Part-time workers and economic expansion: comparing the 1980s and 1990s with U.S. state data

Economists know little about how the role of part-time workers affect regional labor market dynamics during economic expansion. This study examines this issue using U.S. state data from the 1980s and 1990s. Compared to the 1980s, the labor market during the late 1990s is associated with widespread labor shortages, making this an excellent comparison of how part-time employment responds to economic growth. One key finding is that part-time employment was less responsive to job growth during the 1990s than the 1980s, especially for women. Several explanations are put forth, including firm responses to labor shortages, employer perceptions of inferior part-time worker characteristics and welfare reform. Received: 30 March 2001/Accepted: 20 November 2001 RID="*" ID="*" The author thanks ?rn Bodvarsson, Jamie Partridge and session participants at the 2001 Mid Continent Regional Science Association Meeting for their useful comments and suggestions.     

The role of migration in labour-market adjustment: the British experience in the 1980s

"In this paper the role of migration in bringing labour supply and demand into balance (or in mitigating imbalance) in Britain in the 1980s is investigated.... The major trends in migration and unemployment at national and regional scales are outlined, and the key characteristics of job-related migrants are identified. In the main part of the paper the author is concerned with the operationalisation of two contrasting methodological approaches designed to promote a greater understanding of the influences acting on changing migration patterns and the role of migration, alongside other factors in labour-market changes. First, the results from a shift-share approach are discussed; and second, the output from an application of the labour market accounts technique is described."     

The structure of interstate and interregional migration: 1965–1970

This study examines the structure present in interstate migration at the national level and interregional migration in the Western states in an attempt to identify the interrelationships that exist between the respective areal units. Places which act as important origins and destinations in the process are determined through the use of nodal and principal component analyses. It is found that the nation can be dichotomized into regions oriented towards the states of California and Florida and that the western part of the nation can also be regionalized into a small number of important migration fields. The centers of the majority of these fields are metropolitan areas. Such identification of the spatial organization provides a useful picture of the areal extents over which major attractive centers have influence.The author wishes to acknowledge the financial support of the Academic Senate Committee on Research, University of California, Santa Barbara, California.     

Landscape influence on recent rural migration in the U.S.

This study of recent rural (nonmetropolitan) migration in the U.S. finds that, consistent with research on landscape preferences, people have been most drawn to areas with a mix of forest and open land, water area, topographical variation, and relatively little cropland. A simultaneous equation model of 1990–2000 change in jobs and net migration indicates that landscape features influenced migration directly, not through effects on employment. An inordinate rise in housing values in the most highly scenic areas in 1990–2000 was associated with an exceptional slowing of migration to those areas in 2000–2005, an indication that housing supply constraints such as land use regulation may now be dampening the ties between landscape preferences and migration in rural areas. The study findings on current habitat selection are particularly interesting given the frequent conjecture that landscape preferences are adaptive, reflecting the most suitable habitats for early man.     

A family of spatial interaction models incorporating information flows and choice set constraints applied to U.S. interstate labor flows

"A new family of migration models belonging to the elimination by aspects family is examined, with the spatial interaction model shown to be a special case. The models have simple forms; they incorporate information flow processes and choice set constraints; they are free of problems raised by the Luce Choice Axiom; and are capable of generating intransitive flows. Preliminary calibrations using the Continuous Work History Sample [time] series data indicate that the model fits the migration data well, while providing estimates of interstate job message flows. The preliminary calculations also indicate that care is needed in assuming that destination [attraction] are independent of origins."     

Free trade agreements and interregional labor migration: the case of the U.S. and Canada

This paper focuses on the different effects that trade policy have on distinctive regions within a country by modeling the subnational impact of the Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada using an applied general equilibrium model. This study incorporates interregional labor mobility into the model and, by comparing the new results to those measured in the absence of labor migration, shows the importance of allowing for interregional labor mobility when modeling at the subnational level the effects of nationality of internationally designed policies.A longer version of this paper was presented and received the 8Th Annual Charles M. Tiebout Prize at the Western Regional Science Association Annual Meetings, Tucson, Arizona, February 1994. I would like to thank Geoffrey Hewings, Earl Grinols, Werner Baer, Chris Horak, and three anonymous referees for useful comments. I gratefully acknowledge the support of the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce and the Canadian Embassy in the early stages of this research project. I am solely responsible for any remaining errors in this paper.     

1970年代以前美国联邦政府与郊区的横向蔓延

20世纪30年代后,在美国联邦政府一系列政策的作用下,美国郊区获得了快速发展,甚至出现了郊区过度蔓延的趋势,对城市的发展产生了深远的影响.本文拟对20世纪30年代至70年代间联邦政府推出的促使郊区横向蔓延的政策及其影响进行探讨.     

Intransitivity,the spatial interaction model,and U.S. migration streams

"The flows predicted by a large class of spatial interaction models are transitive, yet US migration tables have been shown to contain large numbers of intransitivities. This paper investigates a number of possible conditions under which flows regulated by the spatial interaction model might be observed to be intransitive. A singly constrained gravity model is calibrated for a number of flow tables, and distorted by sampling error, by aggregation over strata, and by an independently distributed error term.... The results of the calibration of the spatial interaction using US interstate migration flows, 1935-1970, are given and compared with others previously published."     

