超声铣削铝合金表面微观形貌实验分析

使用超声振动辅助铣削和普通铣削两种方式对7075铝合金进行加工,分别以转速、振幅、每齿进给量为变量设计单因素实验,使用超景深测试仪、白光衍射仪观测加工表面的形貌,对比不同加工方式和不同参数下工件表面的粗糙度值和微观形貌,对产生该形貌的原因以及该形貌的特征进行分析。实验表明:在相同转速和进给量条件下,使用较小超声振幅加工的工件,其表面粗糙度值低于普通铣削方式;超声振动辅助铣削方式会使工件表面产生均匀、整齐的鳞状网格结构;加工参数不同,造成表面形貌产生明显的差异。     

2024铝合金超精密车削表面形貌的实验研究

超精密加工是获得超光滑高质量工件表面的重要手段,其加工条件和工艺参数对超精密加工质量有重要影响。文章设计了振幅梯度变化的T形零件进行单晶金刚石超精密端面车削,获得了不同振动条件下的加工表面形貌,振动激烈的部位形貌刀痕深度大,呈一字形重叠,粗糙度大;离中心点较近的大部分中间区域振动最小,表面呈光滑镜面;过渡区域振动平缓些,表面会出现很多类似丘陵状或鱼鳞状的多边形。探索了超精密加工进给量、主轴转速及切削深度对加工表面质量的影响。结果表明随切削进给量的增加,表面粗糙度变大;随着主轴转速增大,表面粗糙度变小,但当主轴转速增大到一定值时,表面粗糙度反而有增大的趋势;随着切削深度的增加,表面粗糙度也变大,并且从工艺参数与表面粗糙度的关系示意图可以看出,切削深度对表面粗糙度的影响要小于进给量和主轴转速对其的影响。     

铣削表面粗糙度在线监测与加工参数的自适应优化

针对实际加工中工件与刀具之间的无规律振动而导致零件表面粗糙度不受控制的问题,提出了一种融合在线监测和自适应加工的方法.以主轴转速、背吃刀量、进给速度以及工件振动量为特征,基于XGBOOST算法对表面粗糙度进行回归分析,建立表面粗糙度的预测模型;在加工中对工件振动量进行实时采集,结合主轴转速、背吃刀量、切削速度和进给量建立实时表面粗糙度在线监测系统;当预测结果超出警戒值时,系统自动对切削参数背吃刀量、切削速度和进给量进行优化,进而减小工件振动,从而保证被加工零件的表面粗糙度.与传统的先加工后测量的方法相比,提出的方法实现了在加工的同时进行预测、分析与切削参数的自适应优化,有效地控制了被加工零件的表面粗糙度.     

铣削表面粗糙度在线监测与加工参数的自适应优化

针对实际加工中工件与刀具之间的无规律振动而导致零件表面粗糙度不受控制的问题,提出了一种融合在线监测和自适应加工的方法.以主轴转速、背吃刀量、进给速度以及工件振动量为特征,基于XGBOOST算法对表面粗糙度进行回归分析,建立表面粗糙度的预测模型;在加工中对工件振动量进行实时采集,结合主轴转速、背吃刀量、切削速度和进给量建立实时表面粗糙度在线监测系统;当预测结果超出警戒值时,系统自动对切削参数背吃刀量、切削速度和进给量进行优化,进而减小工件振动,从而保证被加工零件的表面粗糙度.与传统的先加工后测量的方法相比,提出的方法实现了在加工的同时进行预测、分析与切削参数的自适应优化,有效地控制了被加工零件的表面粗糙度.     

