用情况分析

随着油田不断的开展,其油田采出水处理工作日益增多,原有的石油采出水技术已经不能更好的满足油田采出水处理需求。在这种情况下,有必要对原油的采出水处理技术进行分析,并采用相应措施以便更好的满足油田采出水处理需求。本文主要从对油田采出水处理新技术分析的必要性、对油田采出水处理新技术进行分析两方面出发,对油田采出水处理新技术应用情况进行分析。     

轻质原油采出液低温破乳剂优选及作用机理

低渗透油田原油属轻质原油，针对低渗透油田采出轻质原油乳状液破乳难度大，低温（<60℃）条件下常规破乳剂破乳效果不佳的问题，根据某油田现场采出液制备模拟乳状液，并分别采用瓶试法、稳定性分析仪研究不同类型破乳剂的破乳效果以及乳状液的微观动力学变化特性，优选出较佳低温破乳剂配方；应用界面流变仪等探讨油水界面黏弹性、油水界面张力、破乳剂在油水界面的动态吸附规律，揭示低温破乳剂的作用机理；最后，分析模拟现场采出乳状液破乳状态，从乳状液脱水率、挂壁程度及破乳剂质量浓度等多个角度综合评价了不同类型破乳剂的低温破乳效果。为低渗透油田采出液低温破乳工艺技术的研发提供了理论及现场应用基础。     

胜利油田残余原油微生物气化研究

为了提高原油利用率,选取胜利油田某区块6口不同类型油井的原油和采出水进行微生物气化研究。分析了原油和采出水的性质,在实验室模拟条件下进行有效内源微生物激活,检测产生气体种类及含量,分析激活后微生物群落中内源菌的种类及丰度。结果表明,该区块不同油井采出水的pH值、盐度差别不大,均有利于微生物的激活生长;不同油井的微生物群落丰度差别较大,但具有部分相似的微生物菌群;不同油井采出水培养产生的气体种类相似,但含量相异,异戊烷和正戊烷含量普遍高于其它气体;该区块范围内可进行相同策略的微生物强化措施,可为残余原油微生物气化现场试验提供理论支持。     

胜利坨-聚合物驱采出液油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性研究

用界面张力仪、表面粘弹性仪和Zeta电位仪测定了胜利坨-原油模拟油与采出水间的界面特性,并研究了聚合物3530S浓度对这些界面特性及乳状液稳定性的影响。结果表明,由于采出水中含有固体悬浮物,使得过滤后采出水与原油模拟油间的界面张力和界面剪切粘度降低;模拟水中加入聚合物后,模拟水与原油模拟油间的界面张力和界面剪切粘度及油滴表面的Zeta电位绝对值均增大,原油与含聚合物溶液的模拟水间所形成的W／O乳状液稳定性随聚合物浓度增加先增强后减弱,存在一个使乳状液最稳定的聚合物浓度。     

环状管网井口回压案例分析

油田环状集输系统,常常由于受到管道变形、堵塞、结蜡、掺水量、水垢及随着集输长度的增加而出现胶凝状态等多方面因素的影响,导致部分井口回压过高而停井,影响了油田生产。针对油田现场中出现的问题管路,利用节点压力-温度诊断法确定了环路掺水走向,在此基础上,利用纯水百米压降诊断法及混输流动特性诊断法分别判断环路管网是否存在堵塞及管道规格与运行工况是否匹配,综合全面分析环路管网井口回压过高原因。     

油田站外系统单管集输技术研究

通过对油井的产液量、含水率、井口温度及集输距离进行分析和计算,确定了单管集输的主要原则和老油田进行单管集输改造的主要方案。对于产液量和井口温度较高的油井,在保证进站温度的条件下可以直接实施单管输送;对于产液量高,但井口温度偏低的油井可以通过井口电加热器实现单管输送;对于产液量和井口温度均较低的油井,可以通过高温油井串接低温油井或油井井口电加热器串接的方法实现单管输送;当原油含水率低于转向点时,进站温度应维持在高于凝固点3~5℃之内;当原油含水率高于转向点时,进站温度应维持在低于凝固点5℃范围之内。     

稠油密闭闪蒸汽与伴生气冷却技术研究

新疆油田公司稠油常规开发共建成原油接转站100多座,集输工艺流程均为开式,站内设置有2×100 m3的常压开口原油缓冲罐。由于来液为蒸汽吞吐法的采出液,温度、压力较高,缓冲罐每天都有大量的水蒸汽和伴生气直接排入大气,同时伴生气中含有硫化氢及非甲烷总烃。这样,油区到处都能看到大罐上部冒着白雾,造成污染环境和能源浪费。针对上述问题,进行对比试验研究,最终确定热管空冷器与射流泵一体化装置成功的解决了这一技术难题。     

HDPE／FRP管的研制与应用

将高密度聚乙烯内衬管进行表面特殊处理后与玻璃钢管结合成一体,形成结构独特的HDPE/FRP复合管。该复合管的轴向拉伸强度、轴向压缩强度和层间剪切强度分别大于104MPa、130MPa和8MPa。     

