Hake Muscle Altered by Frozen Storage as Affected by Added Ingredients

The effect of three ingredients (triphosphate, lecithin and sucrose ester) on functionality and extractability of hake muscle proteins that had been intensely aggregated by frozen storage was investigated. Muscle proteins were extracted in 0.6M NaCl, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 2% SDS+5% (β-mercaptoethanol (ME). Treatment with the added ingredients increased the amount of protein extracted when secondary interactions were broken with SDS. The same effect, although less pronounced, was found in the lots treated with triphosphate and sucrose ester when electrostatic bonds were broken with NaCl. The amphipathic ingredients (lecithin and sucrose ester) increased the amount of protein linked by nondisulfide covalent bonds.     

Development of a Quality Index Method for Frozen Hake (M. capensis and M. paradoxus)

A quality index method (QIM) consisting of 9 parameters with a total of 17 sensory points was developed for frozen hake (M. capensis and M. paradoxus). The score sheet was divided into 2 parts. The 1st, including 7 parameters with up to 13 sensory points, was directly related to loss of quality during storage at ?20 °C. Multivariate analysis confirmed the relevance of these parameters for prediction of storage time. The 2nd part contained 2 additional parameters scoring up to 4 sensory points. These parameters are commercially important but not directly linked to storage time.     

预冷处理对冻罗非鱼片品质的影响

拟在现有冻罗非鱼片工艺中加入预冷工序。将新鲜罗非鱼片用冰水浸渍,放入不同温度(-4、-7、-18℃)条件下冻藏,定期测定pH值、色差、失水率、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)值和质构等参数,分析预冷对冻藏品质的影响。结果显示,预冷对p H值影响最显著的温度为-7℃,10~20 d时-7℃预冷处理组罗非鱼片p H值仍在继续下降,而其对照组已开始回升。随着贮藏时间延长,罗非鱼片色差亮度L*值与红度值a*均呈现下降趋势,且贮藏温度越低,下降幅度越小,同时发现对照组L*值和a*值普遍低于预冷处理组。同时,贮藏温度越低,失水率越高,30 d罗非鱼片失水率达到最高值,-18、-7℃对照组此时失水率达7.47%、6.82%。-4℃及-7℃预冷处理对罗非鱼片TVB-N值影响较大,20 d后与对照渐趋一致;但30 d时-18℃罗非鱼片预冷处理组与对照组仍有较大差别,TVB-N值分别为8.04 mg/100 g和9.87 mg/100 g。20 d前随贮藏温度降低罗非鱼片预冷处理组与对照组的咀嚼性差异增大,之后则趋于一致。贮藏期间硬度无显著差异,弹性仅在-4℃内罗非鱼片处理组与对照组间有较明显差异,其余差异均不显著(P0.05)。内聚性的变化因无明显规律不作为评判指标。综上,预冷处理对罗非鱼冻鱼片部分冻藏品质指标有较明显的改善作用,利于保持鱼片品质,可作为生产企业的借鉴。     

Biochemical and Physicochemical Properties of Actomyosin from Frozen Pre- and Post-spawned Hake

Protein solubility, reduced and intrinsic viscosity, and enzymatic activities of actomyosin showed that frozen fillets from pre-spawned hake, stored at — 20°C, deteriorated faster than those from post-spawned hake. The post-spawned actomyosin showed an 18% increase in reduced viscosity, a larger hydrophilic surface, and an increase (P<0.001) in Mg²⁺-, Mg²⁺-EGTA- and Ca²⁺-ATPase activities. Protein solubilities of 85.5 52.5 ± and 33 ± 2.0% were obtained at the end of storage for post and pre-spawned fillets, respectively. Enzymatic activities of post-spawned fillets persisted up to 60 days. No changes were detected in characteristic polypeptide bands of actomyosin or in the myosin/actin ratio related to either gonadal condition during storage.     