切削加工残余应力的有限元分析

在切削加工中,为了提高已加工工件的表面质量,需要研究切削速度和进给量对已加工工件残余应力的影响规律。根据弹塑性有限元理论,利用有限元软件建立了切削模型,得到了不同切削速度和进给量下已加工工件的残余应力。结果表明,增大切削速度有利于增大深层压应力,同时也会增大表面拉应力;增大进给量有利于增大深层压应力,但对表面拉应力的影响无明显规律。     

微量润滑在GH4169高温合金车削加工中的应用

为提高GH4169高温合金的可加工性,引入了微量润滑（MQL）技术开展该材料的车削加工试验。以表面粗糙度和切削温度为性能指标,分析干切削和MQL切削条件下工艺参数对已加工表面粗糙度和切削温度的影响规律。结果表明：工件表面粗糙度值均随转速的增加而降低,随进给量的增加而增大,随背吃刀量的增加而增大;切削温度则随工件转速、进给量、背吃刀量的增加而上升;相比于干切削加工,MQL切削加工能够获得粗糙度值更小的工件表面,且切削温度更低。该研究方法对于提升GH4169高温合金产品质量和实现绿色切削具有积极的作用。     

薄壁零件高速铣削振动试验与分析

切削速会加强振动随针对薄壁零件在高速铣削加工过程中存在的振动问题,为有效抑制加工振动,采用单因素试验,对每齿进给量、度、工彳车径向轴向切深、径向切深等加工参数进行了研究。试验结果显示：每齿进给量并不是越小越好;转速过高过低都振动：切深增随轴向切深增大振动增强;随径向切深增大振动逐渐减弱,较大轴向切深下,径向切深小于1mm时,大而增强。综合数据优选：薄壁零件高速铣削时,每齿进给量在0．1～0．15mm之间;转速在11000—14000r／min之间;较小的轴向切深和较大径向切深会有效抑制加工振动。     

加工参数对6061铝合金铣削振动的影响

在铣削加工过程中,铣削振动会影响工件加工精度和工件表面质量。为探究铣削过程中加工参数对6061铝合金铣削振动的影响,通过设计单因素铣削实验,从时域、频域和时频域多个角度对加工过程中的振动信号进行分析,得出结论:(1)随着进给量和轴向铣削深度的增加,铣削振动增大,在轴向铣削深度为0.5mm时,增加进给量,X方向的振动幅值大于Y方向(进给方向)的振动幅值,当轴向铣削深度较小时,该现象并不明显;(2)进给量的增大对振动信号中的高频率成分影响更大,而轴向铣削深度的增加并不会导致这一结果的出现;(3)振动信号的主要能量集中在高频处,增大进给量和轴向铣削深度都会增加高频处的能量占比。     

超声振动辅助磨削加工表面质量的研究

为了提升难加工材料的表面质量,降低工件表面的损伤,对砂轮施加轴向超声振动,引入数学模型并基于MATLAB对工件表面质量进行仿真,结果表明:超声振动辅助磨削能明显提升工件表面加工质量,在一定的范围内,振动频率、幅值与主轴转速的增加可以优化表面质量,进给量与切削深度的增加会削弱超声振动的优化效果.     

SiC_p/Al复合材料薄壁件钻削加工变形有限元仿真研究

基于ABAQUS有限元仿真软件建立体积分数为56%的SiC_p/Al复合材料钻削三维模型,研究分析了在两种不同工件约束方式下钻削加工薄壁件过程中工件的变形规律及特点,同时研究了切削参数对薄壁钻孔时工件变形量的影响规律。结果表明:随着钻削速度和进给量的增加,钻孔中心位置处(钻头横刃钻削至工件下表面)的最大变形量随之增加,进给量对钻孔件中心位置处最大变形量的影响较为显著;薄壁件残余变形量随着进给量的增大而增加,钻削速度对薄壁件残余变形量的影响较小。     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.     

超声振动铣削加工参数对切削力的影响

为了改善传统铣削钛合金的加工条件,研究了进给方向超声振动辅助铣削对切削力的影响。定值计算了不同振动频率、振幅、铣削速度时的净切削时间比,建立了对工件施加超声振动的铣削加工三维有限元模型,根据仿真结果讨论了加工参数对进给方向切削力瞬时值的影响,并结合净切削时间比分析了加工参数对三个方向切削力平均值的影响。研究表明:施加超声振动后切削力明显减小;振动频率小于40kHz和振幅小于30μm时切削力平均值同净切削时间比变化趋势一致,当频率或振幅超过上述值时,刀具、工件间的摩擦力对切削力平均值的影响显著。     

