电子束辐照对锗锑碲非晶薄膜影响的研究

相变存储器是目前最具潜力的新式存储设备之一,其存储性能主要取决于相变材料的结构-性能关系,因此结构表征对于相变存储非常重要。透射电子显微镜(TEM)是表征材料形貌、结构的重要手段,但是高能电子束会对材料的结构造成暂时或永久性的影响,这种影响也为表征非晶相变材料带来了极大的挑战,包括已经商业化的Ge SbTe合金。利用原位TEM系统地研究了电子束辐照对Ge Sb_2Te_4非晶薄膜样品的影响,发现非晶薄膜在较大电子束束流强度下会发生结晶化,而降低束流强度将能够有效保持非晶的稳定性。量化了电子束束流诱发Ge Sb_2Te_4非晶薄膜晶化的阈值,给出了电子束流强度和辐照诱导相变时间的关系,为利用TEM研究Ge SbTe非晶材料的结构与性能提供了有效的安全界限。     

基于Ga-SbTe的高性能相变存储单元的设计和仿真

相变存储器(PCM)因依靠电阻率的变化来存储的模式,成为65nm以下非易失存储器应用的研究热点.然而,相变存储器的擦写功耗、复位电压、热稳定性和擦写寿命一直是相变存储器发展的几个瓶颈.对此,设计了一种基于相变合金Ga3Sb8Te1的新型嵌入式相变存储器,并建立有限元(FEA)热学,结晶动力学和SPICE宏模型.通过瞬态热学和结晶动力学仿真表明,基于Ga3sb8Te1的相变存储器具有更高的热稳定性和可循环擦写次数、更低的复位功耗,更快的置位频率,是一种较为理想的高性能相变存储器.     

薄膜厚度和微量元素对非晶存储器性能的影响

非晶态存储器的主要性能是改写循环次数和读出、存放稳定性。本文以这两个特性为依据,研究非晶薄膜厚度和添加微量元素的影响,目的是寻找最佳的非晶薄膜厚度和组分,改进非晶存储器的性能。 Te_(81)Ge_(15)S_2Sb_2薄膜厚度分别为0.8μm,1.3μm,1.8μm和 2.6μm用高频溅射成膜,并做成夹层形。改写循环数的比较是以“成形”后的阈值电压下降3V来计算。薄膜厚度为1.8μm和2.6μm的样品改写次数最高(约是10~5),其次是1.3μm的样品,0.8μm的循环次数最少。不同厚度的薄膜,其最佳复位电压随厚度增加而增加。此外对这4种厚度的薄膜存储器作了抗干扰的对比试验。结果得到膜厚为2.67μm的存储器抗干扰最好,其次是膜厚为1.8μm的,并对此作了定性解释。微量元素影响的试验采用Te_(81)Ge_(15)Sb_2S_2,Te_(81)Ge_(15)Sb_2Bi_2,Te_(81)Ge_(15)Sb_2S和Te_(81)Ge_(15)Sb_4四种材料。首先比较了它们的“成形”过程。发现含有 Sb_4和 Bi_2的两种材料,其“成形”过程较快,其它两种较慢。比较了4种材料的改写循环数。在改写中存储器失效大多数是随改写循环数的增加,阈值电压降低,最后永久处于低阻态。试验证明:在所添加的微量元素中,金属性越强,材料越容易析晶,改写时所需的擦除能量越大,改写循环数亦最少。如含Bi_2的材料,改写循环最少,含Sb_4的材料,改写循环数居中,而含S_2和S_1的材料,改写循环数最高。此外,还比较了4种材料的读出、存放稳定性。发现所添加的微量元素中,金属性越强,抗干扰性越强。如含Bi_2的材料,在各种写入电流时,其抗干扰性均显著优于其它3种,而含Sb_4的材料,抗干扰性次之,含S_2和S_1的材料,抗干扰性最差。总之,提高改写循环数和提高抗干扰性是矛盾的,要兼顾两方面只好采用折中的办法。     

Bi_2Te_3/炭黑复合材料的制备及热电性能

采用水热法合成Bi_2Te_3粉体,将炭黑(CB)与其掺杂制备不同比例的碲化铋/炭黑(Bi_2Te_3/CB)复合材料,研究复合材料的热电性能。同时采用TGA、SEM、XRD等分析方法表征Bi_2Te_3/CB复合材料的结构,探究微观结构与热电性能的关系。研究发现:室温下,CB的引入使Bi_2Te_3/CB复合材料的热导率大大降低(0.5957 W/(m·K)降到0.0888 W/(m·K));随着Bi_2Te_3含量的增加,复合材料的电导率、热导率均增大,Seebeck系数先增加后降低;当Bi_2Te_3含量为88.9%时,在558℃烧结10min所得的Bi_2Te_3/CB复合材料室温下热电优值ZT最大(ZT=0.21)。虽然ZT值未能达到应用价值,但是CB的添加为改善Bi_2Te_3材料的热电性能,尤其在降低材料的热导率方面,提供了新方法和新思路。     