宰杀方式对冷冻斑点叉尾鮰品质的影响

研究不同宰杀方式对冷冻斑点叉尾鮰鱼片品质的影响,寻求合适的宰杀方式以提高冷冻鮰鱼片的品质。采用四种不同宰杀方式:CO2窒息、电击、敲头及冰水中放血,宰杀后将鱼肉置于-18℃冰箱中保藏。考察各组样品的p H、色差、血红蛋白含量、解冻汁液流失、TVB-N及菌落总数。鱼肉p H值在宰后45 h内呈现先减小后增大的趋势,放血组的p H值变化最小,其次为敲头组,CO2窒息组变化最大。冰水中放血组鱼片白度和绿值与其他组有显著差异(P0.05),血液残留少(P0.05)。储藏60 d期间,CO2窒息组的解冻汁液流失率最大为5.53%(P0.05),敲头组最小为3.25%(P0.05)。冰水中放血组的鱼肉TVB-N值最小(P0.05),其他三组之间没有显著差异(P0.05)。菌落总数在储藏期间呈现下降趋势,冰水中放血组的菌落总数最小,其次为敲头组、窒息组和电击组。可知敲头和冰水中放血的致死方式能得到较好的鮰鱼片品质。     

Extra-Cold Storage of Hake and Mackerel Fillets and Mince

Extra-cold storage (?30 and ?40°C) of mackerel (Scomber scombras) mince and fillets showed lower free fatty acid formation. Extra-cold storage (-30°C) of white hake (Urophycti tenuis) fillets produced fish with better quality based on sensory and chemical indices. The colder the storage temperature, the less firm the hake mince and fillets. Ascorbic acid accelerated cohesiveness development of mackerel mince and fillets. Over time, the quality of the hake and mackerel decreased according to sensory and chemical indices. They became tougher and generally more cohesive.     

冷冻贮藏的罗非鱼片及其鱼糜凝胶品质的测定

为验证冷冻贮藏后罗非鱼片的食用品质及加工特性,对冷冻贮藏10个月和24个月的罗非鱼片及其鱼糜品质进行测定。实验数据表明,和鲜鱼片相比,冷冻贮藏后的鱼片水分含量和盐溶性蛋白含量下降,汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率上升;以冷冻贮藏的鱼片加工鱼糜凝胶食品,感官评价和嫩度较好,质构数据和对照组相比,硬度有显著性差异(P<0.01),弹性、黏聚性和咀嚼性没有显著性差异。结果表明:冻冻贮藏的罗非鱼片在保质期内仍适合食用及加工。     

不同温度冻藏对军曹鱼片品质的影响

研究不同冻藏温度(－ 10、－ 18、－ 30℃)对军曹鱼片部分理化指标、质构特性及感官品质的影响。结果表明,冻藏温度对军曹鱼片的解冻汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率、盐溶蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATPase 活性和TBA 值(硫代巴比妥酸)均有显著性影响(P ＜ 0.05)。冻藏时间越长、冻藏温度越高,汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率、TBA 值增加越大,盐溶蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATPase 活性下降也越多,即保水性降低、蛋白质变性程度增大、脂肪氧化加快。TPA(质构分析)发现军曹鱼片的硬度和耐嚼性随着冻藏时间的延长均呈显著增加趋势(P ＜ 0.05),而回复性则显著下降(P ＜ 0.05);冻藏温度越低,相应的硬度和耐嚼性就越小,而回复性则越大。感官评价表明冻藏导致军曹鱼片的品质下降,冻藏温度越高,品质劣变就越严重。采用较低的温度(－ 30℃)冻藏可以最大限度的保持军曹鱼片的品质。     

基于质构参数的低温保藏罗非鱼片品质评价方法

选取4℃、-7℃和-21℃保存的罗非鱼片,运用感官评定和TVB-N测量评价其品质变化,运用质构仪测量其各质构参数变化,所测结果绘制变化趋势曲线并用方程拟合建立模拟函数;运用SPSS13.0软件分析品质参数与质构参数之间的相关性;根据罗非鱼货架期,推测相关性较高的质构参数的腐败评价点。试验结果显示:冻罗非鱼片的弹性及内聚性变化与品质变化的相关性较大,估测相关腐败评价点分别为0.5828和0.1991,所测结果与实测值比较,误差在可接受范围内,因此该结果可以作为评价罗非鱼腐败的标准。     

南极冰鱼外裹糊鱼块在冻藏过程中品质变化

以南极冰鱼为原料,经预处理后制得外裹糊鱼块,研究其冻藏过程中品质变化及货架期,以菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值、pH值、色泽及感官评价等为评价指标。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长,南极冰鱼外裹糊鱼块的菌落总数呈先下降后上升趋势,TVB-N含量、TBA值和pH值均呈上升趋势,色泽亮度值L*、白度值以及感官评分均呈下降趋势,其冻藏货架期为6个月,超过6个月时,其品质严重下降,达到不可食用阶段。     