An improved cutting force model for micro milling considering machining dynamics

Micro milling, as a versatile micro machining process, is kinematically similar to conventional milling; however, it is significantly different from conventional milling with respect to chip formation mechanisms and uncut chip thickness modelling, due to the comparable size of the edge radius to the chip thickness, and the small per-tooth feeding. Considering tool runout and dynamic displacement between the tool and the workpiece, the contour of the workpiece left by previous tool paths is typically in a wavy form, and the wavy surface provides a feedback mechanism to cutting force generation because the instantaneous uncut chip thickness changes with both the vibration during the current tool path and the surface left by the previous tool paths. In this study, a more accurate uncut chip thickness model was established including the precise trochoidal trajectory of the cutting edge, tool runout and dynamic modulation caused by the machine tool system vibration. The dynamic regenerative effect is taken into account by considering the influence of all the previous cutting trajectories using numerical iteration; thus, the multiple time delays (MTD) are considered in this model. It is found that transient separation of the tool-workpiece occurring at a low feed per tooth, caused by MTD and the existing cutting force models, is no longer applicable when transient tool-workpiece separation occurs. Based on the proposed uncut chip thickness model, an improved cutting force model of micro milling is developed by full consideration of the ploughing effect and elastic recovery of the workpiece material. The proposed cutting force model is verified by micro end milling experiments, and the results show that the proposed model is capable of producing more accurate cutting force prediction than other existing models, particularly at small feed per tooth.     

基于FANUC 31i的主轴热变形补偿方法

主轴高速旋转时,主轴轴承内外环高速摩擦产生大量热量,这些热量使主轴轴向和空间姿态发生变化,产生热伸长、热倾斜和热漂移等形变,这些形变又引起刀具与工件相对位置发生变化,导致工件加工精度变差。采用五点测量法对这些形变量进行测量,生成主轴温升与热变形的误差曲线,再根据误差曲线编制数控系统可执行的C语言热补偿程序或PMC热补偿程序,数控系统根据温差变化自动更新外部机械原点偏移量,纠正刀具与工件的相对位置偏差,可有效减小主轴热变形引起的误差,提高工件加工精度。     

Analysis of the effect of vibrations on the micro-EDM process at the workpiece surface

In this study, the effect of vibrations on the electrical discharges in the micro-EDM (electrical discharge machining) process was investigated. The electrical discharge machining of micro bores was chosen to represent a typical application. Using sophisticated measuring equipment to record and analyse current and voltage waveforms as well as electrode feeding during the process, deeper insight into the discharge mechanisms was achieved. It was found, that the micro-EDM boring process can be subdivided into three major parts, the start-up process, the major boring process and the workpiece breakthrough of the tool electrode. Extensive investigations have shown a delayed start-up process on the workpiece surface for conventional micro-EDM; however, this effect can be reduced by inducing vibration on the workpiece. The cause of this reduction was analysed by single discharge analysis which also provides a means to investigate the effect of vibration frequency.     

Cusp error reduction under high speed micro/meso- scale milling with ultrasonic vibration assistance

In the conventional use of vibration assisted machining, vibratory motion is mostly applied to the continuous machining processes such as turning where the cutting speed is much lower than the vibration speed. Even the recent articles on vibration assisted milling processes are also quite limited to low spindle speed less than 3k RPM. This study investigates vibration assistance that is applied to the workpiece in a high speed micro/meso-scale intermittent milling system where the cutting speed is much higher than the vibration speed. In addition to this, the vibration effect is analyzed considering feed and cross-feed directional application separately, which gives an idea of a right vibration assistance direction for surface quality improvement. To validate this, a one-directional ultrasonic vibration assisted milling system with ultrasonic frequency at 40 kHz and with amplitudes of a few microns is designed and its effect on the machined surface quality is investigated at high spindle RPMs over 15k. As a result, cusp heights are found to be reduced with ultrasonic vibratory motion of cutting edge in high cutting speed. Furthermore, the machined surface quality clearly tells that feed directional vibration assistance is able to generate better surface quality with reduced wavy burrs than cross-feed directional vibration assistance.     