基于Sn掺杂Ge2Sb2Te5的相变存储器器件单元存储性能

采用0.18μm标准工艺制备出基于Sn掺杂Ge2Sb2Te5相变材料的相变存储器器件单元,利用自行设计搭建的电学测试系统研究了其存储性能.结果表明:Sn的掺杂没有改变Ge2Sb2Te5的相变特性,其相变阚值电压和阈值电流分别为1.6V和25μA;实现了器件单元的非晶态(高阻)与晶态(低阻)之间的可逆相变过程;器件单元中相变材料结晶所需电流最低为1.78mA(电流宽度固定为100ns)、结晶时间大于80ns(电流高度固定为3mA);相变材料非晶化脉冲电流宽度为30ns时,所需电流大于3.3mA;与Ge2Sb2Te5相比,Sn的掺杂降低了SET操作的脉冲电流宽度,提高了结晶速度,有利于提高相变存储器的存储速度.     

基于相变存储器的相变存储材料的研究进展

相变存储器具有非易失性、循环寿命长、元件尺寸小、功耗低、多级存储、与现有集成电路工艺相兼容等诸多优点,被认为是最具潜力的下一代存储器.简要介绍了相变存储材料的工作原理和对相变存储材料的性能要求,综述了近年来国内外在相变材料存储性能的优化、存储机理以及面临的关键问题等方面的最新研究成果,最后展望了相变存储材料的研究和发展趋势.     

复合相变储冷材料的制备及性能研究

以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)作为分散剂,多层石墨烯、TiO2/石墨烯(m(TiO2):m(石墨烯)=25∶75)和TiO2颗粒作为导热添加剂,加入到二元复合有机储冷材料中(m(壬酸):m(葵醇)=60:40),制备了复合相变储冷材料。通过吸光度、DSC和热导率测试等手段,对复合相变储冷材料的稳定性、相变温度、相变潜热及热导率进行了评价分析。结果表明,分散剂和导热添加剂的加入,对储冷材料的相变温度和相变潜热影响不大,但对热导率影响较大。当分散剂SDBS浓度为0.2 g/L,导热添加剂(分别为TiO2/石墨烯和TiO2颗粒)浓度为0.5 g/L时,复合相变储冷材料具有较好的稳定性,其热导率分别为为0.2211和0.2096 W/(m·K),相比没有加入任何导热添加剂的储冷材料的热导率(0.1738 W/(m·K)),分别提高了27.22%和20.61%;当分散剂SDBS浓度为0.3 g/L,导热添加剂多层石墨烯浓度为0.3 g/L时,复合相变储冷材料处于稳定状态,其热导率为0.2268 W/(m·K),相比0.1738 W/(m·K),提高了30.49%。由此可知,多层石墨烯可以更有效地增加复合相变储冷材料的热导率,这主要是由于石墨烯具有非常高的比表面积,有利于复合材料更加均匀地分散以及形成更加完善的网格结构,从而有效增加复合相变储冷材料的稳定性及热导率。选用多层石墨烯为导热添加剂(0.3 g/L),SDBS为分散剂(0.3 g/L),可以制备出体系最稳定、热导率最高的复合相变储冷材料。     

Ba0.32Co4Sb12-xTex的高压合成及其电学性质

在高温高压下合成方钴矿结构热电材料Ba_(0.32)Co_4Sb_(12-x)Te_x(0.1≤x≤0.9),测试了样品的微观结构和室温电学性质。结果表明:Ba填充Te置换型方钴矿Ba_(0.32)Co_4Sb_(12-x)Te_x为n型半导体;在不同压力下,随着Te填充分数的增加,Seebeck系数的绝对值和电阻率均呈降低趋势,功率因子显著提高。在1.5 GPa、900 K条件下合成的Ba_(0.32)Co_4Sb_(11.9)Te_(0.1)化合物功率因子达到最大值(9.7μWcm~(-1)K~(-2))。     

低维Bi_2Te_3基热电材料的研究进展

Bi_2Te_3及其固溶体金金是目前室温附近发展最为成熟、性能最好的一类热电材料,在热电制冷及温差发电方面具有广阔的应用前景.如何最大限度地提高材料的热电优值是当今热电材料研究的主要问题.传统块体Bi_2Te_3基热电材料的最高ZT值只能达到1.0左右,而低维化、纳米化的Bi_2Te_3基热电材料可使电子和声子的传输得到合理调控,从而大幅提升材料的热电性能.综述了二维纳米薄膜、一维纳米线(管、棒)和准零维纳米颗粒等低维Bi_2Te_3基热电材料的最新研究进展,并结合目前的研究状况展望了今后的研究重点及发展方向.     