Proteolytic Activity of Muscle in Pre- and Post-Spawning Hake (Merluccius hubbsi Marini) After Frozen Storage

The proteolytic activity of fillets from fresh fish and after frozen storage of hake muscle from pre- and post-spawned fish was investigated. The autolytic activity of fresh muscle extracts from pre-spawned muscle extracts was significantly higher than that of post-spawned, except for pH 3.4 and incubation temperature of 60 °C where no significant difference was found. In both gonadal conditions, the freezing of hake fillets affected the proteolytic activity of crude muscle extracts. After 50 d of frozen storage, the proteolytic activity values of crude muscle extracts remained higher than the fresh values, except for pre-spawned extracts incubated at 37 °C. At longer storage period (110 d), the proteolytic activity continued with similar or higher values compared with those observed for fresh muscle extracts. Densitometric analysis of crude muscle extracts indicated degradation of MHC in fresh and frozen storage at both gonadal conditions under incubation conditions of pH 6.2 and temperatures 37 and 60 °C, pH 8.5 and temperatures 37 and 60 °C, pH 3.4 and temperature 4 °C.     

Production of Biogenic Amines and Their Potential Use as Quality Control Indices for Hake (Merluccius merluccius, L.) Stored in Ice

ABSTRACT: The production of tyramine, histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, agmatine, and spermidine was studied for use as quality indices in muscle of gutted hake stored in ice for 25 d. The changes in biogenic amine concentrations were correlated with trimethylamine nitrogen levels. All concentrations except for spermidine, increased progressively throughout storage. During storage, cadaverine reached 72.14 mg/kg while there were no significant increases in histamine and tyramine. The levels of free amino acids, which may be metabolized into biogenic amines, were not correlated to respective biogenic amines levels. The production of cadaverine and agmatine occurred prior to spoilage and these biogenic amines may indicate freshness of hake stored in ice.     

佛跳墙冷冻调理食品在不同复热方式下的品质变化

为了探讨不同复热方式对佛跳墙品质的影响规律,本研究采用水浴、蒸汽、微波3种不同复热方式对冷冻佛跳墙产品进行复热加工.以成品新鲜佛跳墙为对照组,通过测定复热后产品的色泽、丙二醛含量(MDA值)、游离氨基酸含量、5'-核苷酸含量、质构、电子舌滋味、感官评分等指标,综合确定最佳复热方式.结果表明,蒸汽复热后产品的感官评分最高...     

冻藏温度对冷冻水饺肉馅品质和微观结构的影响

本文研究了不同冻藏温度对冷冻水饺肉馅品质及微观结构的影响,以揭示冷冻水饺肉馅品质变化的机理。将水饺在-25℃冷冻后分别在-7℃、-18℃和-7℃/-18℃条件下冻藏0 d、30 d、60 d、90 d和180 d,每隔30 d测定水饺肉馅的a*值和b*值,肉馅中肌原纤维蛋白凝胶性、水饺肉馅的扫描电镜及石蜡切片。结果表明,随着冻藏时间延长,水饺肉馅的a*值和b*值显著下降(p0.05),肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的储能模量峰值随着冻藏时间延长而下降,Tanδ尾部值增加;扫描电镜和石蜡切片结果显示-18℃冻藏的样品组织比较细腻,肉粒基质蛋白变性程度较低,而-7℃样品和-7/-18℃样品的组织结构变得更粗糙,肉粒基质蛋白变性程度增加,肉粒基质蛋白乳化性下降,"渗油"现象明显,说明较高温度(-7℃)及变温贮藏(-7/-18℃)引起水饺品质劣变程度增加。因此,有必要将冷冻水饺在零售、运输、贮藏环节中保持低温短时贮藏,以保证冷冻水饺的品质。     

Starch Noodle Quality as Related to Potato Genotypes

Starch noodles were prepared using potato starch from 8 genotypes, mung bean starch, mung bean-potato starch blends, and sweet potato starch. The cooking quality of noodles from selected potato starches compared well with commercial starch noodles. Of the unblended potato starches, Mainechip exhibited cooking quality similar to commercial starch noodles with respect to cooking loss, cooked weight, and ?rmness. Appearance and texture of starch noodles from three genotypes (E55-35, Mainechip, and Shasta) were evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Noodles made from unblended potato starches had higher glossiness and transparency than those from other starches. Noodles from both un-blended and blended Mainechip starch had the highest press and elasticity.     