磁流变变间隙动压平坦化加工力特性研究

磁流变变间隙动压平坦化加工利用工件的轴向低频振动使磁流变液产生挤压强化效应,可以有效提高加工效果并使光电晶片快速获得纳米级表面粗糙度。通过旋转式测力仪试验研究不同变间隙参数对磁流变变间隙动压平坦化加工过程中抛光正压力的影响规律,结果表明,在工件轴向低频振动作用下,抛光正压力形成脉冲正值和负值周期性的动态变化过程;将工件轴向低频振动过程分解为下压过程与拉升过程,下压速度和拉升速度对动态抛光力有不同的响应特性;随着最小加工间隙的减小抛光正压力会急剧增大;设置最小加工间隙停留时间观察抛光正压力变化,可以发现在工件最小加工间隙停留期间抛光力从峰值逐渐衰减并趋于平稳;挤压振动幅值对抛光正压力影响较小。建立了磁流变变间隙动压平坦化加工材料去除模型,弄清了在动态压力作用下,磨料更新及其附加运动机制,研究了磁流变变间隙动压平坦化加工过程中磨料颗粒对工件表面柔性划擦和微量去除的作用机理,为磁流变变间隙动压平坦化加工的工艺优化提供了理论依据。     

Research on improvement of machining accuracy of micro-rods with electrostatic induction feeding ECM

Micro-rods were machined by electrochemical machining using the electrostatic induction feeding method, with which ultra-short current pulse duration of several tens of ns can easily be obtained. A tungsten plate and stainless steel (SUS304) rod were used as the tool electrode and workpiece, respectively. To improve the machining accuracy, the machining characteristics when the workpiece is fed in the axial and radial directions were investigated using NaCl aqueous solution as the electrolyte. When fed in the axial direction, the machinable length of the micro-rods was found to peak at the optimum feed speed because of the influence of pitting corrosion and collision between electrodes. When the workpiece was fed in the radial direction, the influence of pitting corrosion decreased, however, the micro-rod was shortened with increasing feed distance in the radial direction because of the stray current flowing through the end of the micro-rod. The simulation results of the material removal process agreed qualitatively with experimental results. Next, machining characteristics were compared between the electrolytes, NaCl and NaNO₃ aqueous solutions, by feeding the workpiece in the axial direction. It was found that the influence of pitting corrosion was eliminated with the NaNO₃ aqueous solution, and there was no machinable length limitation with suitable feed speeds. In addition, the taper angle and gap width were smaller with the NaNO₃ aqueous solution, compared with those of the NaCl aqueous solution. Stainless steel micro-rods of 100 μm in diameter with a high aspect ratio of 20 were fabricated with the NaNO₃ aqueous solution. According to the preliminary research results, the machinable minimum diameter of the micro-rods was investigated and micro-rods with an average diameter of 9 μm and length of 78 μm were machined successfully.     

主被动磁悬浮高速转子系统的自动平衡控制

针对主被动磁悬浮转子高速旋转时质量不平衡和被动磁轴承磁中心的偏移导致的同频振动力问题,提出了一种基于位移陷波加前馈补偿的自动平衡控制方法。首先,在转子为零位移控制状态下提取控制电流的同频成分,计算获得与被动磁轴承磁中心偏移相关的参变量;然后,在额定转速下设计通用陷波器以消除同频电流,前馈补偿主动磁轴承、被动磁轴承位移负刚度力和被动磁轴承磁中心偏移力,使主被动磁轴承的同频输出力为零,实现了转子绕惯性中心旋转。对提出的方法进行了仿真和实验验证并与仅补偿质量不平衡的算法进行了对比。仿真结果显示:提出的方法的同频磁轴承力减小到了只进行质量不平衡补偿算法的6%;实验结果显示:同频振动加速度减小到只进行质量不平衡补偿算法的23.3%。仿真和实验验证了该方法的有效性,表明该方法对同频振动抑制效果显著,实现了转子的自动平衡控制。