反问题法在相变材料热导性能研究中的应用

基于相变导热模型,提出将相界面运动的测试实验与数值计算相结合来求解有效导热系数的反问题法,对几种相变储能材料添加金属介质后导热系数的改善进行了研究。结果表明,金属介质的导热系数越大,则相变材料的有效导热系数也越大;在相同的添加比例下,低热导率相变材料有效导热系数的改善程度要大于高热导率相变材料。该方法的求解结果与相关文献吻合较好。     

Programming voltage reduction in phase change memory cells with tungsten trioxide bottom heating layer/electrode

A phase change memory cell with tungsten trioxide bottom heating layer/electrode is investigated. The crystalline tungsten trioxide heating layer promotes the temperature rise in the Ge(2)Sb(2)Te(5) layer which causes the reduction in the reset voltage compared to a conventional phase change memory cell. Theoretical thermal simulation and calculation for the reset process are applied to understand the thermal effect of the tungsten trioxide heating layer/electrode. The improvement in thermal efficiency of the PCM cell mainly originates from the low thermal conductivity of the crystalline tungsten trioxide material.     

Experimental Investigation of Nucleate Boiling on a Thermal Capacitive Heater Under Variable Gravity Conditions

In the present work the behavior of single vapor bubbles of FC-72, generated on a thermal capacitive heater element, has been investigated during microgravity. A newly developed heater design allows temperature measurements by highspeed infrared thermography on the backside of the heater surface at a distance of approx. 800 nm from the fluid/heater-interface. The employed heater was manufactured by Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) of a chromium based layer for better emissivity (Slomski et al., Mater Sci Technol 41:161?C165, 2010) and a pure chromium heating layer supplying the energy required for bubble generation and sustainment by electrical heating. The thermal diffusivity of the employed Calcium Flouride (CaF) heater substrate is comparable to the thermal diffusivity of stainless steel, which makes this heater design very close to technical applications. The acquired transient temperature fields of the heater surface allow numerical determination of the local heat flux from the heater surface to the fluid. A local temperature drop and high heat fluxes have been observed in the vicinity of the 3-phase contact line. This effect has already been reported by former publications for thin stainless steel foil heaters (Stephan and Hammer, Int J Heat Mass Transfer 30:119?C125, 1994; Wagner et al., Int J Heat Mass Transfer 42:875?C883, 2006) and is also confirmed for heaters with significantly higher thermal capacities.     

Measurement of the thermal activity of liquids in the metastable region

A method of measuring the thermal activity of superheated liquids is described. Transition through the saturation line is effected under isobaric conditions by the pulsed heating of a thin layer of liquid bordering the resistive element used as the heater.     

Effects of ultrasonic field on the Pb‐Sn alloys during heating process

In this work, the effects of ultrasonic field on the Pb‐Sn alloys during heating process have been discussed using electrical resistivity and thermal curves. The semi‐solid and liquid alloy have different resistivity responses to ultrasonic irradiation, due to ultrasound irradiation only available to liquid phase. Sensitive structural change by ultrasound can be only found in the liquid state, according to the resistivity drop and thermal curves. It might be due to the low volume fraction of liquid phase at initial stage and the fast solid‐to‐liquid transitions at the final stage. Ultrasound can also trigger the nucleation and growth of liquid phase, through driving the melting of solid phase at solid/liquid interface and transferring into the liquid phase. The concerned mechanisms have been discussed in detail.     

Research of thermal response simulation and mold structure optimization for rapid heat cycle molding processes, respectively, with steam heating and electric heating

The dynamic mold temperature control system is the key of rapid heat cycle molding (RHCM) technology because it significantly affects the stability of the process, productivity and the quality of the final polymer part. For this reason, the approaches and techniques for dynamic mold temperature control were discussed in this study and two different dynamic mold temperature control methods, respectively, with steam heating and electric heating were found to be very feasible in mass production. The methods and principles of mold design for the two RHCM technologies were also discussed and then several different kinds of mold structures were designed. By constructing the corresponding thermal response analytical models for these RHCM molds, the temperature responses of the molding systems in the heating and cooling process of RHCM were simulated and studied. The effects of the mold design parameters such as the insulation layer between mold plate and mold inert, and mold material, on thermal response efficiency and temperature uniformity of the two RHCM processes were analyzed based on the simulation results. The results show that the insulation layer can increase the upper limit temperature of RHCM with steam heating and improve the heating speed of RHCM with electric heating. It can also greatly decrease the energy consumption of the two RHCM processes. The heating efficiency of RHCM with steam heating can be effectively improved by increasing the thermal conductivity of the cavity/core material, while the situation is diametrically opposite for RHCM with electric heating. Therefore, we acquired an optimized mold design principle and method for RHCM with steam heating and electric heating, respectively. Finally, a new electric heating mold with a cooling plate was proposed to enhance the cooling efficiency. The thermal response of this new electric heating mold was also simulated. The simulation results show that the cooling plate can significantly improve the cooling and heating efficiency.     