Textural Properties of Raw Salmon Fillets as Related to Sampling Method

Textural properties of raw Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets from different origin were studied on different locations of the fillets. Three instrumental methods were applied for evaluation of textural properties. Two methods were based on puncture tests, using flat-ended cylinder or spherical probes measuring the hardness of the fillet. The third method was based on cutting the fillet with a blade and measuring the shear force. Hardness and shear force increased from head to tail, and the location below the dorsal fin was found to be most reliable. The shear force method was found to be more sensitive than the puncture methods and best suited for practical application.     

A Novel Tensile Test Method to Assess Texture and Gaping in Salmon Fillets

ABSTRACT: A new tensile strength method was developed to quantify the force required to tear a standardized block of Atlantic salmon muscle with the aim of identifying those samples more prone to factory downgrading as a result of softness and fillet gaping. The new method effectively overcomes problems of sample attachment encountered with previous tensile strength tests. The repeatability and sensitivity and predictability of the new technique were evaluated against other common instrumental texture measurement methods. The relationship between sensory assessments of firmness and parameters from the instrumental texture methods was also determined. Data from the new method were shown to have the strongest correlations with gaping severity (r =−0.514, P < 0.001) and the highest level of repeatability of data when analyzing cold-smoked samples. The Warner Bratzler shear method gave the most repeatable data from fresh samples and had the highest correlations between fresh and smoked product from the same fish (r = 0.811, P < 0.001). A hierarchical cluster analysis placed the tensile test in the top cluster, alongside the Warner Bratzler method, demonstrating that it also yields adequate data with respect to these tests. None of the tested sensory analysis attributes showed significant relationships to mechanical tests except fillet firmness, with correlations (r) of 0.42 for cylinder probe maximum force (P = 0.005) and 0.31 for tensile work (P = 0.04). It was concluded that the tensile test method developed provides an important addition to the available tools for mechanical analysis of salmon quality, particularly with respect to the prediction of gaping during factory processing, which is a serious commercial problem. Practical Application: A novel, reliable method of measuring flesh tensile strength in salmon, provides data of relevance to gaping.     

冻藏罗非鱼片品质变化及其货架期预测模型的建立

本文分析了罗非鱼片在-18℃、-14℃和-10℃条件下贮藏的感官、微生物和理化等指标变化,从中选择一个敏感指标用于货架期预测模型的建立。结果显示,随着贮藏时间的延长,冻罗非鱼片的菌落总数对数值缓慢增长,在120 d时分别达到4.31log(CFU/g)、4.76 log(CFU/g)和5.47 log(CFU/g),均未达到国家规定的冻罗非鱼片菌落总数上限值。TVB-N值呈线性上升,分别在60d、80 d和120 d降至二级鲜度13 mg/100 g;TBA值逐渐升高,但各实验组间反应速率差异不显著。冻罗非鱼片的感官评分逐渐下降,但在贮藏末期仍保持着较好的感官品质。随贮藏温度越低,品质指标衰变越缓慢。运用Pearson相关系数对各品质指标进行分析,确定敏感指标为TVB-N,结合拟合优度分析结果判断TVB-N指标的变化符合零级反应。应用Arrhenius方程构建贮藏温度(T)与反应速率(ka)间的动力学方程,并以此为基础,推导得到恒定冷链温度条件下冻罗非鱼片货架期预测模型。在-10℃和-14℃下评价货架期预测模型可靠性,能够准确预测冻罗非鱼片的品质随温度的变化情况。     

冷冻拉面面团品质变化及其改良方法研究进展

拉面是指手工将面团反复抻拉而制成的面条。连锁拉面企业往往先对面团进行冷冻再配送至门店,解冻后进行下一步制作。本文简述了拉面的市场现状及存在问题,对拉面面团冻融过程中出现的品质变化包括理化结构（水分、蛋白、淀粉）和加工特性;以及改良方法包括改变冻结方式、解冻方式和添加物质进行综述,为冷冻面团品质劣变机理研究及其改良方法的探索开发提供参考。