Morphology and property of polyethylene pipe extruded at the low mandrel rotation

During the rotation extrusion of polyethylene (PE) pipes, with the rotating mandrel, compressed air as a cooling medium was introduced through their interior to achieve the quick cooling of the inner wall. The experimental results showed that the hoop stress exerted by mandrel rotation could promote the molecular orientation in the hoop direction; moreover, the introduction of compressed air could quicken its inner wall's cooling rate so as to slow down the relaxation of the oriented molecule and to reserve the orientation structure. Therefore, the hoop orientation degree increased with the increasing inner wall's cooling rate. As a result, the performance of the PE pipe was greatly enhanced. The hoop tensile strength of the PE pipe produced by the novel extrusion method increased from original 24.1 MPa up to 35 MPa; the pipe's crack initiation time increased from 27 to 60 h and the crack growth rate slowed down. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:1743–1750, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Investigation of coating failure on the surface of a water ballast tank of an oil tanker

The current crude oil tanker is constructed as a double-hull structure which consists of an oil tank and a water ballast tank whose surface is coated with epoxy paint to prevent corrosion. Since the cracks that developed in the epoxy coating have caused corrosion of the interface of the water ballast tank, the identification of the parameters for crack development is important. In addition, the moisture absorption by the epoxy coating can cause deterioration of bond strength, which results in delamination of the coating and accelerates the corrosion at the interface. In this study, after the mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of epoxy paints were measured, the residual stresses induced by the temperature change and cure shrinkage were calculated by the finite element analysis, which were compared with the experimental results. Also, the pull-off tests were performed to investigate the deterioration of the bond strength of epoxy coatings due to moisture absorption. It was found that the thermo-mechanical properties such as the coefficient of thermal expansion and glass transition temperature of the coating materials had dominant effects on the crack resistance rather than the cure shrinkage; the moisture penetration to the bonding interface caused interfacial failure and a significant deterioration of bond strength.     

聚砜-Al2O3复合膜处理油田含油污水

报导了用Ａｌ２Ｏ３微粒填充到聚砜中制备的复合膜对含油水体进行处理。通过对水通量随操作压力，时间和水样的分析可知，该复合膜对含油污水有很好的处理效果。在相同的操作压力下，ＰＳＦ与Ａｌ２Ｏ３质量比为１０：５的复合膜的水渗透通量最大，并且随着时间的进行该复合膜的水渗透通量下降的最慢；     

柔性塑料保温管及其生产技术

柔性塑料保温管是由介质管、保温层、夹克管构成的复合型保温管,采用薄壁钢、软铜或交联聚乙烯这类具有柔韧性的材料作为介质管,同样采用具有高度柔韧性的聚氨酯泡沫保温层和聚乙烯夹克管,通过连续法生产工艺技术生产出性能优良,符合使用要求的柔性复合保温管。     

The effect of pressure and contaminants on slow crack growth in a butt fusion in a polyethylene gas pipe

The effect of welding pressure and surface contaminants on butt fusion in a commercial polyethylene gas pipe was studied by measuring the slow crack growth resistance of the joint. Two weld pressures, 1.61 and 0.31 MPa, were used. The contaminants Vaseline, graphite, and Teflon were coated on the surface. It was found that the high pressure produced a weld with much better slow crack growth resistance than that by low pressure. At high weld pressure, Vaseline and graphite showed a negligible effect on weld quality. Teflon greatly reduced the lifetime, especially at low weld pressure. Test results showed that sufficient pressure was necessary to squeeze out the thin skin layer that occurs at the weld interface, along with any contaminants. The butt fusion joints were always much weaker than the reference pipe. This result was attributed to the difference in both cooling rate and molecular orientation between the pipe and weld. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Multiphase polymer processing: Controlled-ingredient-distribution mixing and its effect on some properties of styrene-butadiene (SBR)/butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer rubber blend compounds

The flex-crack-growth resistance and oil-swelling resistance of a styrene-butadiene (SBR)/butadiene-acrylonitrile co-polymer (NBR) rubber blend are studied as a function of the distribution of ingredients in the individual rubber phases. The blends consist of 70:30 weight ratio of SBR:NBR with incorporation of 82.5 phr carbon black and other ingredients via the controlled-ingredient-distribution mixing procedure. The results show that flex crack growth is affected by the distribution of carbon black. Better flex crack growth resistance could be achieved by adding 10 percent of carbon black to the NBR rubber phase and 90 percent to the SBR phase. The swelling of these rubber blends in ASTM #2 oil is also affected by the location of carbon black and by the mixing history. The blends with more black initially preloaded in the SBR phase have lower swelling, as have blends with shorter cross-mixing time or the mill. A simple equation based on the permeation/moduli of composite materials is proposed to describe the swelling of this rubber blend in terms of the swelling of the constituent rubber phases, the distribution of ingredient in the individual rubber phases, and the blend morphology. One of the key assumptions is to consider the individual black preloaded rubber as a continuum. The quantitative correlation with the observed swelling data is reasonably good.