R32风冷冷（热）水机组低温制热性能探讨

普通热泵空调系统在超低温环境下制热衰量减大,难以满足中国北方冬季取暖需求,在一套普通R410A风冷冷（热）水机组上分别对喷液技术和EVI技术进行超低温环境测试对比。结果表明,喷液系统和EVI系统在低温和超低温下具有较好的制热量及制热能效的提升,并且可以解决普通热泵在超低温环境下的应用问题,同时R32的热物理性质与R410A基本相同,提出在低温风冷冷（热）水机组上使用R32替代R410A的设想。     

Numerical analysis of propagation of thermal disturbances in brass-stabilized REBCO tapes

An extensive characterization of commercially available High-Temperature Superconducting (HTS) REBCO tapes has been recently performed at KIT. The main thermo-physical properties of the tapes have been measured, and heat slug and quench propagation have been investigated in vacuum at LN₂ temperature, using a resistive heater as driver and recording the voltage and temperature evolution after the pulse at several locations along the tapes.In this paper, we present a study of thermal disturbance propagation in a HTS tape with brass stabilizer. The experimental data are analyzed first, to identify the phenomena that influence heat propagation in the tape, and namely the heat loss to the sample holder and the non-ideal efficiency of the resistive heater. A numerical tool is then developed, which solves the 1D transient heat conduction equation in each layer of the tape and accounts for the thermal coupling between layers. The heat loss to the sample holder and the non-ideal efficiency of the resistive heater are taken into account in the model.A first validation of the thermal part of the model against an extended database of heat slug propagation tests is then performed: the comparison between simulation and experiment confirms the very good capability of the model to reproduce the measured temperature evolution. Finally, the results of the simulations of quench propagation are compared with experimental data, showing the capability of the model to reproduce the experiment, within the uncertainty in the input parameters.     

Normal Spectral Emissivity at a Wavelength of 684.5 nm and Thermophysical Properties of Solid and Liquid Molybdenum

Polarimetric emissivity measurements adapted for a rapid pulse heating setup and recent results of normal spectral emissivity at 684.5 nm for molybdenum at melting and in the liquid phase are presented. Also reported is a complete set of thermophysical data (specific enthalpy, isobaric heat capacity, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity) for molybdenum for both solid and liquid states. The results for all mentioned thermophysical properties are discussed and furthermore compared to literature values. The normal spectral emissivity and the electrical resistivity of molybdenum show opposite trends in the liquid phase, leading to the conclusion that a prediction of normal spectral emissivity at the given wavelength of 684.5 nm based on the Hagen–Rubens-relation and electrical resistivity measurements is not applicable.     

Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Liquids by Using a Suspended Microheater

In this paper, the traditional \(3\omega \) method is modified in order to measure the thermal conductivity of a droplet of liquid. The \(3\omega \) sensor is microfabricated using bulk silicon etching on a silicon wafer to form a microheater on a suspended bridge structure. The Si substrate of over 400 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\) thickness beneath the microheater is etched away so that the sample liquid can fill the gap created between the heater and the bottom boundary of the sensor. The frequency of the sinusoidal heating pulses that are generated from the heater is controlled such that the thermal penetration depth is much smaller than the thickness of the liquid layer. The temperature oscillation of the sample fluid is measured at the thin-film heater to calculate the thermal conductivity of the surrounding fluid. The thermal conductivity and measured values of the de-ionized water and ethanol show a good agreement with the theoretical values at room temperature.     

Coupling Between an Accumulator and a Loop in a Mechanically Pumped Carbon Dioxide Two-Phase Loop

By means of experiment and simulation, we investigated the coupling between the accumulator and the loop in the Tracker Thermal Control System (TTCS) system, which is a typical mechanically pumped carbon dioxide two-phase loop, by studying the system behaviors under the disturbance of the temperature boundary of the condensers, and the step change of the evaporator heat load. We found that the disturbance of the loop affects the accumulator, and in turns, affects the loop itself. If the heat compensation of the accumulator is large enough, e.g., by using the accumulator heater with enough heating power and with a thermal conductance good enough between the heater and the two-phase CO₂ inside the accumulator, the loop is controllable over the disturbance. The coupling is a fundamentally important factor to be considered for the design of a stable and controllable two-phase system, such as a mechanically pumped two-phase loop.