The agglomeration of U.S.-owned and foreign-owned plants across the U.S. States

Agglomeration in U.S. manufacturing is more common than initially thought. This clustering arises from location natural advantages and spillovers. Extant studies on agglomeration do not distinguish the activities of U.S.-owned plants from those that are foreign owned. This distinction is crucial since policies seem to have differential impacts on both types of plants. I find that industry scale, resource intensity and urbanization economies have larger impacts on foreign plant agglomeration whereas knowledge intensity has a larger effect on domestic plant agglomeration. Received: September 2001/Accepted: April 2002 I would like to thank the UNO University Committee on Research for support of this project and Ke Yang for invaluable research assistance. The paper has benefited from the comments made by an anonymous referee. The usual caveats apply.     

Planning Lessons from Three U.S. New Towns of the 1960s and 1970s: Irvine,Columbia, and The Woodlands

This article examines three “new communities” developed since the 1960s and planned as a response to early criticisms of urban sprawl: Irvine, California; Columbia, Maryland; and The Woodlands, Texas. Conceived as alternatives to sprawl, the developments used a number of techniques now proposed by proponents of smart growth. They also represent a best-case scenario for private-sector development: They had big land areas, rich developers, cutting-edge professionals, and visions that were maintained. However, problems with automobile dependence and housing affordability indicate limits to these innovations.     

The effect of income taxes on interstate migration: an analysis by age and race

The topic of interstate migration and the effects of taxes on migration have been extensively studied. Prior research has examined not only many possible determinants of migration but also the migrations of various populations, including the elderly, African-Americans, and the college educated. The present study will attempt to differentiate itself from this prior research by looking at the effect of income taxes on the interstate migration of both whites and African-Americans at various ages. Another distinguishing feature of the present study is that it will use data from the NLSY-Geocode, a data set not used previously for this type of study. Results of the present study are similar to the results of prior works; income taxes have an effect on migration for most races and age groups. Individuals move from states with high income taxes to states with low income taxes; these results corroborate the results obtained from the use of aggregate, state-level data. In addition, results of the present study suggest that non-economic factors, such as ties to a particular state and changes in employment status, are also important factors in an individual’s migration decision.     

美国历史环境保护中的非政府组织

非政府组织在美国历史环境保护中发挥着重要作用,本文介绍了在美国历史环境保护中非政府组织的发展过程,并以萨凡纳历史保护基金会和全美历史保护信托组织为例,对其工作内容、原则、方法和资金来源等方面进行了介绍.     

美国历史环境保护中的非政府组织

非政府组织在美国历史环境保护中发挥着重要作用,本文介绍了在美国历史环境保护中非政府组织的发展过程,并以萨凡纳历史保护基金会和全美历史保护信托组织为例,对其工作内容、原则、方法和资金来源等方面进行了介绍。     

英美开发控制体系比较及对中国的启示

经过长期的实践,西方发达国家的开发控制体系已积累了丰富的经验教训,对我国规划管理体系的建立具有重要的借鉴意义和参考价值。通过对英美开发控制体系产生和发展的背景,包括土地、人口状况等方面的分析,并通过开发控制框架的比较和近年来发展趋势的介绍,较为全面地剖析英美开发控制体系的优缺点,从开发控制体系的刚性与弹性、公众参与规划管理、政府自由裁量权的界定等方面探讨了对我国规划管理的启示。     

英美对公共交通型自动扶梯的技术要求

GB16899-2011《自动扶梯和自动人行道的制造与安装安全规范》对公共交通型自动扶梯或自动人行道的定义是：“适用于下列情况之一的自动扶梯或自动人行道：a）是公共交通系统包括出口和入口处的组成部分;b）高强度的使用,即每周运行时间约140h,且在任何3h的间隔内,其载荷达100％制动载荷的持续时间不少于0．5h．”     

2001年美国造成重大人员伤亡的火灾分析

美国将一次死亡 5人 (含 )以上的居住建筑火灾和一次死亡 3人 (含 )以上的非居住建筑、非建筑火灾定义为造成重大人员伤亡的火灾。 2 0 0 1年 ,美国共发生5 37起此类火灾 ,造成 2 975人死亡——其中 2 791人死于 2 0 0 1年 9月 11日恐怖分子劫持飞机撞击纽约世界贸易中心双塔和     

美国世贸中心回望

本刊2001年4期曾发表“美国世贸中心轰然倒下的思考”一文,转眼之间,美国世贸中心大楼的“9·11”事件已一周年,作为建筑经典的回望,本刊陆续收到一些来稿,本刊采编部也一直在关注着美国世贸中心重建的动态。这里刊出的文章及图片的主要来源:(1) 由美国2001年末“Courage Books”公司出版的《世界贸易中心》纪念集,作者Bill Harris是一位多产作家,在《纽约时报》社工作20多年,对纽约历史和建筑史知识颇丰;(2) 中国教育新闻代表团陈宝泉主任记者曼哈顿高层建筑的小记,本刊对此加以综合补充,希望读者从中能感受到美国世贸中心建筑曾经产生过的作用。     

边缘城市:美国城市发展的新趋势

边缘城市(edge city)是在美国郊区化过程中出现的新名词.文章表述了Garreau对边缘城市这一概念所下的定义,分析了边缘城市的产生背景和动因及其空间和产业结构.     

The 1970s migration turnaround in Japan revisited: A shift-share approach

Like many developed countries, Japan showed a drastic reduction in net population inflow to the core regions in the 1970s. This paper examines the contribution of a changing supply of highly mobile young adults, as well as employment growth, to this trend. Shift-share analysis of the change in migration patterns reveals that the main cause was a greatly reduced rate of out-migration from the peripheral regions by young adults.